EQUATION OF THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT FROM THE EULER-

LAGRANGE EQUATION OF SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIABLE

GRAVITATIONAL FIELD LAGRANGIAN

Ashraful Islam
Nippon Koei Bangladesh
Ahmed Nagar, Mirpur, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh
(Email: ashrafulce06@gmail.com )
Abstract

Concepts of the variational approach are useful tools to express physical phenomena where
certain quantities are conserved. Derivation of the gravitational field equations from the Euler-
Lagrange equation resulting from the first-order derivative of Lagrange field density is already
well known. While in this paper, the field equations are derived from the Euler-Lagrange
equation of the second-order differentiable field Lagrangian. The Euler-Lagrange equation of the
First-order differentiable field Lagrangian results in the gravitational field equations with matter
field and the cosmological constant, while the Euler-Lagrange equation of the second-order
differentiable field Lagrangian results in the equation of the cosmological constant. Finding the
cosmological constant using the Euler-Lagrange equation is also consistent with basic
mathematical theory with higher-order Euler-Lagrange equations, which suggests that higher-
order Euler-Lagrange equations will result in instability due to negative energy. The
cosmological constant is assumed related to the negative vacuum energy density. The value for
the gravitational constant found here by using the general relativistic equation shows a
sufficiently small but non-zero value and is very close to the observationally deduced value.

Keywords: General Relativity, Tensor analysis, Variational Principle, Einstein-Hilbert action,

Cosmological constant.
 1. Introduction

Concepts of the basic calculus of variation are useful tools to analyze physical phenomena since
generally, physical interactions happen with conserving certain quantities. Let L is a gravitational
field Lagrange and S be the associated action. L shall be written in tensor form so that the
principle of least action can be applied, for any vector field like gravity. The field Lagrange is a
function of the metric tensor gμυ and its derivatives since the metric tensor is invariant under any
coordinate transformation.

The action integral, which is the Einstein-Hilbert action in the presence of matter and includes
the cosmological term:

1
𝑆 = ∫[2𝜅 (𝑅 − 2𝛬) + ℒ𝑚 ] √−𝑔𝑑 4 𝑥 (1)

1
Where the field Lagrangian, 𝐿 = [2𝜅 (𝑅 − 2𝛬) + ℒ𝑚 ] and

√−𝑔𝐿 = ℒ, is the Lagrangian density of the gravitational field.

8πG
𝜅, 𝛬 and ℒ𝑚 are: constants defined as , the cosmological constant, and any matter field
c4

respectively.

Since the Ricci scalar R can be written as R= Rab gab , therefore the equation (1) will have the
form:

1
𝑆 = ∫[2𝜅 (𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝑎𝑏 − 2𝛬) + ℒ𝑚 ] √−𝑔𝑑 4 𝑥 (2)

The further operation will utilize the conventional mathematical formalisms and notations of
Tensor analysis, calculus, and more.

1. Euler-Lagrange equation of First-order differentiable gravitational field

Lagrangian

The Euler-Lagrange equation was found by applying the general principle of least action when
the field Lagrange of the Lagrange density (3.1) is a function of the metric tensor and the first
derivative of the metric tensor with respect to the general coordinate.
With the condition of being the first-order differentiability and then applying the principle of
least action the general Euler-Lagrange gravitational equation:

𝜕ℒ 𝜕 𝜕ℒ
− 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 =0 (3)
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜕( 𝜎 )
𝜕𝑥

Here the field Lagrange density is a function of metric and its first derivative as:

𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐
ℒ = √−𝑔 L(𝑔𝜇𝜐 , ) (3.1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜎

The action integral (1) and the corresponding first-order Euler-Lagrange equation (3) will lead to
Einstein’s Field equations (5) in the presence of matter including the cosmological constant term.

The above equation (3) will finally lead to the gravitational field equations in the presence of
matter field and with the cosmological constant in contravariant tensor format,

1
𝑅𝜇𝜐 − 2 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝑅 + 𝛬𝑔𝜇𝜐 = −𝜅𝑇𝜇𝜐 (4)

However, Since the Ricci tensor and metric tensor in the above equation are symmetric therefore
the equation (4) can be written in the covariant tensor format, also by taking partial derivatives
with respect to the contravariant metric 𝑔𝜇𝜐 above equation (4) would have resulted in the
covariant tensor format,

1
𝑅𝜐𝜇 − 2 𝑔𝜐𝜇 𝑅 + 𝛬𝑔𝜐𝜇 = −𝜅𝑇𝜇𝜐 (5)

Similar and relevant derivations from where equations (4), and (5) are found, will be scrutinized
in the further sections. The cosmological constant term in the above equation (4) & (5) resulted
from the action integral in equation (2), which is originally demanded from the natural
observation. The first-order Euler-Lagrange equation in (3) does not demand this constant term
to be included in the action integral. This constant is related to the spontaneous expansion of the
universe or some type of negative pressure against the attractive gravitational field.
 2. Euler-Lagrange equation of the Second-order differentiable gravitational field
Lagrangian

An Euler-Lagrange equation can be found by applying the general principle of least action when
the field Lagrange of the Lagrange density (6.1) is a function of the metric tensor, the first and
second derivative of the metric tensor with respect to the general coordinate.

A basic theory of mathematics specifically known as the Ostrogradsky instability about the
classical dynamics states that, any non-degenerate Euler-Lagrange equation of the Lagrangian of
higher than first time derivative, corresponds to a Hamiltonian unbound from below. This
indicates some type of negative energy may cause the dynamic system unstable.

