CS-225 Database Systems

Khalid Saleem
Spring 2022
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“Computers are useless. They only give answers.”
Pablo Picasso

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So, we need to device right
questions for the computers to
answer.
Come up with systems which can
help us in this activity ….

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Any system which gives us knowledge
….

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Knowledge
Information
Data
• Data : Simple things; easily captured, structured,
transferred, compressible and quantifiable
• Information : Relevant and related data having
some purpose; needs consensus on meaning and
human mediation necessary
• Knowledge : Valuable information from human
mind; contextual; hard to capture electronically
and structure; mostly tacit
Source : Adapted from Thomas H. Davenport, Information Ecology 5
 WISDOM

Decision Support Systems

Data Mining
OLAP
Knowledge
Information
Systems
Information Transaction
Systems

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 Data Items
• Data items refer to an elementary description of
things, events, activities, and transactions
• that are recorded, classified, and stored but are not
organized to convey any specific meaning.
• Data items can be numbers, letters, figures, sounds,
or images. Examples of data items are a
• student grade in a class and the number of hours an
employee worked in a certain week.

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 Information
• Information refers to data that have been organized
so that they have meaning and value to the recipient.
• For example, a grade point average (GPA) is data, but
a student’s name coupled with his or her GPA is
information.
• The recipient interprets the meaning and draws
conclusions and implications from the information.

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 Knowledge
• Knowledge consists of data and/or information that
have been organized and processed
• to convey understanding, experience, accumulated
learning, and expertise as they apply to a current
business problem. For example, a company recruiting
at your university has found
• Over time that students with grade point averages
over 3.0 have had the most success in its
management program.
• Based on its experience, that company may decide to
interview only those students with GPAs over 3.0. 9
 Information
and
Information Systems

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KEY SYSTEM APPLICATIONS IN THE
ORGANIZATION
Types of Information Systems

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MAJOR TYPES OF SYSTEMS IN
ORGANIZATIONS

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 Task – LOSE WEIGHT!
• UK survey - relevant respondents were asked to name the
top reasons as to how using dieting apps on their
Smartphone has helped them to lose weight. The five
highest ranked answers emerged as follows:
• 1. Easier to track calories and food intake at the push of a
button (47%)
• 2. Can check calorie content of items before deciding to
eat them (36%)
• 3. Helpful for planning healthy and nutritious meals in
advance (32%)
• 4. Helps keep me motivated (24%)
• 5. Cheaper and easier alternative to diet books and
magazines (18%)

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 Information System
• Executive Support System 5 year sales plan
6 month diet plan
• Management Information System Inventory Control
What should be in refrigerator
• Decision Support System Pricing/Profit Analysis
Best food within budget
• Knowledge Work System
Engineering/Graphics
Which food to eat with which food
• Office System
Word Processing/Agenda
Keeping agenda of eating timings
• Transaction Processing System
Order Processing
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 Magnitude of Data
GIGA 9
• Human brain capacity 2.5 PETABYTES
. • Total digital data created 422 EXABYTES (2008)
. • Web size - 98 PETABYTES (2010)
TERA 12
. • Total genome sequences of all people on Earth 4.75 EXABYTES
. • Web users - 2 Billion + (2011)
PETA 15 • World’s digital storage capacity 1 ZETTABYTE (2011)
.
. • Digital data created 1.8 ZETTABYTES (2011) 2.7 ZB (2012)
EXA 18 • Digital Data to be produced - 35 ZETTABYTES (by 2020 )
.
.
ZETTA 21 • Drastic price reduction in per Gigabyte production of storage
. – => All data is being or is going to be conserved!
. – => Huge data centres
YOTTA 24 – 1 bit on 12 atoms …. 1 bit on 1000000 atoms

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IDC Digital Universe 2010/ Popular Science Nov 2011/ IBM
 Magnitude of Data
GIGA 9
• Human brain capacity 2.5 PETABYTES
. • Total digital data created 422 EXABYTES (2008)
. • Web size - 98 PETABYTES (2010)
TERA 12
. • Total genome sequences of all people on Earth 4.75 EXABYTES
. • Web users - 2 Billion + (2011)
PETA 15 • World’s digital storage capacity 1 ZETTABYTE (2011)
.
. • Digital data created 1.8 ZETTABYTES (2011) 2.7 ZB (2012)
EXA 18 • Digital Data to be produced - 35 ZETTABYTES (by 2020 )
.
.
ZETTA 21 • Drastic price reduction in per Gigabyte production of storage
. – => All data is being or is going to be conserved!
. – => Huge data centres
YOTTA 24 – 1 bit on 12 atoms …. 1 bit on 1000000 atoms

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IDC Digital Universe 2010/ Popular Science Nov 2011/ IBM
• 1956: IBM hard drive, 5 megabytes
• 2018: iPhone XS Max, 512 gigabytes
 Collaborative Social IS
The data content published by individuals on web, specifically
in a collaborative environment like social forum, blog, games
etc.
Data can be analysed/created by thousands of users (crowd-
sourcing initiatives).

• Right after the earthquake in Haiti in 2009, the company

holding the license to use geo-imagery opened up the map
data of Haiti to general public. The web users all over the
world examined the imagery and within a couple of days
populated the map with information like refugee camps,
hospitals, damaged buildings. The relief workers in the area
used the map to organise the relief work

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http://observedchange.com/demos/linked-haiti/
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