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Chapter Two
Chapter Two
Subatomic Particles
• Atoms composed of smaller subatomic particles
• charged (+ or –)
• uncharged (neutral)
• electrical nature of the atom was crucial to discovering its subatomic
structure
• Law of electrostatic attraction
• like charges repel
• unlike charges attract
• Standard notation:
Isotopic Symbols
Must write isotopic symbol to show mass
2 Isotopes will have the same atomic # (bottom) and a different mass #
(top)
X
Mass #
Atomic #
16 31 65
8 O 15 P 30 Zn
16
O 8 16 8 8 (16–8)
8
31
P 15 31 15 16 (31–16)
15
65
30 Zn 30 65 30 35 (65–30)
A.
15 15
8 X 7 X
B.
12 14
6 X 6 X
C.
15 16
7 X 8 X
Example
A box contains two size of marbles. If
25.0% have masses of 2.00 g and 75.0%
have masses of 3.00 g what is the weighted
average?
(.250) (2.00) + (.750) (3.00) = .500 + 2.25 =
2.75g
(23.985)(.7899)+(24.986)(.1000)+(25.982)(.1101)
18.95 amu + 2.499 amu + 2.861 amu = 24.31 amu
yields
Mg Mg2+ + 2 e- F + e- F-
In general
• metals (Mg) lose electrons forming cations
• nonmetals (F) gain electrons forming anions
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Charges on Common Ions
-4 -3 -2 -1
+1
+2
+3
Transition elements
Since the transition elements have multiple charge states, each must be identified
uniquely.
Example: FeCl2
chlorine forms a -1 charge so Fe = +2
+2 + 2 (-1) = 0
Example: FeCl3
chlorine forms a -1 charge so Fe = +3
+3 + 3 (-1) = 0
Na Lose 1 e- Na+1
11 p+ 11 p+
11 e- 10 e-
• O -2
• P-3
Mg 2+ OH 1 Mg(OH)2
Not MgOH2
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Naming Ternary compounds:
•Nonmetal + Nonmetal
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The Covalent Bond
Sharing of electrons
H N H
H
Molecular formula NH3
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Molecules and Molecular Compounds
• Molecule - combination of at least two atoms in a specific
arrangement held together by chemical bonds
• May be an element or a compound
• H2, hydrogen gas, is an element
• H2O, water, is a compound
• CO2
• SO3
• N2O5