Now we will investigate the outcome of this kind of Euler-Lagrange equation, and there should
be a term that will be related to some negative pressure against the gravitational field.

With the condition of being the second differentiability and then applying the principle of least
action the general Euler-Lagrange gravitational field equation is:

𝜕ℒ 𝜕 𝜕ℒ 𝜕2 𝜕ℒ
− 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕2
=0 (6)
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜕( 𝜎 ) 𝜕{ 𝜎 𝜌 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Here, the field Lagrange density is a function of metric and its first and second derivatives, such

𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜕2 𝑔 𝜇𝜐
ℒ = √−𝑔 L(𝑔𝜇𝜐 , , 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌) (6.1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜎

The basic mathematical theory of Ostrogradsky shows that higher-order Lagrange equations will
result in negative energy. It implies the instability of a system even without any external effect.
Observational data proved that the universe as a whole spontaneously expands or expands due to
some negative pressure. And this negative pressure is assumed to be exerted by the vacuum.
Therefore, verifying the outcome from the second-order Euler- Lagrange equation is important.

The action integral (1) and the corresponding second-order Euler-Lagrange equation (6) will lead
to the equation (24) of the cosmological constant.

From the basic tensor operation, we have:

𝜕 𝜕(√−𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑏 ) 𝜕𝑅
(𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝑎𝑏 √−𝑔) = 𝑅𝑎𝑏 + √−𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑏
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐
Using the above relation in equation (2), the variation of the integral 𝛿 S, can be separated into
1 1 𝛬
four parts, i.e.:2𝜅 𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝛿(√−𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑏 ), 2𝜅 √−𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝛿(𝑅𝑎𝑏 ), 𝜅 𝛿(√−𝑔) and 𝛿(√−𝑔ℒ𝑚 ) then the

subsequent four Euler-Lagrange equations (7), (8), (9) & (10) :

1 𝜕(√−𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑏 ) 𝜕 𝜕(√−𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑏 ) 𝜕2 𝜕(√−𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑏 )

𝑅 [ − 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 ]=𝐴 (7)
2𝜅 𝑎𝑏 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐
𝜕( 𝜎 ) 𝜕{
𝜕2
(𝑔 )}
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜎 𝜕𝑥𝜌 𝜇𝜐

The above equation’s right side is not zero, since it is not the complete Euler-Lagrange equation,
which is after variation to the integral S of equation (2). The other three equations are:
1 𝜕𝑅 𝜕 𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕2 𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
(√−𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑏 )[𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑏 − 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕2
]=𝐵 (8)
2𝜅 𝜇𝜐 𝜕( 𝜎 ) 𝜕{ 𝜎 𝜌 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝛬 𝜕 −𝑔
√ 𝜕 𝜕√−𝑔 𝜕2 𝜕 √−𝑔
And, 𝜅 [ 𝜕𝑔 − 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕2
=𝐶 (9)
𝜇𝜐 𝜕( 𝜎 ) 𝜕{ (𝑔 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜎 𝜕𝑥𝜌 𝜇𝜐

𝜕(√−𝑔ℒ𝑚 ) 𝜕 𝜕(√−𝑔ℒ𝑚 ) 𝜕2 𝜕(√−𝑔ℒ𝑚 )

And, [ − 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕2
=𝐷 (10)
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜕( 𝜎 ) 𝜕{ (𝑔 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜎 𝜕𝑥𝜌 𝜇𝜐

Since √−𝑔 = √−det |𝑔𝜇𝜐 | and the metric 𝑔𝑎𝑏 do not depend on coordinate 𝑥 𝜎 and 𝑥 𝜌 ,
therefore equation (7) is shortened to
1 𝜕(√−𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑏 )
𝑅 [ ]=𝐴 (7.1)
4𝜅 𝑎𝑏 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐

𝜕(√−𝑔) √−𝑔 𝜇𝜐 𝜕(𝑔𝑎𝑏 )

Using basic relation of tensor calculus: = 𝑔 and = (−𝑔𝑎𝜇 𝑔𝑏𝜇 )
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 2 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐

Equation (7.1) becomes:

1 𝜕(𝑔𝑎𝑏 ) 𝜕(√−𝑔)
= 2𝜅 𝑅𝑎𝑏 [√−𝑔 + 𝑔𝑎𝑏 ]
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐

1 √−𝑔 𝑎𝑏 𝜇𝜐
= 2𝜅 𝑅𝑎𝑏 [√−𝑔(−𝑔𝑎𝜇 𝑔𝑏𝜇 ) + 𝑔 𝑔 ]
2

−𝑔 1
= √2𝜅 [𝑅𝑎𝑏 (−𝑔𝑎𝜇 𝑔𝑏𝜇 ) + 𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝜇𝜐 ]
2

−𝑔 1
= √2𝜅 [−𝑅𝜇𝜐 + 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝑅] =A (11)
2
Now equations (9) can be shortened to

Λ ∂√−g
[ ] = C,
κ ∂gμυ

𝛬 −𝑔
Or 𝜅 √ 2 𝑔𝜇𝜐 = 𝐶 (12)

Now equations (10) can be shortened to

𝜕(√−𝑔ℒ𝑚 )
=𝐷 (13)
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐

Where A, B, C, and D are defined notations for the resultant tensors of relevant equations.

