Industrial Electrical Project KC208H5 - Nguyen Huynh Tan Nguyen

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
CAN THO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
POWER SYSTEM PROJECT - KC215H
ANALYZING THE EFFECTS OF

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ON
VOLTAGE PROFILE AND POWER
LOSSES ON DISTRIBUTION GRID
SUPERVISOR STUDENT
PhD Do Nguyen Duy Phuong Nguyen Huynh Tan Nguyen
(B2004405)
Major: Electrical engineering –
Course: 46
December, 2023
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Ngoc Thinh Quach for the support in
terms of skills as well as knowledge for me to be able to bring up this project. I also
extend my sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr. Quoc Anh Le, he has not only given
me advice but also supported me both in knowledge and in completing this project.
This could not have been completed without his great help. Last but not least, I want
to thank all my friends who supported and motivated me throughout this project
.
PREFACE
Today, some water treatment plants still use manual methods to control the
speed and flow of water in the water system. These methods greatly affect the
durability of equipment and pipes in the system due to the impact of pressure and
flow fluctuations when opening and closing water valves. For the actual water
supply system, people use large-capacity pumps and large-capacity inverters to
supply water to residential areas, cities, or large industrial zones. The electric drive
system for the water pumping system often uses a squirrel cage-type three-phase
asynchronous AC motor, also known as an induction motor. Compared with other
types of electric motors (synchronous electric motors, DC electric motors),
asynchronous motors have many advantages such as simple structure, ease of use,
high durability, and low investment price. But if started directly, the starting current
is very large, 4-6 times the rated current of the motor, even higher, especially in
machines that are always under constant load such as water pumps. The soft starter
is one of the electronic devices whose main operating principle is to help operate the
motor by controlling the voltage supplied to the motor when starting and stopping,
which means the change in the effective value of the voltage. Because the motor
torque is proportional to the square of the voltage, but the voltage is proportional to
the current and acceleration torque, therefore, adjusting the input current when the
motor starts will adjust the effective value of the voltage. However, soft starters
cannot control motor speed and are not suitable for large pumping systems such as
those in water treatment plants.
Due to the rapid development of microelectronics and power electronics,
there are more and more types of asynchronous electric motor control devices with
utility functions (convenient to use, safe and efficient) and high power saving
ability, of which "AC inverter" is a typical example. The inverter is a controlled
semiconductor power source combined with a three-phase AC asynchronous motor
to perform start/stop and accurately adjust the number of revolutions of the motor
according to technological requirements. There are many types of inverters designed
to suit a wide range of motor capacities from very small (a few hundred watts) to
100kW. Apply the variable speed drive method to save energy, increase the working
capacity of the water pumping system, and stabilize water pressure and flow.
Chapter 1 Introduction
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface.........................................................................................................................i
Table of contents..........................................................................................................i
Table of figures..........................................................................................................iii
Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................................1
1.1. Water treatment plant...........................................................................................1
1.2. Water treatment process........................................................................................2
1.2.1. Watersheds....................................................................................................2
1.2.2. Screening.......................................................................................................2
1.2.3. Aeration.........................................................................................................3
1.2.4. Coagulation and Flocculation........................................................................3
1.2.5. Sedimentation................................................................................................4
1.2.6. Filtration........................................................................................................5
1.2.7. Chlorination...................................................................................................5
1.2.8. Supplementary treatment...............................................................................6
1.2.9. Distribution....................................................................................................6
Chapter 2 Overview of conventional methods and variable speed drive methods.....7
2.1. Conventional methods for regulating water flow.................................................7
2.1.1. Throttle adjustment........................................................................................7
2.1.2. Valve adjustment...........................................................................................8
2.1.2.1. Gate valve..............................................................................................8
2.1.2.2. Hydraulic ball valves.............................................................................9
2.2. Variable speed drive method................................................................................9
2.2.1. Overview of Variable Speed Drive (VSD)....................................................9
2.2.1.1. Introduction............................................................................................9
2.2.1.2. Principle...............................................................................................10
2.3. Overview of conventional methods and variable speed drive method...............12
2.3.1. Energy efficiency of conventional flow variable methods..........................12
2.3.2. Variable speed drive energy efficiency.......................................................13
Chapter 3 Application of inverter in pumping system..............................................15
3.1. Pump systems locations in water treatment plants.............................................15
3.1.1. Chemical processing pump system.............................................................15
3.1.1.1. Structure of chemical pump.................................................................15
3.1.1.2. Operating principle of chemical pump.................................................16
3.1.1.3. The most popular types of chemical pumps today...............................16
3.1.2. Distribution system......................................................................................18
3.1.2.1. Working principle of horizontal centrifugal pump..............................18
3.1.2.2. Horizontal centrifugal pump structure.................................................19
3.2. Applying inverters to distribution pumping systems..........................................20
3.2.1. Controlling modes.......................................................................................20
Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh i

3.2.1.1. Independent control mode....................................................................20

3.2.1.2. Boost/removal mode............................................................................21
3.2.1.3. Multi-pump control mode....................................................................22
3.2.2. Saving energy in distribution pumping systems..........................................22
3.3. The differences between variable frequency drive and throttling......................23
3.4. Variable frequency drives theory........................................................................24
3.5. Pump characteristics...........................................................................................25
3.5.1. Pump curve..................................................................................................25
3.5.2. System curve...............................................................................................26
3.5.3. Operating point............................................................................................27
3.6. Application of throttling device in a pumping system........................................28
3.7. Application of variable frequency drives in the pumping system......................29
3.8. More cost reductions with a variable frequency drive........................................30
Chapter 4 COnclusion...............................................................................................31
Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh ii

TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1. Water supply pumping station [1].............................................................1

Figure 1.2. Watersheds (Source: Rees, 1986).............................................................2
Figure 1.3. Coarse screens [4].....................................................................................3
Figure 1.4. Process of coagulation and flocculation [3]..............................................4
Figure 1.5. Sedimentation tank [3]..............................................................................4
Figure 1.6. Rapid gravity sand filter [3]......................................................................5
Figure 2.1. Control of pump flow by changing the system resistance using a throttle
valve (graphics courtesy of hydraulic institute) [4].....................................................7
Figure 2.2. The gate that opens and closes fluid flow without change in flow
direction [5].................................................................................................................8
Figure 2.3. Hydraulic ball valves [6]...........................................................................9
Figure 2.4. Connect the pump to the power source [7].............................................10
Figure 2.5. Convert incoming ac to dc (Illustrated for 1 phase) [7]..........................10
Figure 2.6. Smooth the dc wave (Illustrated for 1 phase) [7]....................................11
Figure 2.7. Convert DC to variable AC (Illustrated for 1 phase) [7].........................11
Figure 2.8. Calculate and repeat [7]...........................................................................12
Figure 2.9. Control of pump flow by changing system resistance using a valve [8].12
Figure 3.1. Types of chemical dosing pumps [10]....................................................16
Figure 3.2. Vertical pumps are used to pump chemicals [9].....................................17
Figure 3.3. Magnetic drive chemical pump [9].........................................................17
Figure 3.4. Pumping Stations in a Water Distribution System [11]..........................18
Figure 3.5. Horizontal centrifugal pump [13]............................................................19
Figure 3.6. Independent control mode [14]...............................................................20
Figure 3.7. Boost mode [14]......................................................................................21
Figure 3.8. Multi-pump control mode [14]................................................................22
Figure 3.9. A mechanical throttling device versus a VFD [15].................................23
Figure 3.10. The amount of energy saved by using a variable frequency drive
(versus a valve) to control flow [15]..........................................................................24
Figure 3.11. Flow or volume varies linearly with speed [15]....................................24
Figure 3.12. Pressure or head varies as a square of the speed [15]...........................25
Figure 3.13. Power or energy consumption varies as a cube of the speed [15].........25
Figure 3.15. Pump curve [16]....................................................................................26
Figure 3.16 Components of the system curve [15]....................................................27
Figure 3.17. The combining system and pump curve [16]........................................27
Figure 3.18. The example of the intersection between the system curve and the
pump curve [15].........................................................................................................28
Figure 3.19. System characteristics using a mechanical throttling device [15].........28
Figure 3.20. System characteristics using variable frequency drive [15]..................29
Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh iii
Figure 3.22. The example of energy saving [15].......................................................30
Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh iv