To determine the left term of equation (8) we will progressively evaluate the below terms:
𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕 𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕2 𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
, , 𝜕2
& 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 , 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕2
.
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜕(𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 ) 𝜕{ 𝜎 𝜌 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 )}
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐
𝜕( 𝜎 ) 𝜕{ 𝜎 𝜌 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 )
𝜕𝑥𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝝏𝑹
2.1 Evaluation of the term𝝏𝒈𝒂𝒃 :
𝝁𝝊

The definition of the Ricci tensor in terms of the Riemann curvature tensor and the metric tensor:
𝑐
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑏
Expanding the Riemann curvature tensor in terms of the Christoffel symbols:

𝑑 𝑒 𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝜕𝑎𝛤𝑑 − 𝜕𝑏𝛤𝑎𝑐
𝑑 + 𝛤
𝑎𝑐𝛤𝑑
− 𝛤𝑏𝑐𝛤 𝑑
𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑒

𝑑
Contracting the indices d and c in the expression for 𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑐 to obtain𝑅𝑎𝑏 :
𝑑 𝑒 𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑏 = 𝜕𝑎𝛤𝑑 − 𝜕𝑏𝛤𝑑 + 𝛤𝑎𝛤 𝑑 − 𝛤𝑏𝛤 𝑑
𝑏𝑑 𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑒

Taking the derivative of 𝑅𝑎𝑏 with respect to 𝑔𝜇𝜐 :

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕
= (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝛤𝑏𝑑 ) 𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏 − (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝛤𝑎𝑑 ) 𝑔𝜇𝑏 𝑔𝜐𝑎 + (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝛤𝑎𝑒 𝛤𝑏𝑒 )𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏 −
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐
𝜕
(𝜕𝑔 ) (𝛤𝑏𝑒 𝛤𝑎𝑒
𝑑 )𝑔
𝜇𝑏 𝑔𝜐𝑎
𝜇𝜐

Since the Christoffel symbols are symmetric in their lower indices to simplify the derivatives:

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕
= (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝛤𝑏𝑑 ) 𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏 − (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝛤𝑏𝑑 ) 𝑔𝜇𝑏 𝑔𝜐𝑎 + (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝛤𝑎𝑒 𝛤𝑏𝑒 )𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏 −
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐
𝜕
(𝜕𝑔 ) (𝛤𝑏𝑒 𝛤𝑎𝑒
𝑑 )𝑔
𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏
𝜇𝜐
And since the Christoffel symbols are symmetric in their upper indices to simplify the
derivatives further:

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝛤𝑏𝑑 ) 𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏 − (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝛤𝑏𝑑 ) 𝑔𝜇𝑏 𝑔𝜐𝑎 + (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝛤𝑎𝑒 𝛤𝑏𝑒 )𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏 −
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐
𝜕 𝑑 𝑒
(𝜕𝑔 ) (𝛤𝑎𝑒 𝛤𝑏𝜇 )𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏
𝜇𝜐

Using the fact that the Christoffel symbols are symmetric in their lower indices to simplify the
first two terms in the above expression:
𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝛤𝑎𝑑 ) 𝑔𝜐𝑏 − (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝛤𝑏𝑑 ) 𝑔𝜇𝑏 𝑔𝜐𝑎 + (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝛤𝑎𝑒 𝛤𝑏𝑒 )𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏 −
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐
𝜕 𝑑 𝑒
(𝜕𝑔 ) (𝛤𝑎𝑒 𝛤𝑏𝜇 )𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏
𝜇𝜐

The derivative of the Christoffel symbols in terms of the metric tensor is given by:
𝜕 𝑎 1 𝑎𝑑 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛤 = ( ) 𝑔 ( 𝑔𝑐𝑑 + 𝑔𝑏𝑐 − 𝑔 )
𝜕𝑥 𝑐 𝑏𝑐
2 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑥 𝑐 𝑏𝑑

Using the above formula to evaluate the derivatives of the Christoffel symbols in terms of the
metric tensor derivatives:

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (2) 𝑔𝑎𝑑 (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝑔𝑐𝑏 (𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑑 + 𝑔𝑏𝑐 − 𝑔𝑏𝑑 )) 𝑔𝜐𝑏 −
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑥 𝑐
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕
(2) 𝑔𝑎𝑑 (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝑔𝑐𝑏 (𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝑔𝑐𝑑 + 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝑔𝑎𝑐 − 𝑔𝑎𝑑 )) 𝑔𝜇𝑏 𝑔𝜐𝑎 + (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝛤𝑎𝑒 𝛤𝑏𝑒 )𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏 −
𝜇𝜐 𝜕𝑥 𝑐 𝜇𝜐
𝜕 𝑑 𝑒
(𝜕𝑔 ) (𝛤𝑎𝑒 𝛤𝑏𝜇 )𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏
𝜇𝜐

Applying the derivative product rule to the first two terms gives:
𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (2) 𝑔𝑎𝑑 𝑔𝑐𝑏 (𝜕𝑥 𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝑔𝑎𝑑 − 𝑔𝑏𝑑 − 𝑔𝑎𝑐 + 𝑔𝑏𝑐 ) 𝑔𝜐𝑏 −
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜕𝑥 𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝜕𝑥 𝑑
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(2) 𝑔𝑎𝑑 𝑔𝑐𝑏 (𝜕𝑥 𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝑔𝑎𝑑 − 𝑔𝑎𝑏 − 𝑔𝑐𝑏 + 𝑔𝑐𝑎 ) 𝑔𝜇𝑏 𝑔𝜐𝑎 +
𝜕𝑥 𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝜕𝑥 𝑑 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝑑
𝜕 𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 𝜕
(𝜕𝑔 ) (𝛤𝑎𝑒 𝛤𝑏𝑒 )𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏 − (𝜕𝑔 ) (𝛤𝑎𝑒 𝛤𝑏𝜇 )𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑏
𝜇𝜐 𝜇𝜐
Since the Riemann curvature tensor is anti-symmetric in its first two indices to simplify the first
two terms:
𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜐 1 𝜐 𝜇 𝜇
= −𝑔𝑐𝜇 𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑐 + (2) 𝑔𝑐𝑒 (𝛤𝑎𝑐 𝛤𝑏𝑒 − 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜐 ) (14)
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐

𝝏𝑹𝒂𝒃
2.2 Evaluation of the term 𝝏𝒈𝝁𝝊 :
𝝏( )
𝝏𝒙𝝈

Starting with the definition of the partial derivative of the Riemann curvature tensor 𝑅𝑎𝑏 with
𝜕𝑔
respect to the partial derivative of the metric tensor 𝜕𝑥𝜇𝜐
𝜎
:

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕 𝜌 𝜕 𝜌
= ( 𝜎 ) [𝛤𝜇𝜈 ]𝑔𝜌𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 − ( 𝜎 ) [𝛤𝜇𝜎 ]𝑔𝜌𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕( 𝜎 )
𝜕𝑥

The formula for the Christoffel symbols in terms of the metric tensor and its partial derivatives:

𝜌 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛤𝜇𝜈 = ( ) 𝑔𝜌𝜎 ( 𝜇 𝑔𝜎𝜈 + 𝑔𝜎𝜇 − 𝑔 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜐 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜇𝜈

𝜕𝑔
The expression for the partial derivative of the Christoffel symbols with respect to 𝜕𝑥𝛼𝛽
𝜎 , using the

formula for the Christoffel symbols above:

𝜌
𝜕𝛤𝜇𝜈 1 𝜕 𝛽 𝜕 𝛽 𝜕 𝛽
= ( ) 𝑔𝜌𝜎 ( 𝜇 𝛿𝜎𝛼 𝛿𝜈 + 𝜐 𝛿𝜎𝛼 𝛿𝜇 − 𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝛼 𝛿𝜈 )
𝜕𝑔𝛼𝛽 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕( 𝜎 )
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
The expansion of the first term in the expression for 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 , using the formula for the Christoffel
𝜕( )
𝜕𝑥𝜎
symbols above and the product rule for partial derivatives:
𝜕 𝜌 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(𝜕𝑥 𝜎 ) [𝛤𝜇𝜈 ]𝑔𝜌𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 = (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 ) [(2) 𝑔𝜌𝜎 ( 𝜕𝑥 𝜇 𝑔𝜎𝜈 + 𝑔𝜎𝜇 − 𝑔𝜇𝜈 )] 𝑔𝜌𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐
𝜕𝑥 𝜐 𝜕𝑥 𝜎

Expansion of the first term continued, using the product rule for partial derivatives:
1 𝜕 𝜕
= (2) (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 ) [𝑔𝜌𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜇 𝑔𝜎𝜈 ) 𝑔𝜌𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 ] +
1 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
(2) (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 ) [𝑔𝜌𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜐 𝑔𝜎𝜇 ) 𝑔𝜌𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 ] – (2) (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 ) [𝑔𝜌𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝑔𝜇𝜈 ) 𝑔𝜌𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 ]
 𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
The final result for the first term in the expression for 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 , using the formula for the
𝜕( )
𝜕𝑥𝜎

Christoffel symbols and the metric tensor components:

𝜐 𝑎 𝑐𝜎 𝜐 𝑎 𝑐𝜇 𝜎 𝑎 𝜐𝑐 𝜐 𝜇𝜎
(−𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 𝑔 – 𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜎 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝑔 )𝑔𝛼𝛽

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
Expanding the second term in the expression for 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 , using the formula for the Christoffel
𝜕( )
𝜕𝑥𝜎
symbols above and the product rule for partial derivatives:
𝜕 𝜌 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(𝜕𝑥 𝜎 ) [𝛤𝜇𝜎 ]𝑔𝜌𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 = (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 ) [(2) 𝑔𝜌𝜎 ( 𝜕𝑥 𝜇 𝑔𝜎𝜎 + 𝑔𝜎𝜇 − 𝑔𝜇𝜎 )] 𝑔𝜌𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐
𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎

The expansion of the second term continued, using the product rule for partial derivatives:

1 𝜕 𝜕
= (2) (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 ) [𝑔𝜌𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜇 𝑔𝜎𝜎 ) 𝑔𝜌𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 ] +
1 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
(2) (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 ) [𝑔𝜌𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝑔𝜇𝜈 ) 𝑔𝜌𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 ] – (2) (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 ) [𝑔𝜌𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝑔𝜎𝜇 ) 𝑔𝜌𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 ]

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
The final result for the second term in the expression for 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 , using the formula for the
𝜕( )
𝜕𝑥𝜎

Christoffel symbols and the metric tensor components:

𝜎 𝜇𝜐
= (𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜐 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜎𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 – ½ 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝑔 – ½ 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 )𝑔𝛼𝛽

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
We obtain the final expression for 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 :
𝜕( )
𝜕𝑥𝜎

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜐 𝑎 𝑐𝜎 𝜐 𝑎 𝑐𝜇 𝜎 𝑎 𝜐𝑐 𝜐 𝜇𝜎
1 𝜎 𝜇𝜐
= {−𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 𝑔 − 𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜎 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜐 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜎𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 − 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝑔
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 2
𝜕( 𝜎 )
𝜕𝑥
1
− 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 } 𝑔𝛼𝛽
2