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Distribution grid.
1.1.1. Definition
The purpose of the distribution grid is to transport electricity from the

transmission system to user customers. It is made up of power lines, substations,
and other electrical equipment. The distribution power grid is essential to provide
electrical energy to local businesses, homes, and manufacturing facilities. The
nominal voltage levels in the distribution power grid are 110 kV, 35 kV, 22 kV, 15
kV, 10 kV, 6 kV, and 0.4 kV. To ensure that loads meet the required specifications,
the distribution grid's work is to supply consumers with electricity while keeping
the quality of that power within the permitted limits.
Figure 1.1. Basic components of an electric power system

(J. D. Glover, ‘‘Electric Power Distribution,’’ Encyclopedia of Energy Technology
and The Environment, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1995. Reprinted with
permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 1

1.1.2. Distribution voltage level.
380/220 V for three-phase systems, and 220 V for single- and two-phase
systems is the low distribution voltage level. Standard voltage levels of 22 kV and
35 kV must be planned for in the long term while designing and building the
medium distribution power system, including:
a) 22 kV for areas with an existing 22 kV power source and regions

planned for a transition to 22 kV.
b) 35 kV for rural and mountainous areas with dispersed load density,long

transmission distances, and far from power substations.
c) Restricting the development of voltage levels at 6 kV, 10 kV, and 15 kV.
1.1.3. Structure of distribution grid.
Radial distribution grids are the most often used kind of electricity
distribution grids. The radial distribution grid is inexpensive to install and has a
simple structure. Power lines extend outward from the substation in the radial
distribution grid in the form of branches, much like a tree's branches. The following
are a few typical styles of radial distribution grids.
Figure 1.2. Non-segmented radial distribution grid

The simplicity and low price of the non-segmented radial distribution grid
are its main characteristics. It is ineffective and unable to handle the demands of
critical loads, yet.

The segmented radial distribution grid, on the other hand, is a radial

distribution system that has been divided into several segments by segmenting
devices like sectionalizing switches, isolation switches, and load break switches.
These devices can be controlled remotely or locally. The segmenting devices'
control and quality determine how reliable this grid is.
Figure 1.3. Segmented radial distribution grid

The distribution grid, which can be either closed-loop or open-loop, has two
sources or a closed-loop circuit with devices for loop segmentation. The open-loop
grid functions normally under normal conditions. Circuit breakers are used to
isolate the faulty segment during maintenance or faults, which causes a power
outage for the repaired portion. The remaining components, however, typically keep
getting power.
Figure 1.4. A closed-loop distribution grid

A closed-loop distribution grid with open operation offers higher reliability

than the previous configurations. In principle, a closed-loop grid can operate
continuously but demands costly and precision control and protective equipment.
Working an open-loop grid is more straightforward and much more cost-effective.
1.2. Energy losses
Electrical energy losses on the electrical grid are defined as the quantity of
electrical energy expended in the transmission and distribution process when
transferring electricity from the point of generation at power plants through the
transmission grid to the distribution grid and ultimately to end-user households.
Electric energy loss is also the energy utilised for transmitting and distributing
electricity. In an electrical system, the extent of electric energy loss depends on the
characteristics of the electrical circuits, the volume of electricity being transmitted,
the capacity of the system, and the role of management activities. Electric energy
loss encompasses both technical and non-technical losses.
1.2.1. Technical losses.
Technical losses occur during the transmission and distribution of electrical

power from power plants to end-user households. The flow of current through
transformers, power lines, and electrical equipment on the grid causes heating of the
transformers, conductors, and electrical devices, resulting in energy consumption.
High-voltage power lines, typically above 110 kV, also experience losses due to
current leakage through underground cables and losses in capacitors caused by
dielectric factors.
1.2.2. Non-technical losses.
Non-technical power loss occurs due to violations in the use of electricity

such as: Power theft in many forms, due to the manager's subjectivity when losing
phase, dead or burned meters that are not handled or replaced promptly, missed or
incorrectly recorded readings lead to the electricity sold to customers measured
through the metering system being lower than the electricity used by customers.
1.2.2.1. Power losses
The active power loss, caused by thermal resistance, is calculated as follows:

2 2
2 P +Q
ΔP=3 . I . R= 2
.R
U

Reactive power loss caused by inductive components on the line in the form
of energy stored on the line, is calculated:
2 2
2P +Q
ΔQ=3 . I . X= 2
.X
U
The apparent power loss
2 2
P +Q (
ΔS = 2
. R + jX )= ΔP+ jΔQ
U
1.2.2.2. Voltage drop
The general expression for voltage drop on a beam-shaped distribution grid

is calculated based on Ohm's law and the relationship between the basic
components of electricity: current, voltage and power.
PR+QX ( PX −QR )
ΔU = +j
U U
With:
R=r o ×l ; X=x o ×l
Which:
A - Energy in the power line
P - Active power in the power line (kW)
Q - Reactive power in the power line (VAr)
S - Apparent power in the power line (MVA)
U - Voltage nominal in the line (kV)
ro - Resistance in the line (Ω)
xo - Reactance in the line (Ω)
l - Line length (km)
From the above equation, it can be seen that the line configuration (r o, xo, 𝑙)
is proportional to the amount of voltage drop on the line, whereas the line voltage is
inversely proportional to the amount of voltage drop.

CHAPTER 2
IMPACTS AND INFLUENCES OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION (SOLAR

POWER) ON THE DISTRIBUTION GRID
2.1. Distributed generation
Distributed generators, or DGs, are small-scale power sources located close

to the point of electricity consumption. Distributed generation (DG) may consume
from conventional energy sources like diesel generators as well as renewable
energy sources like biomass, solar, and wind power. In contrast to centralized
power sources like power plants, distributed generation (DG) is connected close to
the load or via distribution substations rather than through transmission lines.
Similar to reactive power compensation, distributed generation (DG) can offer more
active power to nearby or local loads, minimizing losses from centralized
generation on the transmission lines and boosting the distribution grid's capacity to
carry loads. There are various advantages to integrating DG into the distribution
grid, consist of:

a) Reducing energy losses: DG can help reduce energy losses in the

distribution grid by reducing the current flow on the lines.
b) Increasing energy utilisation efficiency: DG can improve efficiency by

reducing the need for long-distance power transmission.
c) Decreasing current flow on the grid: DG can supply power to local loads,
thereby reducing the current flow on the distribution grid. This leads to a reduction
in energy losses due to line losses.
d) Enhancing transmission efficiency: DG can improve the electrical

transmission efficiency in the distribution grid. DG can provide power to local loads
during peak demand periods, reducing the need for long-distance power
transmission.
e) Minimising voltage losses: DG can help reduce voltage losses in the

distribution grid. This is because DG can supply power to low-voltage areas,
helping raise the grid voltage.
On the other hand, adding distributed generation (DG) to the distribution grid
may cause problems like an increase in short-circuit currents. This is due to the fact
that DG increases fault current and power produced by the power plant in addition
to defects. Since distributed generation (DG) frequently connects directly to the
distribution grid, there may be a greater risk of short circuits. The distribution grid's
operation mode can be changed by the DG grid. This is so that the power
transmission demand in the grid can be varied since distributed generation (DG) can
provide power to various loads at various times and locations. A lot of distributed
generation (DG) sources, like photovoltaics (PV), are climate-dependent and
integrate into the distribution grid in a dispersed way across multiple locations. This
presents additional challenges for operation at different times of the day.
2.2. Solar energy.
Solar energy is gradually becoming a trend of the future as it is a clean,

renewable energy source, bringing many benefits and being environmentally
friendly. The solar power system is a system that directly converts solar light energy
into electrical energy through solar panels. The direct current from the photovoltaic
panels passes through the DC-AC converter (Inverter) to convert the direct current

into alternating current to connect to the grid and supply power to loads. There are
three solar power system installation forms, including the on-grid, off-grid, and
hybrid solar systems. The on-grid solar system is the most common installation
form nowadays. Besides, solar radiation depends on the sun's heat radiation level.
The time with sunshine during the day usually starts from 7 am to 5 pm, with the
highest intensity between 11 am and 3 pm, and the power is relatively low during
other hours.
Figure 1.5. The diagram of variations of solar radiation intensity with time
Based on the intensity of solar radiation, the power output of solar power can
be determined as follows:
Prad
P PV =Pn × ×η
1000
Where:
PPV - the power output of solar power (W)
Pn - the power rated of photovoltaic (W)
Prad - the solar radiation intensity (Wh/m2)
η - the efficiency of transfer (%)
Solar energy development is being encouraged to approximate the increasing

demand for electricity consumption. Many solar power plants have been built and
used, mainly in distributed generation. However, solar energy is an unstable energy
source as it depends on the level of solar radiation and natural conditions such as
weather, terrain time, etc. This leads to some impacts and effects on grids with high
pervasive levels, so solutions are necessary to minimize these impacts and
consequences.