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
The final expression for 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 , was obtained by combining the results for the two terms and
𝜕( )
𝜕𝑥𝜎

factoring out the metric tensor components 𝑔𝛼𝛽 :

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜐 𝑎 𝑐𝜎 𝜐 𝑎 𝑐𝜇 𝜎 𝑎 𝜐𝑐 𝜐 𝜇𝜎 𝜎 𝜇𝜐 1
𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 = {−𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 𝑔 − 𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜎 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜐 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜎𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 − 2 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝑔 −
𝜕( 𝜎 )
𝜕𝑥
1
𝛤 𝜎 𝛿 𝑎 𝛿 𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 }………………. (15)
2 𝑐𝑒 𝜇 𝜐
 𝝏𝑹𝒂𝒃
2.3 Evaluation of the term, 𝝏𝟐
:
𝝏{ 𝝈 𝝆 (𝒈𝝁𝝊 )}
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙

Starting with the definition of the partial derivative of the Riemann curvature tensor 𝑅𝑎𝑏 with
𝜕2
respect to the second partial derivative of the metric tensor𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 :

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕 𝜆 𝜕 𝜆
𝜕2
= ( 𝜕2
) [𝛤𝜇𝜈 ]𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜎 − ( 𝜕2
) [𝛤𝜇𝜎 ]𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐
𝜕{ 𝜎 𝜌 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 )} 𝜕( 𝜎 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 ) 𝜕( 𝜎 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

The formula for the Christoffel symbols in terms of the metric tensor and its partial derivatives:

𝜆
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛤𝜇𝜈 = ( ) 𝑔 𝜆𝜎 ( 𝜇 𝑔𝜎𝜈 + 𝑔𝜎𝜇 − 𝑔 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜐 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜇𝜈

𝜕2
Expressing the partial derivative of the Christoffel symbols with respect to (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝛼𝛽 ), using

the formula for the Christoffel symbols above:

𝜆
𝜕𝛤𝜇𝜈 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕2
= (2) ( 𝜕2
) (𝑔 𝜆𝜎 ( 𝑔𝜎𝜈 + 𝑔𝜎𝜇 − 𝑔𝜇𝜈 ))
𝜕( 𝜎 𝜌 𝑔𝛼𝛽 ) 𝜕( 𝜎 𝜌 𝑔𝛼𝛽 ) 𝜕𝑥 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝜐 𝜕𝑥 𝜎
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
Expanding the first term in the expression for 𝜕2
, using the formula for the Christoffel
𝜕{ 𝜎 𝜌 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 )}
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
symbols above and the product rule for partial derivatives:

𝜕 𝜆 1 𝜕 𝜕
( 𝜕2
) [𝛤𝜇𝜈 ]𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜎 = (2) ( 𝜕2
) (𝑔 𝜆𝜎 ( 𝜕𝑥 𝜇 𝑔𝜎𝜈 ) 𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜎 ) +
𝜕( 𝜎 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 ) 𝜕( 𝜎 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

1 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
(2) ( 𝜕2
) (𝑔 𝜆𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜐 𝑔𝜎𝜇 ) 𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜎 ) − (2) ( 𝜕2
) (𝑔 𝜆𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝑔𝜇𝜈 ) 𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜎 )
𝜕( 𝜎 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 ) 𝜕( 𝜎 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Expanding the first term continued, using the product rule for partial derivatives:
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕
= (2) 𝑔 𝜆𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜇 𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝛿𝜈𝑏 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜐 𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝛿𝜇𝑏 – 𝛿 𝑎 𝛿 𝑏 ) 𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜎 + (2) 𝑔 𝜆𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜐 𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝛿𝜇𝑏 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜇 𝜐
𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝛿𝜈𝑏 – 𝛿 𝑎 𝛿 𝑏 ) 𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜎 – (2) 𝑔 𝜆𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜐 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜎𝑏 – 𝜕𝑥 𝜇 𝛿𝜐𝑎 𝛿𝜎𝑏 ) 𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜎
𝜕𝑥 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜐 𝜇
 𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
The final result for the first term in the expression for 𝜕2
, using the metric tensor
𝜕{ 𝜎 𝜌 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 )}
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
properties and the Kronecker delta identities:

𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 – 𝑔𝜐𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 – 𝑔𝜐𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑏 𝛿𝜎𝑎 + 𝑔𝜎𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
Expanding the second term in the expression for 𝜕2
, using the formula for the
𝜕{ 𝜎 𝜌 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 )}
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Christoffel symbols and the product rule for partial derivatives:
𝜕 𝜆 1 𝜕 𝜕
( 𝜕2
) [𝛤𝜇𝜎 ]𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 = (2) ( 𝜕2
) (𝑔 𝜆𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜇 𝑔𝜎𝜎 ) 𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 ) +
𝜕( 𝜎 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 ) 𝜕( 𝜎 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

1 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
(2) ( 𝜕2
) (𝑔 𝜆𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝑔𝜇𝜈 ) 𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 ) − (2) ( 𝜕2
) (𝑔 𝜆𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝑔𝜈𝜇 ) 𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 )
𝜕( 𝜎 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 ) 𝜕( 𝜎 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Expanding the second term continued, using the Kronecker delta identities:
1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
= (2) 𝑔 𝜆𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜇 𝛿𝜎𝜎 𝛿𝜎𝑎 ) 𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 + (2) 𝑔 𝜆𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜈𝑏 ) 𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐 – (2) 𝑔 𝜆𝜎 (𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝛿𝜐𝑎 𝛿𝜇𝑏 ) 𝑔𝜆𝛼 𝑔𝛽𝜐