2.3. Impacts and influences of Photovoltaic (PV) on the Distribution grid.
Solar power is usually considered in the form of Photovoltaic (PV),

considered one of the green energy sources and has a lot of potential for
development in Vietnam. Solar power uses radiant energy from the sun and
generates electricity mainly through the photoelectric effect phenomenon from solar
panels (Photovoltaic Cell - PV Cell). Electrical energy is energy planned through
PV Cell panels, with generation capacity and voltage depending on the structure
and scale of the PV designed by the manufacturer. The efficiency of electrical
energy generated from solar energy in the form of radiation depends on the material
and material structure of the PV Cell.
Use reflector systems to focus infrared radiation energy from the sun to heat
water into steam to rotate turbine generator blades. The process of producing
electricity from solar power does not emit greenhouse gases or toxic waste.
Compared to fossil energy electricity production, solar power is one of the potential
energy sources for production policies in the industrial age that takes into account
waste issues and environmental pollution.
Investment costs for solar power are decreasing, and the performance of PV
panels is constantly improving. Solar power is expected to contribute significantly
to diversifying the energy source structure in Vietnam in the future. PV planning on
various large or small scales is often in the form of distributed generation (DG), a
power source not connected via transmission lines to a substation, such as a power
plant from a power generation corporation, which are often connected in areas near
the load or directly to industrial and commercial loads through the Inverter and
MBA system. Integrating PV into the distribution grid in a reasonable and
scientifically operated manner will have very significant benefits, such as:
2.3.1.1. Overvoltage
Local overvoltage is a problem when integrating distributed solar power

systems into distribution grids. Over-aggregation of distributed photovoltaic
systems can put pressure on the distribution grid. For instance, when the voltage
suddenly increases above allowed levels, it may harm the equipment. This raises
concerns for electricity users' safety and puts the power grid system at risk.
Overvoltage can also result in power outages and a decrease in power quality.
Overvoltage impacts will also result in higher maintenance and repair costs.
However, if managed effectively; overvoltage can provide opportunities to
improve the system. It can help detect grid weaknesses and imbalances in real-time,

allowing system operators to assess the grid's actual load capacity and implement
upgrade measures. This includes balancing generation sources, mitigating future
overvoltage risks, and improving grid infrastructure with advanced voltage control
technologies to meet the growing demand for renewable energy in the power
system.
Addressing this issue requires researching and implementing solutions such as
voltage regulators and compensating filters. These technologies can regulate
overvoltage and improve the connection of solar power plants to the grid.
Simultaneously, more flexible management can reduce the negative effects of
overvoltage on small-scale solar energy systems.
2.3.1.2. Reduce the burden from load requirements on existing systems.
To reduce the burden on existing systems from high load requirements and
the trend of loads on a power grid. An existing distribution grid always has limited
load capacity at a maximum level for equipment and conductors. Therefore, the
distribution grid needs continuous upgrades and planning based on load forecasts.
Sharing distribution grid load requirements from distributed PV systems of various
scales is one of the effective strategies to maximise the use of the existing
distribution grid and expand loads without requiring capacity upgrades.
2.3.1.3. Backfeeding
Integrating solar energy into the medium voltage distribution grid brings
many environmental and energy efficiency benefits. However, because this is a
natural energy source, solar energy fluctuations depend on PV generation capacity
on surrounding environmental conditions (temperature, solar radiation, clouds,
fog... ) causes challenges to the safe and stable operation of the power system.
The reverse power flow phenomenon occurs when the amount of electricity
produced from solar energy exceeds the demand on the grid for a certain period of
time. Leading to situations such as reverse power flow from PV to substation. This
can lead to excessive load on the distribution grid, power imbalance, reduced power
factor, voltage fluctuations on the grid and disruption of equipment operations. In
addition, excess electricity will have to be discarded if not handled promptly,
affecting the system's performance.
On the other hand, power flow can be effectively harnessed through
appropriate treatment solutions and brings some benefits such as excess electricity
produced from this renewable energy source can be sold on the market. electric
field or we can apply energy storage systems to support electricity balance when

there is demand during peak times. This helps contribute to improving efficiency
when using this renewable energy source.
2.3.1.4. Power losses
Power transmission involves inevitable losses, and one of the main

objectives for electric utilities is to minimize losses in order to maximize the grid's
operational efficiency. Compared to using fossil fuels, the trend of integrating
renewable energy, like solar power, into distribution grids ensures better
environmental protection while also increasing the production of electricity.
Unfortunately, the system's ability to control and reduce loss may face
serious difficulties due to improper solar integration. Unbalanced solar distribution,
in particular, can result in rapid increases in distribution grid current, which can
raise the risk of overloads and Joule heating loss due to rising temperatures
conductors. Prolongation of this could raise the distribution grid system's overall
investment and operating costs, which would have a detrimental effect on utility
performance and possibly result in incidents like fires or short circuits. Because
more generation is needed, higher losses also have a negative influence on the
environment.
However, improper solar integration can pose significant challenges for loss
control and reduction in the system. Specifically, unbalanced solar distribution can
lead to abrupt increases in distribution grid current, causing overloads and higher
Joule heating loss risks from increased conductor temperatures. If prolonged, this
will increase overall investment and operational costs of the distribution grid
system, negatively impacting utility performance and possibly leading to incidents
like short circuits or fires. Higher losses also have adverse environmental impacts
due to increased generation requirements.
2.3.1.5. Reduce losses and regulate voltage on the distribution grid
Depending on the penetration level and reasonable locations of PV, the load
is reduced on the distribution grid. In the form of distributed power sources, the
power source is connected directly or near the load, limiting technical losses when
transmitting power through lines on the distribution grid. Integrating PV into the
distribution grid then helps reduce losses through conductors; reduces the voltage
drop across the conductor and contributes to further reduction of losses. Therefore,
this is the basis for investment, economic and technical efficiency planning for PV
integration. On the trend of PV roof installation, unconsumed electricity can also be

sold to the power company, contributing to promoting the development of PV

integration in this model. This is a win-win situation for both the electricity
company and the consumer.
However, in cases of integrating PV into the power grid, it is not scientific
on the operational and technical side. Although there is growth in PV penetration
into the system distribution grid, when the distribution of scale, location and
operating mode is not under proper modulation and control, challenges and hard.
Voltage and power fluctuations are completely dependent on weather conditions, so
the nature of PV-distributed power sources is unstable. There are days when the
output capacity is high, but there are also days when the output capacity is quite low
because it depends on natural conditions. The characteristic curve of PV under ideal
conditions is bell-shaped, continuously emitted when there is solar radiation and the
maximum power of PV panels per day is around noon. However, in reality, solar
power capacity often fluctuates and has many times of sudden changes
2.4. Distribution system
The part of the power delivery infrastructure known as electric power

distribution is responsible for distributing electricity to consumers from the highly
interconnected, high-voltage transmission circuits. Primary distribution lines, often
referred to as "medium-voltage" circuits, range in voltage from 600 V to 35 kV. A
substation transformer at a distribution substation steps down the incoming
transmission-level voltage (35 to 230 kV) to multiple distribution primary circuits
that radiate outward from the substation. A distribution transformer near each end
user reduces the primary distribution voltage to a low-voltage secondary circuit
(usually 380/220 V). The secondary distribution circuits connect to the end user at
the service entrance after coming from the distribution transformer. Figure 1.1
shows an overview of the power generation and delivery infrastructure and where
distribution fits in. Distribution circuits serve customers in a functional sense.
Additionally, distribution can also refer to anything radial or lower than 35 kV.

Since electricity must be delivered to customers who are concentrated in cities,

suburbs, and extremely remote areas, there is a large distribution infrastructure in
place. Very few locations in the industrialized world lack readily available
electricity from a distribution system. Most streets and secondary roads have
distribution circuits. Rural construction is mostly done overhead, while urban
construction is mostly done underground. Suburban buildings are various, with a
significant amount of newly built space being underground.
Figure 1.6. Overview of the electricity infrastructure.
Each customer may have a distribution circuit of less than 15 meters in a primarily
urban utility. Per customer, a rural utility may have more than 91 meters of primary circuit.

The engineering problems are the same for all of these types of entities, despite some
differences in approach. Standardization, affordability, and ease of use are all crucial
aspects of distribution system design. On a distribution circuit, few installations and/or
components are individually engineered. Whenever possible, standardized designs and
equipment are utilized. Planning for distribution involves analyzing future power delivery
requirements. High dependability and low cost of service are the objectives of planning. A
combination of engineering, economic, and geographic analysis skills are needed for
planning. The planner needs estimates of load growth, knowledge of when and
where development is occurring, and local development regulations and procedures.
Figure 1.7. The illustration above simplifies the power grid from generation down
to consumption.
Since it provides energy directly to the load households, the distribution grid
is a crucial component of the power system. The power system's conventional
structure is vertical. Consequently, the transmission grid will send data to the
distribution grid, which will then use it to load homes. The power flow will now be
one-way, going from the distribution system's load to the transmission system's load
on households. As a result, there will be a significant loss of system capacity during
transmission from the electricity source to the end users. The distribution grid is
characterized by a variety of loads that are unevenly distributed, have distinct peak
loads, and are constantly changing in response to demand. This can cause line
overload at one location and underload at another location at the same time, leading
to increased power loss, uneconomical operation, reduced reliability, and easy
breakdowns, harming the electricity supply.
Step-down transformers, also known as distribution substation transformers,
are a component of distribution substations that lower subtransmission voltages to
primary distribution voltages for local distribution in the 2.2–46 kV range. These

transformers are connected to substation buses via corresponding circuit breakers

and surge arrester protection, and the substation buses are connected to three-phase
primary distribution lines known as distribution circuits or feeders via circuit
breakers. Distribution substation ratings typically range from 15 MVA for older
installations to 200 MVA or more for more recent ones. Additionally, distribution
substations may have equipment for controlling the primary voltage, such as
independent voltage regulators or load tap changers (LTCs) on the distribution
substation transformers. Feeders rated at 4 MVA for 4.16 kV, 12 MVA for 13.8 kV,
20 MVA for 22.9 kV, and 30 MVA for 34.5 kV are typical primary distribution
feeder ratings. Typically, feeders are divided into multiple three-phase sections and
linked via sectionalizing switches or fuses. There may be multiple single-phase
laterals connected by fuses to each feeder section. Fuse or recloser connections to
the feeders are another way that three-phase laterals can be made. Large
commercial or industrial loads are supplied by distinct, dedicated primary feeders.
Feeders and laterals supply distribution transformers that step down the
voltage to the secondary distribution level (120 to 480 V) and run alongside streets
as either overhead lines or underground cables. Distribution transformers are
typically installed on utility poles for overhead lines and on pads at ground level or
in vaults for underground cables. Their ratings range from 5 to 5000 kVA. Circuit
breakers or fuses on the primary and/or secondary side shield distribution
transformers from faults and overloads. Energy is supplied to customer loads
(residential, commercial, and light industrial) directly in single- or three-phase form
via secondary mains and service conductors after leaving these transformers.
Service panels situated on customers' properties are connected to service conductors
via meters, which calculate kilowatt-hour consumption for customer billing
purposes as well as other data for planning and operating purposes. Circuit breakers
or fuses found on customer service panels link to wiring, which provides energy for
use devices (such as lights, appliances, motors, …).
There are two components to the distribution of electricity from distribution
substations to meters at customers' locations:
1. Primary distribution, which transfers energy from distribution substations

to distribution transformers at voltages between 2.2 and 46 kV, where the voltage is
reduced to match the levels of customer usage.
2. Secondary distribution, which supplies meters at customers' locations

with energy at usage voltages between 120 and 480 V.

2.4.1. Types of distribution grid
The distribution network can be classified under a few categories. The most
common way to classify a network is by its design. Sometimes it’s also called “the
method of connection”. There are three main types of network designs that we can
differentiate:
Figure 1.8. Types of distribution grids.
2.4.1.1. Loop.
A backup energy source is typically included in looped power networks.

Energy can be manually or automatically switched to maintain the flow of
electricity in the other direction when power fails in one direction. Compared to the
radial design, the loop offers greater levels of dependability. Utilities can promptly

identify line problems and replace them to restore service, allowing for a prompt
repair with the least amount of inconvenience to customers.
2.4.1.2. Radial.
With radial, power is distributed by a single feeder onto distributers

dispersed over each region that has been selected, via one-way circuits. The most
economical and simple-to-install alternative for power delivery in remote locations
is the radial distribution system. This kind of system uses one source to service
several users, but it is prone to failures since one broken line might result in a total
outage until repairs are made.
2.4.1.3. Interconnected network.
Network systems offer a unique solution for customers needing reliable

power in heavily populated and congested areas. This system consists of
interlocking loop networks, providing multiple sources to deliver energy efficiently
- though it comes with the highest price tag among all alternative options.

CHAPTER 3
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
3.1. Overview
Figure 2.9. Water supply pumping station [1]

3.2. Water treatment process.
3.2.1. Watersheds
Figure 2.10. Watersheds (Source: Rees, 1986)

The Water Treatment Plant obtains water from reservoirs, rivers, and lakes.
Before being piped to the plants, raw water passes through coarse screens to remove
big materials, such as leaves, utilizing energy produced by low-pressure pumps.
These pumps provide the energy required to move the water to the beginning of the
water treatment process [2].
3.2.2. Screening
Screens must be used to remove any big floating and suspended materials
from the intake in order to protect the treatment plant's main units and promote their
effective functioning. These objects might harm machinery or limit flow through
the plant. They include leaves, twigs, paper, rags, and other wastes…There are
coarse and fine screens [3]
a) Coarse Screens: Corrosion-resistant steel bars spaced 5-15 cm apart
make up coarse screens. These screens are used to prevent coarse materials, such as
logs and fish, from entering the treatment plant. The screens are positioned at a 60º
angle to facilitate the mechanical raking of the collected materials
b) Fine screens: coarse screens are followed by fine screens, which filter out
materials that might clog plant pipes. They are made out of steel bars that are
separated by 5 to 20 mm. The micro strainer is a type of fine screen that has a

revolving drum filled with extremely fine stainless steel mesh (between 15 and 64
µm, or 15–64 millionths of a meter). It is possible to catch suspended particles as
small as algae and plankton, which are microscopic organisms that float in water
with the stream. Using clean water and high-pressure water jets, the trapped solids
are released from the fabric and removed for disposal.
Figure 2.11. Coarse screens [4]
3.2.3. Aeration
Following screening, a sequence of steps is passed over the water to allow it

to absorb oxygen from the surrounding air. This procedure helps remove any
gaseous organic compounds that give the water an unwanted taste as well as soluble
gasses like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, both of which are acidic and less
corrosive. Through the oxidation of iron and manganese to their insoluble form,
aeration also eliminates these elements. Manganese and iron may leave stains on
clothes and give off strange tastes. Filtration is one way to get rid of these
compounds after they become insoluble [3].
3.2.4. Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation takes place following aeration in order to extract the tiny

particles floating in the water, which are smaller than 1 µm. This method neutralizes
the negative electrical charge of the small particles in the water by adding a
chemical known as a coagulant (which has a positive electrical charge). The
addition of the coagulant happens in a rapid mix tank, where it is quickly dispersed

by a high-speed impeller. The tiny particles now have neutralized charges, which
causes them to clump together to produce soft, fluffy particles known as "flocs."
Ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate are two coagulants that are commonly used in
water treatment processes
Figure 2.12. Process of coagulation and flocculation [3]

Flocculation is the next stage. In this instance, paddles in a flocculation basin
gently agitate the water, causing the flocs to collide and grow into bigger flocs. As
the water moves through the flocculation basin, it often consists of many
compartments with progressively slower mixing rates. Larger flocs can develop in
this segmented chamber without being broken apart by the mixing blades [3].
3.2.5. Sedimentation
Large flocs must be cleared after they form, and this is done by a procedure
known as sedimentation, in which the particles sink to the bottom of a settling tank.
After flocculation and coagulation, the water is left in the tank for a few hours to
allow sedimentation to occur. Sludge is the material that gathers at the bottom of the
tank and is removed for disposal [3].
Figure 2.13. Sedimentation tank [3]