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
The final result for the second term in the expression for 𝜕2
, using the metric tensor
𝜕{ 𝜎 𝜌 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 )}
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
properties and the Kronecker delta identities:
= − 𝑔𝜌𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 + 𝑔𝜎𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝛽𝑏

Putting both results together, we get:

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
𝜕2
= 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 − 𝑔𝜐𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 − 𝑔𝜐𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑏 𝛿𝜎𝑎 + 𝑔𝜎𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 − 𝑔𝜌𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 + 𝑔𝜎𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝛽𝑏
𝜕{ 𝜎 𝜌 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 )}
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Which further simplifies to:

𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 1
𝜕2
= (2) {𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 − 𝑔𝜐𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 − 𝑔𝜐𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑏 𝛿𝜎𝑎 + 𝑔𝜎𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 } (16)
𝜕{ 𝜎 𝜌 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 )}
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Now from the equation (15):

𝜕 𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕 𝜐 𝑎 𝑐𝜎 𝜐 𝑎 𝑐𝜇 𝜎 𝑎 𝜐𝑐 𝜐 𝜇𝜎 𝜎 𝜇𝜐 1
= 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 {−𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 𝑔 − 𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜎 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜐 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜎𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 − 2 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝑔 −
𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕(𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 )
𝜎 𝜕𝑥
1
𝛤 𝜎 𝛿 𝑎 𝛿 𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 }
2 𝑐𝑒 𝜇 𝜐
 𝜕𝛤𝜐 𝜐
𝑎 𝑔𝑐𝜎 )
𝜕(𝛿𝜇 𝜐 𝑎 𝜕𝑔𝑐𝜎 𝜕𝛤𝜐 𝜐
𝑎 ∗ 𝑔𝑐𝜇 )
𝜕(𝛿𝜎 𝜐 𝑎 𝜕𝑔𝑐𝜇
= ( 𝜕𝑥𝑏𝑐𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝑐𝜎 − 𝛤𝑏𝑐 − 𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 ) + (− 𝜕𝑥𝑏𝑐𝜎 𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝑔𝑐𝜇 − 𝛤𝑏𝑐 − 𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜎 )+
𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎
𝜎 𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑐 ) 𝜐 𝜐
𝜕𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝜎 𝜕(𝛿𝜇 𝜎 𝑎 𝜕𝑔𝜐𝑐 𝜕𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝜐 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜎 𝜕𝛤𝑐𝑒
( 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝜐𝑐 + 𝛤𝑏𝑐 + 𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 )+( 𝑔𝜇𝜎 + 𝛤𝑎𝑏 ) + ( 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜎𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎
𝑎 𝛿 𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 )
𝜕(𝛿𝜇 𝜎 𝜕𝑔𝑐𝑒 1 𝜕𝛤𝜎 𝜎 1 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 1 𝜕𝛤𝜎
𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜐 + 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜐 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜎𝑏 ) + (− 2 𝜕𝑥𝑎𝑏
𝜎 𝑔
𝜇𝜐
− 2 𝛤𝑎𝑏 ) + (− 2 𝜕𝑥𝑐𝑒𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 −
𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎
𝑎 𝛿 𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 )
1 𝜕(𝛿𝜇 𝜐 1 𝜕𝑔𝑐𝑒 𝜐 𝜕𝑔𝑐𝜎 𝜐 𝜕𝑔𝑐𝜇 𝜎 𝜕𝑔𝜐𝑐 𝜐 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜎 𝜕𝑔𝑐𝑒
𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜎 − 2 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 ) − 𝛤𝑏𝑐 − 𝛤𝑏𝑐 + 𝛤𝑏𝑐 + 𝛤𝑎𝑏 + 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜐 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜎𝑏 −
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎
1 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 1 𝜕𝑔𝑐𝑒
𝛤𝜎 + 2 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 (17)
2 𝑎𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎

And from the equation (16):

𝜕2 𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕2 1
= 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 [(2) {𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 − 𝑔𝜐𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 − 𝑔𝜐𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑏 𝛿𝜎𝑎 + 𝑔𝜎𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 }]
𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕{ 𝜕2 (𝑔 )
𝜕𝑥𝜎 𝜕𝑥𝜌 𝜇𝜐

𝜕2 1 1 1 1
=𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 [ (2) 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 – (2) 𝑔𝜐𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 – (2) 𝑔𝜐𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑏 𝛿𝜎𝑎 + (2) 𝑔𝜎𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 ]

1 𝜕2 1 𝜕2 1 𝜕2
=(2) [𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 ] 𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 + (− 2) [𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜐𝜎 ] 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 + (− 2) [𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜐𝜌 ] 𝛿𝜇𝑏 𝛿𝜎𝑎 +
1 𝜕2
(2) [𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜎𝜌 ] 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏

𝜕2 𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 1 𝜕2 𝜕2
Hence we get: 𝜕2
= 2 {𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 − 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜐𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 −
𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕{ 𝜎 𝜌 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝜕2
𝑔𝜐𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑏 𝛿𝜎𝑎 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜎𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 } (18)
𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌

From the Equation (8):