3.2.6. Filtration
The method used to remove particulates from a liquid is called filtration.

Water treatment involves running the water over beds of sand and gravel to remove
the sediments that were not separated in the sedimentation tank. Rapid gravity
filters are frequently used because of their high flow rate of 4–8 cubic meters per
square meter of filter surface per hour. Back-washing occurs when the filters are
full with sediments that have been trapped. To remove the trapped pollutants, pure
water and air are forced back up the filter in this procedure. The dirt-filled water, or
backwash, is then pumped into the sewage system, if one exists. Alternatively,
following a stage of settlement in a sedimentation tank to eliminate sediments, it
can be released back into the source river [3].
Figure 2.14. Rapid gravity sand filter [3]
3.2.7. Chlorination
The water is disinfected to get rid of any harmful microorganisms that may
have remained after sedimentation. The most often used chemical for disinfection is
chlorine, which may be either a gas or a liquid (similar to sodium hypochlorite, or
NaOCl). It is easy to use and reasonably priced. Chlorine interacts with all
contaminants in the water, including microorganisms, over a specific amount of
time called the contact time. Residual chlorine is the quantity of chlorine that
remains after this. This remains in the water throughout the distribution system,
protecting against any microorganism intrusion until the water is consumed.
The World Health Organization (WHO, 2003) recommends that water have a
maximum residual chlorine content of 5 mg l–1. After 30 minutes of contact time,
the minimal residual chlorine level in the water should be 0.5 mg l–1. (WHO, n.d.).
Other methods exist for disinfecting water, such as the use of UV light or the gas

ozone. These nonetheless do not shield it against microbial contamination after it

exits the water treatment facility. The purified water is pumped into the distribution
system after disinfection [3].
3.2.8. Supplementary treatment
It can be necessary to provide additional care for the population's benefit.

The addition of fluoride to water, known as fluoridation, is one example. The World
Health Organization has determined that "the most effective public health measure
for the prevention of dental decay is the fluoridation of water supplies, where
possible." 1 milligram of fluoride per liter of water is the ideal amount (1 mg l –1)
[3].
3.2.9. Distribution
High-pressure pumps move the water from the water treatment plant to
supply the city’s distribution system. The pumps push water through large pipes
called transmission mains, which transport large volumes to strategically located
water storage reservoirs and pump stations. The water is then transported to smaller
water mains that are used to deliver water to customers.

CHAPTER 4
OVERVIEW OF CONVENTIONAL METHODS AND VARIABLE SPEED

DRIVE METHODS
4.1. Conventional methods for regulating water flow
4.1.1. Throttle adjustment
Throttling valves are a type of valve that can be used to start, stop, and
regulate the flow of fluid through a rotodynamic pump. When the flow of a pump is
regulated using a throttling valve, the system curve is changed. The operating point
moves to the left on the Pump curve when the flow is decreased. Throttling valves
are one way of controlling flow rates, by throttling flow directly or in a bypass line.
Variable speed operation is an alternative method of controlling the flow of a
system. With the throttling valve control method, the pump runs continuously, and a
valve in the pump discharge line is opened or closed to adjust the flow to the
required value. To understand how the throttling controls flow rate, see Figure 2.1.
With the valve fully open, the pump operates at Flow 2. When the valve is in the
partially open position, it introduces an additional friction loss in the system,
resulting in a new system curve that intersects the Pump curve at Flow 1, which is
the new operating point [4].
Figure 3.15. Control of pump flow by changing the system resistance using a
throttle valve (graphics courtesy of hydraulic institute) [4]

The head difference between the two curves’ operating points shown is the
head (pressure) drop across the throttling valve. It is usual practice with throttling
control to have the valve partially shut even at maximum system design flow to
achieve controllability. Therefore, energy is wasted overcoming the resistance
through the valve at all flow conditions.
4.1.2. Valve adjustment
A valve is a type of accessory that allows the regulation, control, and

direction of fluid passing through a pipe. Valves are commonly used to direct flow,
turn off water, prevent back-flow, and regulate water pressure in the system. The
valve allows sections of the plumbing system to be isolated for repair or to shut off
the water line when a leak occurs. They are also widely used in most commercial
and industrial applications. The method is simple and reliable, but the power loss is
large, the economy is not good, and the effect of small flow or small flow is not
good.
4.1.2.1. Gate valve
Figure 3.16. The gate that opens and closes fluid flow without change in flow
direction [5]
A typical form of valve, the gate valve is extensively utilized in public
drainage and water supply systems. The purpose of this sort of valve, also known as
a gate valve or stop valve, is to block or allow flow through the valve. It is mounted
on system pipes, particularly liquid networks. When the valve is open, the flow of
fluid may easily and unobstructed pass the whole valve. The valve will completely
and tightly seal when it closes, stopping any outside fluid from entering the system.
This kind of valve has a strong sealing ability, can close and open fairly quickly,

doesn't cause fluid leakage, and doesn't crack from too much flow pressure. Gate
valves are unable to fulfill this role because of the poor regulating capacity [6].
4.1.2.2. Hydraulic ball valves
Figure 3.17. Hydraulic ball valves [6]

This type of valve has a valve disc design in the shape of a metal ball, with a
radial hole punched inside for the fluid to pass through. The main operating method
of this type of valve is to use a lever. When the operator pulls the lever 90 degrees
in one direction, this will cause the valve shaft to rotate, pulling the valve disc along
with it. When the radial hole of the valve disc coincides with the two ends of the
system pipe, the fluid will flow through the valve easily. If you want to close the
system, just pull the lever in the opposite direction, the valve disc will rotate 90
degrees, completely blocking the path of fluid through the valve. This device can
also perform the task of regulating fluid very effectively. The operator only needs to
pull the lever at an angle less than 90 degrees, at this time the valve opening will be
less, and the flow and flow rate will be less. Less substance will pass through the
valve [6].
4.2. Variable speed drive method
4.2.1. Overview of Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
4.2.1.1. Introduction
The basic function of a variable speed drive (VSD) is to control the flow of
energy from the mains to the process. Variable-speed drives sit between the
electrical supply and the motor. Power from the electrical supply goes into a drive

and the drive then regulates the power that is fed to the motor. Variable speed drives
(VSD) are sometimes called Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) or AC drives.
4.2.1.2. Principle
Figure 3.18. Connect the pump to the power source [7]

The input power is sent through a rectifier inside the drive, which converts
the incoming AC power to DC power. The capacitors inside the drive are supplied
with DC power. To give a clean power supply for the subsequent step, this is done
to smooth out the electrical waveform. The inverter converts the DC power from the
capacitors into the output AC power, which is then sent to the motor. This stage
enables the drive to modify the frequency and voltage delivered to the motor
following with the needs of your running operation. This implies that you operate
your AC motors at the speed or torque necessary to meet the demand. Because of
this, choosing AC drives might help you save a lot of money [7].
Figure 3.19. Convert incoming ac to dc (Illustrated for 1 phase) [7]

The entering three-phase AC electricity is converted to DC power through a
rectifier. [7].
Figure 3.20. Smooth the dc wave (Illustrated for 1 phase) [7]

After receiving DC power, capacitors smooth out the wave and produce a
pure DC supply.
Figure 3.21. Convert DC to variable AC (Illustrated for 1 phase) [7]

The voltage and current needed for the motor are determined by the variable
speed drive. An inverter is a device that precisely measures the voltage and current
needed to convert DC electricity into AC power.

Figure 3.22. Calculate and repeat [7]
The variable speed drive continually calculates and adjusts frequency and
voltage to supply the motor with necessary power, saving significant energy [7].
4.3. Overview of conventional methods and variable speed drive method
4.3.1. Energy efficiency of conventional flow variable methods
Figure 3.23. Control of pump flow by changing system resistance using a valve [8]
To adjust the flow to the desired value, a valve in the pump discharge line is
opened or closed while the pump is operating continuously in this control approach.
From Figure 2.9 see how the flow rate is controlled. The valve is fully opened when
the pump is in "Flow 1" condition. A friction loss that is proportional to flow
squared is added to the system when the valve is half closed. At "Flow 2", the new
operating point, the new system curve intersects the pump curve. The pressure drop
over the valve is represented by the head difference between the two curves.

As a result, energy is lost trying to overcome the valve's resistance under any flow
condition. At the decreased flow rate, there is some reduction in pump power that
is absorbed (see Figure 2.9), but the flow multiplied by the head drop over the valve
results in energy loss. Also to be noticed is the possibility of forcing the pump to
function high on the curve, where its efficiency is inadequate and reliability suffers,
even though it will adjust to changes in its operating point as much as it can within
its performance range. Control valve maintenance can be expensive, especially
when dealing with corrosive and solid-containing liquids. As a result, the lifetime
cost can be too large [8].
4.3.2. Variable speed drive energy efficiency
Electric motors require around 70% of all industrial electrical energy used.
When it comes to pumps, fans, compressors, conveyors, and any other kind of
machinery that relies on rotational force to function, these motors are the
workhorses of the enterprise. And these motors hold the key to supporting you in
cutting down on energy consumption and CO2 emissions, as well as helping you
develop more energy-efficient solutions for customers. Pumps, fans, and
compressors are frequently operated at a steady speed, with the flow rate and
destination being adjusted manually by opening and shutting pipeline valves. This
typically results in an extremely labor-intensive startup process; for example, it
could take an individual up to an hour to start a pumping station. Employees
sometimes have to travel great distances to isolated locations, which drives up labor
expenses. While this process is mechanized in certain facilities, there is insufficient
energy use [7].
A more energy-efficient alternative exists. Utilizing variable speed drives for
these applications offers both immediate energy savings and sustained competitive
benefits. Variable speed drives offer significant cost savings and operational
advantages to any process that uses electric motors. No matter how big or little, you
might want to examine your own operations and procedures carefully to identify
any areas where you might gain a competitive edge over the long run and quick
revenue through using variable speed drives effectively.
The following justifies your investment in variable speed drives (VSDs) to
raise the energy efficiency of your numerous applications, including compressor
systems, fans, pumps, and conveyors [7]:
a. Improved operational efficiency

The need for manual labor is eliminated as the system controlled by drives
can be automated, thus saving in man-hours and labor costs.
b. Savings on the electricity bill
Variable speed drives use only the needed amount of energy by running the
motors at partial load, which can result in up to 50% reduction in energy
consumption of the drive system.
c. Savings in capital expenditure
Immediate reduction in electrical consumption ensures fast financial payback

for the VSD investment, in pump and fan applications even within months of
installation.
d. Savings in maintenance and spare part costs
With drives, the stress on the mechanical equipment during startup and
operation can be minimized ensuring a longer lifetime of the equipment. This type
of valuable gain can be achieved not only in large industrial operations but also in
smaller installations as well. You can estimate your potential energy and cost
savings gained by low voltage AC variable speed drive control compared to
traditional methods like throttles and valves.

CHAPTER 5
APPLICATION OF INVERTER IN PUMPING SYSTEM
5.1. Pump systems locations in water treatment plants
5.1.1. Chemical processing pump system
This is the first step in the clean water treatment process. Source water and
feed water will be pumped into the settling tank. When passing through the trash
barrier, large-sized residue, sand and impurities will be kept outside. Water will be
brought inside the vertical settling tank. During operation, the water treatment plant
requires the use of many dangerous and highly corrosive chemicals such as
Chlorine and Copper Sulfate, PAC chemicals (Poly Aluminum Chloride), Na-OH
flakes, etc. To use and transport these chemicals requires specialized pumps
specifically designed with durable materials that do not corrode in chemical
environments. These devices are collectively called chemical pumps. Chemical
pump components will be made from a variety of plastic or stainless steel materials
or made from materials with structures compatible with the chemical composition
of each specific chemical environment used to ensure that the chemical pumping
equipment can operate effectively [9].
5.1.1.1. Structure of chemical pump
Normally, chemical pumps will include parts such as a pump head, pump
seal, and pump motor. In there [9]:
a) The pump head includes the pump impeller or diaphragm (if it is a
diaphragm chemical pump), suction nozzle, and discharge nozzle and these parts are
all made from plastic or stainless steel or materials suitable for the chemical to be
pumped.
b) Pump motors are usually 1 or 3-phase electric motors. Some chemical
pumps have a pneumatic or electromagnetic drive mechanism, but in general, the
motor part is designed and installed tightly to avoid being affected by the chemical
environment.

c) The pump seal has the function of sealing and protecting the pump
motor. If the pump seal is worn or broken, chemicals will spill into the motor
causing damage.
5.1.1.2. Operating principle of chemical pump
The chemical pump will operate mainly in two continuous push and suction
processes, the result of this process will continue to another process and will go
through the following processes [9]:
a) Priming process: With this stage, the pump will be primed first to ensure
the body and suction pipe are filled with liquid for the pump to operate.
b) Pushing process: After priming, the pump impeller or diaphragm will
create pressure to push the liquid out through the pipes.
c) Suction process: After the liquid-pushing process is finished, a vacuum
will form at the entrance of the pump impeller. The chemical will now be sucked
into the pump through the suction tube and the suction process will end.
5.1.1.3. The most popular types of chemical pumps today
a. Chemical dosing pump:
This is a line of chemical pumps used with a dosing function to accurately

control the amount of chemicals used. Therefore, this pump line, in addition to
having materials compatible with chemicals, also needs to be equipped with the
function of adjusting flow according to usage needs. The flow adjustment
mechanism can be performed manually or automatically according to signals from
sensors. The characteristic of this pump line is that the pump usually has a small
capacity but has very high accuracy [10].
Figure 4.24. Types of chemical dosing pumps [10]

b. Vertical shaft chemical pump
Figure 4.25. Vertical pumps are used to pump chemicals [9]

Vertical chemical pumps are usually centrifugal pumps installed vertically
with the pump motor installed above the pump body and the pump impeller
submerged in the chemical. For vertical chemical pumps, the pump casing and
impeller will usually be made from high-quality, highly durable plastic materials
such as FRPP, PP, PVDF,…Most vertical chemical pumps are made using an
electromagnetic drive mechanism and do not use pump seals, thus limiting chemical
leakage problems and better protecting the motor. The pump is used to transport
highly corrosive acids and bases and is suitable for large-volume chemical transport
requirements [9].
c. Magnetic drive chemical pump
Figure 4.26. Magnetic drive chemical pump [9]

Magnetic drive chemical pumps are pump devices that operate thanks to the
magnetism of magnets. This line of chemical pumps has a quite special structure as
it is completely sealed with a separate engine and impeller. In addition, magnetic
drive chemical pumps are also considered leak-free, environmentally safe, and do
not harm the operator when using toxic chemicals [9].
5.1.2. Distribution system
After water has undergone filtration and sedimentation, it is separated from

impurities and transferred to a clean water tank with the help of water distribution
pumps. These pumps, which are mostly of the centrifugal type, use a rapidly
rotating impeller to increase water pressure inside the pump casing. The flow rate of
a centrifugal pump depends on the pressure it operates against, so higher pressure
results in lower flow or discharge. For water distribution, horizontal centrifugal
pumps are commonly used because they are capable of pumping large volumes of
water. The clean water pumped from the distribution system is then used for various
purposes such as irrigation, household activities, and production.
Figure 4.27. Pumping Stations in a Water Distribution System [11]

5.1.2.1. Working principle of horizontal centrifugal pump
Operating based on the principle of centrifugal force, that is, the flow of
hydrodynamic energy is created by the mechanical impeller. At this time, the water
inside the machine will lead to the center of rotation of the impeller under the
influence of centrifugal force. will be ejected into the pump chamber wall. The
combination of pressure, flow, acceleration, specific gravity, and gravity of the fluid
creates the kinetic energy that causes the water to move [12].
Figure 4.28. Horizontal centrifugal pump [13]
5.1.2.2. Horizontal centrifugal pump structure
The horizontal centrifugal pump line is designed in a spiral shape, with a

horizontal pump shaft. It has the same components as other centrifugal pumps such
as [12]:
a) The impeller, usually has three options: open impeller, semi-closed impeller,
and closed impeller.
b) Drive motor: creates rotation for the impeller.
c) Pump shaft: the connection between the motor shaft and impeller, stainless steel
structure, held by latches.
d) Suction port: where the fluid pipeline enters the pump chamber.
e) Discharge port: where the fluid pipe exits the pump chamber.
f) Foot valve: A one-way valve that holds fluid in the suction pipe, responsible for
priming the pump.