1 𝜕𝑅 𝜕 𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝜕2 𝜕𝑅𝑎𝑏
(√−𝑔)[𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑏 − 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐 + 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕2
]=𝐵 (19)
2𝜅 𝜇𝜐 𝜕( 𝜎 ) 𝜕{ 𝜎 𝜌 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Using results from the equation (14), (17), and (18) to the equation (19), we have:
1 𝜐 𝜐 𝜇
𝜐 𝑎 𝑐𝜎 𝜐 𝑎 𝑐𝜇 𝜇
= (√−𝑔)[[𝑔𝑎𝑏 {−𝑔𝑐𝜇 𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑔𝑐𝑒 (𝛤𝑎𝑐 𝛤𝑏𝑒 − 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜐 )}] − 𝑔𝑎𝑏 {−𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 𝑔 − 𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜎 𝑔 +
2𝜅
𝜎 𝑎 𝜐𝑐 𝜐 𝜇𝜎 𝜎 𝜇𝜐 1 1 1 𝜕2
𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜐 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜎𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 − 2 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝑔 − 2 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 } + 𝑔𝑎𝑏 [2 {𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 −
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
𝑔𝜐𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 − 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜐𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑏 𝛿𝜎𝑎 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜎𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 }]]
𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌

1 𝜐 𝜐 𝑎𝑏 𝜇𝜐 𝑎 𝑐𝜎 𝜇
= 2𝜅 (√−𝑔)[{−𝑔𝑐𝜇 𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑏 + 𝑔𝑐𝑒 𝛤𝑎𝑐 𝛤𝑏𝑒 𝑔 − 𝑔𝑐𝑒 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜐 𝑔𝑎𝑏 } − 𝑔𝑎𝑏 {−𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 𝑔 −
𝜐 𝑎 𝑐𝜇 𝜎 𝑎 𝜐𝑐 𝜐 𝜇𝜎 𝜎 𝜇𝜐 1 1
𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜎 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑏𝑐 𝛿𝜇 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝑔 + 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜐 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜎𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 − 2 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝑔 − 2 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 } +
1 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
𝑔𝑎𝑏 [2 {𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝛿𝜎𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 − 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜐𝜎 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜌𝑏 − 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜐𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑏 𝛿𝜎𝑎 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜎𝜌 𝛿𝜇𝑎 𝛿𝜐𝑏 }]
 1 𝜈 𝜇 𝛽 𝛽 𝜇
= 2𝜅 (√−𝑔)[{−𝑅𝜇𝛼 + 𝛤𝛼𝛽 𝛤𝜈 − 𝛤𝛼𝜇 𝛤𝛽 } + {𝛤𝜇𝜈
𝑎 𝑎
𝑔𝑎𝜎 − 𝛤𝜎𝜇 𝜈
𝑔𝑎𝜈 − 𝛤𝜇𝜎 + 𝛤𝜇𝑎 𝛤𝜈𝜎 𝑔𝑎 −
1 1 𝜈 𝛼𝜇 𝛽𝜎 1 𝜇𝜈
𝛤 𝜎 𝑔𝛼𝜇 𝑔𝛽𝜈 + 2 𝛤𝛼𝛽 𝑔 𝑔 } + {2 (𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝑔𝑎𝑏 − 𝑔𝜇𝑎 𝑔𝑢𝑏 − 𝑔𝜈𝑏 𝑔𝑢𝑎 + 𝑔𝜎𝜌 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝜕𝜎𝜕𝜌 𝑔 −
2 𝛼𝛽
𝜌𝑏 𝜌𝑎
𝑔𝜎𝜇 𝑔𝑢𝑎 𝜕𝜎𝜕𝜈𝑔 − 𝑔𝜎𝜈 𝑔𝑢𝑏 𝜕𝜎𝜕𝜇 𝑔 )}]
1 𝑎𝜇𝜐 𝑎𝜇𝜐 𝜌𝜇𝜐 1𝜎𝑞 𝜇𝜐 𝜐 𝜇 𝜇
= 2𝜅 (√−𝑔) [−𝑅𝑎 + 3𝑅𝑎 − 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝑅𝑒𝑎
𝑎𝑒
− 𝑅𝜌 + 2 𝑅𝑞𝜎 𝑔 + {𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑒 (𝛤𝑎𝑐 𝛤𝑏𝑒 − 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝛤𝑐𝑒𝜐 ) −

𝜐 𝑞 𝜐 𝑞 𝜕
2𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝜇𝜎 (−𝛤𝜎𝑞 𝛤𝑎𝑏 − 𝛤𝑏𝑞 𝛤𝑎𝜎 ) − (𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝜇𝜐 − 𝑔𝜇𝑏 𝑔𝜐𝑎 ) (− 𝛤𝜎 ) − (𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝜇𝜐 −
𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝑎𝜎

𝜎 𝑞 𝜎 𝑞 𝜐 𝜕 𝜎 𝜐 𝜕 𝜕
𝑔𝜇𝑏 𝑔𝜐𝑎 ) (−𝛤𝑏𝑞 𝛤𝑎𝜎 − 𝛤𝜎𝑞 𝛤𝑎𝑏 ) + 𝛤𝑎𝑏 (𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝜇𝜐 ) − 𝑔𝜇𝑏 𝛤𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝜐𝑎 − 𝛤𝑎𝑏 (𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝜇𝜎 ) +
𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜎
1 𝜕 1 𝜇 𝜇 1 𝜕
𝛤𝜎 (𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝜇𝜐 ) + 2 𝑔𝜎𝜌 𝑔𝜐𝑞 (−𝛤𝑡𝑞 𝛤𝜎𝜌
𝑡 𝑡
+ 𝛤𝑡𝑞 𝛤𝜎𝑞 𝜎 (𝑔𝜇𝜌 𝜐𝑞
) + 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝛤𝜎𝑞 𝑔 − 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝑔𝜌𝑞 ) +
2 𝑎𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝜎
1 1 𝜇 𝜕 1 𝜕
2
(−𝛤𝑡𝑞𝜎 𝛤𝜎𝜌
𝑡 𝜎 𝑡
+ 𝛤𝜎𝑡 𝛤𝜌𝑞 )(𝑔𝜇𝜌 𝑔𝜐𝑞 − 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝑔𝜌𝑞 ) − 2 𝛤𝜎𝑞 𝑔𝜎𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜐𝑞 + 2 𝛤𝜎𝑞
𝜐 𝜐𝜌
𝑔 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜎𝑞 +
1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜌 𝜕 1 𝜌 𝜕
𝛤 𝜎 𝑔𝜇𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜐𝑞 𝜐 𝜇𝜎
+ 2 𝛤𝜎𝑞 𝑔 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜌𝑞 + 2 𝛤𝜎𝑞 𝑔𝜇𝜎 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜐𝑞 − 2 𝛤𝜎𝑞 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑔𝜎𝑞 }] = 𝐵
2 𝜎𝑞

Letting the Levi-Civita connection associated term within the second parenthesis in the above
equation =X, the above equation becomes:

1 1
(√−𝑔)[𝑅𝜇𝜐 − 2 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝑅 + 𝑋] = 𝐵 (20)
2𝜅

Now the condition of variation of the complete action integral functional being zero, will be
found from the equations (11), (20), (12) & (13);
A+B+C+D= 0;

−𝑔 1 −𝑔 1 −𝑔 𝜕(√−𝑔ℒ𝑚 )
Or, √2𝜅 [−𝑅𝜇𝜐 + 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝑅] + √2𝜅 [𝑅𝜇𝜐 − 2 𝑔𝜇𝜐 𝑅 + 𝑋] + √2𝜅 𝛬𝑔𝜇𝜐 + =0
2 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐

The Levi-Civita connection is overall associated with a derivative of a metric tensor with respect
to its orthogonal dimension coordinates; which is zero in any local inertial frame of reference. In
the above equation, the curvature tensor vanishes, therefore shall satisfy Minkowski’s space
phenomena. The above equation becomes:

𝛬 𝜇𝜐 2 𝜕(√−𝑔ℒ𝑚 )
𝑔 =−
𝜅 √−𝑔 𝜕𝑔𝜇𝜐

The right side of the above equation is defined such that, it is proportional to the total stress-
energy tensor𝑇𝜇𝜐 .
Or 𝛬𝑔𝜇𝜐 = 𝜅𝑇𝜇𝜐 (21)
 3. The equation for the Cosmological Constant:

In the above equation (21), the curvature tensor is absent, therefore the stress-energy tensor shall
be in terms of the stress-energy tensor of the vacuum. This implies cosmological constant is
related to the stress-energy tensor of the vacuum. Which is similar to the stress-energy tensor of
a perfect fluid, expressed by the equation:

𝑝
𝑇𝜇𝜐 = (𝜌 + 𝑐 2 ) 𝑢𝜇 𝑢𝜐 − 𝑝𝑔𝜇𝜐 (22)

Since the advent of the cosmological constant is related to negative pressure exerted by the
vacuum, therefore stress-energy tensor in the equation (21) in terms of vacuum density has the
expression:

𝑇𝜇𝜐 = −𝑝𝑔𝜇𝜐 = 𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑐 𝑐 2 𝑔𝜇𝜐 (23)

Now from the equation (21) and (23)

𝛬 = 𝜅𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑐 𝑐 2

8πG 8πG𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑐
Or 𝛬 = (𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑐 𝑐 2 ) = (24)
c4 c2

Using the observational data in 2015, the calculated value for, 𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑐 = 5.96𝑋10−27 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .
Now from the equation (24), 𝛬 = 1.1123𝑋10−52 𝑚−2

While the value of the cosmological constant found, 𝛬 = 1.1056 X 10−52 𝑚−2
𝐻
From the equation,𝛬 = 3 ( 𝑐 20 ), using the observational data in 2018 :

Hubble constant, H0 = 67.66±0.42 (km/s)/Mpc = (2.1927664±0.0136) ×10−18 s−1, and the Plank
unit, ΩΛ = 0.6889±0.0056
 4. Conclusion

Gravitational constants have been known as one of the major unsolved issues of theoretical
physics. The equation for this constant is found using the Euler-Lagrange equation of second-
order derivatives. Where this constant implies negative pressure rather than attractive
gravitational nature, which is consistent with mathematically suggested instability with negative
energy.

The gravitational field Euler-Lagrange equation of first-order differentiable Lagrange density

will finally result in the Einstein field equations in the presence of matter with the cosmological
constant. Determination of the cosmological constant from these equations couldn’t be possible
due to a higher degree of indeterminacy. However, the gravitational field Euler-Lagrange
equation of second-order differentiable Lagrange density will finally result in the simple
equation for the Gravitational constant, and this constant is proportional to negative or
spontaneous inertia and related to vacuum density pressure.

The cosmological constant value𝛬 = 1.1123𝑋10−52 𝑚−2 , found from the general relativistic
equation (24), using the evaluated value of vacuum density from observational data. Which
shows a small but no zero value of the cosmological constant,

While, the cosmological constant value, 𝛬 = 1.1056 X 10−52 𝑚−2 found using the evaluated
value of the Hubble constant and, the Plank unit from observational data.

These two values are very close and express consistency between theoretical and observed
values.
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