g) Suction and discharge pipes.
h) Types of horizontal pump seals, and waterproof seals.
5.2. Applying inverters to distribution pumping systems
5.2.1. Controlling modes
Inverters for water pumps are often used to control pumps for water supply
systems. Receiving transmission from the real pressure sensor on the push pipe, the
inverter will adjust the pump's rotation speed so that the line pressure The pipe is
always stable at a pre-set pressure automatically and accurately. When the pump
operates at the lowest frequency, the inverter will control the transfer pumps to stop
operating (the pump that operates first will turn off first). At the same time, the
inverter controls the pump in series to speed up to help prevent the pump from
experiencing pressure shock and the operating time of the pumps is alternately
balanced. When the "switch" pumps will stop operating completely if the pump is in
turn connected. The inverter runs at the lowest speed while still ensuring enough
pressure, the pump system will stop and switch to shutdown mode. When using
water again, the pressure will decrease, and the inverter will control the pump to
operate again. and control the subsequent pumping speed. Therefore, the pumps in
the system will operate alternately, automatically stopping when water is not used
and allowing the system to operate appropriately according to water usage needs,
thus maximizing energy savings [14].
5.2.1.1. Independent control mode
Figure 4.29. Independent control mode [14]

Principle: The inverter will control the pump depending on the output water
demand. With support for the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control
function, the inverter will receive analog signals (current or voltage) from the

pressure sensor (mounted on the main pipe), and the inverter will automatically
change frequency, thereby changing the pump speed, so it becomes easier to control
the pressure on the pipeline.
5.2.1.2. Boost/removal mode
Figure 4.30. Boost mode [14]

Principle [14]:
a) The inverter will control pump 1 depending on the output water demand.
With support for the PID control function, the inverter will receive analog signals
(current or voltage) from the pressure sensor (mounted on the main pipe), and the
inverter will automatically change frequency, thereby Changing the pump speed, so
it becomes easier to control the pressure on the pipeline.
b) When the water demand is high and requires high pressure on the
pipeline, the inverter will automatically make the motor rotate at the highest speed
to maintain pressure. Conversely, when the water demand is low, pressure is
needed. low force, the inverter will control the motor to slow down or stop
completely, then electrical energy is saved.
c) If pump 1 is operating at 100% capacity but still cannot meet the load
demand, the inverter automatically calls other pumps to run directly into the system
until the first demand is met. go out. If the output water volume is stable, the
converter will automatically release the pumps from the system one by one so that it
only meets the output demand. If all pumps are released but the system still has
excess pressure, the inverter will automatically reduce the main pump speed to a
lower level and maintain a certain preset frequency. When the output water demand
increases, the system works again and automatically calls for additional pumps
when necessary.

5.2.1.3. Multi-pump control mode
Figure 4.31. Multi-pump control mode [14]

Principle: Each pump is connected to an inverter, one inverter is MASTER,
and the other inverters are SLAVE. With support for the PID control function, the
inverter plays the role of MASTER and will receive analog signals (current or
voltage) from the pressure sensor (mounted on the main pipe), thereby affecting the
transformers. SLAVE to change the frequency, thereby changing the pump speed,
so controlling the pressure on the pipeline becomes easier [14].
5.2.2. Saving energy in distribution pumping systems
One of the stages in a clean water treatment plant is the process of pumping
water to distribute to consuming places. This process needs to focus on saving
energy due to changing customer needs. Water distribution pumps need to be
regularly adjusted according to different periods to meet customer demands.
Additionally, it is necessary to ensure energy saving in controlling the water
distribution pumping systems. The impeller speed can be changed, or the discharge
system's throttling valves can be used to regulate the flow rate and pressure. Pump
speed can be adjusted to obtain the desired flow and pressure by using variable
frequency drives, or VFDs. One highly effective method used by clean water
treatment plants today is using an inverter to control the pump system.
Most water distribution pumps are of the centrifugal type, in which a rapidly
rotating impeller adds energy to the water and raises the pressure inside the pump
casing. The flow rate through a centrifugal pump depends on the pressure against
which it operates. The higher the pressure, the lower the flow or discharge.

Variable Speed Drives (VSDs) are used to control the speed of pumps and
can be operated through different types of mechanical and electrical systems.
Mechanical VSDs make use of hydraulic clutches, fluid couplings, and adjustable
belts and pulleys. On the other hand, electrical VSDs include eddy current clutches,
wound rotor motor controllers, and the most commonly used type, Variable
Frequency Drives (VFDs). VFDs regulate the electrical frequency supplied to a
motor, which in turn changes the motor's rotational speed [8].
5.3. The differences between variable frequency drive and throttling
A mechanical throttling device is often used in flow applications to limit the

flow. This is a useful control method, but it loses electrical and mechanical energy.
A pumping system with a mechanical throttling valve and the same system with a
VFD are shown in Figure 3.9.
Figure 4.32. A mechanical throttling device versus a VFD [15]

Figure 3.10's upper curve represents energy use when a throttling device is
used to control flow, while the lower curve shows energy usage when a variable
frequency drive (VFD) is used. A variable frequency drive (VFD) alters the
frequency of an AC motor, which in turn lowers the system's speed, flow, and
energy consumption. The green-shaded region is a representation of the energy
saved [15].

Figure 4.33. The amount of energy saved by using a variable frequency drive
(versus a valve) to control flow [15]
5.4. Variable frequency drives theory
The system performance for centrifugal devices, including the theoretical

load needs and possible energy savings, may be calculated using the affinity laws.
The three affinity laws are shown [15]:
 Flow or volume varies linearly with speed. If speed decreases by 50%,
flow decreases by 50% (Figure 3.12).
 Pressure or head varies as a square of the speed. If speed decreases by
50%, the pressure decreases to 25% (Figure 3.13)
 Power or energy consumption varies as a cube of the speed. If speed
decreases by 50%, power consumption decreases to 12.5% (Figure 3.14). When the
flow needs decrease, there is a chance for energy savings.
Figure 4.34. Flow or volume varies linearly with speed [15]

Figure 4.35. Pressure or head varies as a square of the speed [15]
Figure 4.36. Power or energy consumption varies as a cube of the speed [15]
5.5. Pump characteristics
5.5.1. Pump curve
Pumps were traditionally used to elevate water for drainage or irrigation. The
pump's ability to raise water from the lower to the higher level was essential. The
word "differential head," or simply "head," was created to describe the delivery
height. Even with the wide range of pumping applications in the present day, this
expression is still used to describe the performance of pumps. In modern times, the
difference in pressure between the input and outflow of a pump has become

increasingly significant. The design of valves and pipelines can have an impact on
this pressure differential. The flow of a centrifugal pump's discharge decreases as
the pressure it has to overcome increases. It continues to decrease until it reaches a
point where the output is zero. Conversely, when there is no head opposition, a
pump can achieve its maximum output, taking into account its design limitations,
impeller choice, and rotating speed. The pump curve represents the performance
range between these two points [16].
Figure 4.37. Pump curve [16]
5.5.2. System curve
The key to choosing the right pump for a system is finding out the system
curve, which indicates the flow that will happen at a specific pressure. It is
necessary to know two things to calculate an accurate system curve [15]:
 Static head or lift - How high the fluid needs to be raised to go from the
source to the output.
 Friction head - Power is needed to overcome the losses caused by the
fluid flowing through the pipelines, valves, bends, and other components. These
losses are nonlinear and entirely dependent on flow.
In Figure 3.16, the static head, friction head, and resulting system curve are
shown for a typical pumping system. In this example, the maximum flow rate
required is 160 liters per minute (lpm). With the use of this data, the pump and
impeller sizes needed for the system to deliver the maximum necessary flow may be

determined. The pump ought to generate a minimum of 120 meters of pressure, as
indicated by the system curve illustrated in Figure 3.16.
Figure 4.38 Components of the system curve [15]
5.5.3. Operating point
To determine the flow rate of the pump in your system, you can plot the
pump and system curves on a graph (refer to Figure 3.17). The point where the two
lines intersect is your operating point. If the lines do not intersect, then the pump is
not suitable for your application [15].
Figure 4.39. The combining system and pump curve [16]

At the intended operating point of 120 m of pressure and 160 lpm of flow, as
shown in Figure 3.18, the system curve and pump performance curve intersect.
Until a device is installed, the system will only have one operational point [15].

Figure 4.40. The example of the intersection between the system curve and the
pump curve [15]
5.6. Application of throttling device in a pumping system.
One typical mechanical technique for lowering the flow rate in a pumping
system is the employment of a throttling device. The pump curve is altered when a
throttling device is applied to the system, as seen in Figure 3.17. As a result, the
system's flow is decreased, yet the pump curve is the same and runs at maximum
efficiency. As a result, the pump system is subjected to mechanical stresses such as
high pressure and temperature, which may cause seal or bearing failures. More
significantly, this uses an enormous amount of energy. In Figure 3.19, the blue-
shaded region represents the energy consumed [15].
Figure 4.41. System characteristics using a mechanical throttling device [15]

5.7. Application of variable frequency drives in the pumping system
When a VFD is installed on the pump, the electrical speed may be controlled,
and the energy required to generate a certain flow is all that is used. It would be like
installing a new pump with a smaller impeller in this way. Figure 7 shows the new
pump curve and how much energy this approach uses. Additionally, by lowering the
pressure, throttling devices' mechanical stresses are reduced.
Figure 4.42. System characteristics using variable frequency drive [15]
Figure 4.43. The difference in energy consumption using a throttling device versus
a variable frequency drive [15]
Figure 8 shows the difference between the previous two plots. The blue-
colored region represents the energy saved by utilizing a VFD instead of a throttling
mechanism [15].

5.8. More cost reductions with a variable frequency drive
Figure 4.44. The example of energy saving [15]

The use of variable frequency drives (VFDs) can lead to significant cost
savings in the entire system. This is because VFDs eliminate the need for
components used solely for valve control. In a valve flow control system, there are
losses in the valve, and extra piping is required to raise the valve to a height where
it can be adjusted. In the previous example, the pipe loss is 10 kW and the valve
loss is 15 kW. To achieve a head equivalent to 50 kW, a pump and motor rated at
90 kW is required due to pump and internal losses. However, by using a VFD, there
is no additional pipe or valve loss due to bending and this reduces the pipe loss to 8
kW. This reduction in losses means that a smaller pump rated at 75 kW, together
with a 75 kW motor, can achieve the same pressure equivalent to 50 kW. This not
only saves on system costs but also installation costs, making the use of VFDs an
economically viable option [15].

Chapter 4. Conclusion
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
This project presented an energy management application through the load

control of a water pumping system. Using conventional methods such as using
valves to control water flow will affect water distribution, causing great pressure on
distribution systems and thereby causing losses to the system. The improvement of
energy utilization was achieved through the development of power consumption
models for water pump systems controlled by variable frequency drive. In addition,
the article also provides some basic information about the overview of the pumping
system and clean water treatment processes in the water treatment plant.
REFERENCES
[1] Thai Khuong pump. “Tram bom la gi? Tram bom nuoc – Tram bom nuoc
thai co gi?”. thaikhuongpump.com/may-bom-chim/tram-bom/,(accessed in
11/25/2023).
[2] Calgary. “Water treatment online tour”. calgary.ca/water/drinking-
water/online-tour.html, (accessed in 11/25/2023).
[3] Fasi Ur Rahman. “7 Major Stages in Water Treatment Plant”.
https://theconstructor.org/environmental-engg/water-supply/stages-water-treatment-
plant, (accessed in 11/25/2023).
[4] Hydraulic Institute, (2017). “Throttling Valves & Pump Corrosion
Issues”. PUMP&SYSTEMS, pumpsandsystems.com/pumps/throttling-valves-
pump-corrosion-issues, (accessed in 11/25/2023).
[5] Royal Fluid Power Inc. “Hydraulic Ball Valves”.
https://www.royalfluidpower.com/product/hydraulic-ball-valves, (accessed in
11/25/2023).
[6] Vu Van Long, (2023). “Cac loai Van Cong Nghiep | Nha cung cap uy tin
15 nam”. anphuthanh.vn/van-cong-nghiep-10.html, (accessed in 11/25/2023).
[7] ABB. “What is a variable speed drive?”. new.abb.com/drives/what-is-a-
variable-speed-drive, (accessed in 11/25/2023).
[8] Bureau of Energy Efficiency. “6. PUMPS AND PUMPING SYSTEM”.
beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/3Ch6.pdf, (accessed in 11/25/2023).
[9] Team Marketing- Nhat Tinh Company. “Moi dieu can biet ve bom hoa
chat”. https://wsc.com.vn/moi-dieu-can-biet-ve-bom-hoa-chat.html , (accessed in
11/25/2023).
[10] wrswebmaster, (2020). “Different Types of Dosing Pumps”.
wrsdosing.com/metering-pumps/different-types-of-dosing-pumps, (accessed in
11/25/2023).
[11] MTS. “Domestic Water Systems, Romania”. mtsdnc.com/domestic-
water-systems-romania, (accessed in 11/25/2023).
[12] thaikhuongpump. “Centrifugal Pump Structure – Vertical Shaft
Centrifugal Pump Structure”.
thaikhuongpump.com/en/centrifugal-pumps/centrifugal-pump-structure, (accessed
in 11/25/2023).
[13] Stream. “Monoblock Horizontal Centrifugal Pump”.
streampumps.com/industrial-pump/monoblock-horizontal-centrifugal-pump.html,
(accessed in 11/25/2023).
[14] MES-Engineering. “UNG DUNG BIEN TAN TRONG DIEU KHIEN
MAY BOM”. mese.vn/vi/ung-dung-bien-tan-trong-dieu-khien-bom.html, (accessed
in 11/25/2023).
[15] Tom Neuberger and Steven B. Weston (2012), “Variable frequency
drives: energy savings for pumping applications”, EATON, p. 1-3.
[16] Michael Smith Engineers. “Centrifugal Pump Selection”.
https://www.michael-smith-engineers.co.uk/resources/useful-info/centrifugal-
pump-selection, (accessed in 11/25/2023).

Industrial Electrical Project KC208H5 - Nguyen Huynh Tan Nguyen

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

CAN THO UNIVERSITY

POWER SYSTEM PROJECT - KC215H

ANALYZING THE EFFECTS OF

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh i

3.2.1.1. Independent control mode....................................................................20

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh ii

Figure 1.1. Water supply pumping station [1].............................................................1

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh iv

1.1. Distribution grid.

The purpose of the distribution grid is to transport electricity from the

Figure 1.1. Basic components of an electric power system

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 1

1.1.2. Distribution voltage level.

a) 22 kV for areas with an existing 22 kV power source and regions

b) 35 kV for rural and mountainous areas with dispersed load density,long

c) Restricting the development of voltage levels at 6 kV, 10 kV, and 15 kV.

1.1.3. Structure of distribution grid.

Figure 1.2. Non-segmented radial distribution grid

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 2

The segmented radial distribution grid, on the other hand, is a radial

Figure 1.3. Segmented radial distribution grid

Figure 1.4. A closed-loop distribution grid

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 3

A closed-loop distribution grid with open operation offers higher reliability

1.2. Energy losses

1.2.1. Technical losses.

Technical losses occur during the transmission and distribution of electrical

1.2.2. Non-technical losses.

Non-technical power loss occurs due to violations in the use of electricity

1.2.2.1. Power losses

The active power loss, caused by thermal resistance, is calculated as follows:

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 4

1.2.2.2. Voltage drop

The general expression for voltage drop on a beam-shaped distribution grid

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 5

IMPACTS AND INFLUENCES OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION (SOLAR

2.1. Distributed generation

Distributed generators, or DGs, are small-scale power sources located close

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 1

a) Reducing energy losses: DG can help reduce energy losses in the

b) Increasing energy utilisation efficiency: DG can improve efficiency by

d) Enhancing transmission efficiency: DG can improve the electrical

e) Minimising voltage losses: DG can help reduce voltage losses in the

2.2. Solar energy.

Solar energy is gradually becoming a trend of the future as it is a clean,

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 2

Solar energy development is being encouraged to approximate the increasing

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 3

2.3. Impacts and influences of Photovoltaic (PV) on the Distribution grid.

Solar power is usually considered in the form of Photovoltaic (PV),

Local overvoltage is a problem when integrating distributed solar power

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 4

2.3.1.2. Reduce the burden from load requirements on existing systems.

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 5

2.3.1.4. Power losses

Power transmission involves inevitable losses, and one of the main

2.3.1.5. Reduce losses and regulate voltage on the distribution grid

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 6

sold to the power company, contributing to promoting the development of PV

2.4. Distribution system

The part of the power delivery infrastructure known as electric power

Student: Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh 7