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Table of Contents

2018 Module 2........................................................................................................................................2

2021.........................................................................................................................................................5
Module 1.........................................................................................................................................5
Module 2.........................................................................................................................................7
2010........................................................................................................................................................ 9
Module 1.........................................................................................................................................9
Module 2.......................................................................................................................................11
Module 3.......................................................................................................................................13
2009 Module 3......................................................................................................................................16
2013 Module 3......................................................................................................................................19

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2018 Module 2

In the extract of “Miguel Street” by V.S. Naipaul, Edward was complaining

about Trinidad and its underdeveloped economy to his friend, the narrator, by

comparing the country to the United States. A dramatized video presentation of the

story could help to effectively portray Edward’s contempt for his homeland, as well as

enhance the dialectal variations and communicative behaviours utilized in the

passage.

Three dialectal variations used in the extract were Standard English, English

Creole and Foreign, specifically American, English. The narrator in the passage

utilized Standard English to tell the story of the encounter with his friend, Edward. It

was used to differentiate between the narration and the rest of the story, which

included the use of language varieties such as English Creole and Foreign English.

English Creole was spoken by Edward when he was interacting with the narrator.

Such usage could be seen by the grammatical feature of zero copula. For instance,

Edward said, “... In America, you think they have…”. There is no use of a linking

verb, which in this case, is ‘do’. Furthermore, Edward also used Foreign, specifically

American, English when he was talking to the soldier guard near an army camp.

Edward spoke like an American in order to show off to his friend, the narrator, about

how good he gets along with the Americans. Furthermore, this dialectal variation was

utilized in the passage to help readers better understand the difference between the

language spoken by Trinidadians in a casual context with the language used by the

American soldiers. To conclude, dialectal variations help to create contrasts between

different characters and contexts as seen in the extract.

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Communicative behaviours such as silence, paralangauge and body language

were also utilized in the passage to allow readers to better understand how characters

are portrayed. For instance, when Edward stopped offering to paint things for the

narrator, this form of silence showed that Edward was no longer interested in painting

for Trinidadians since he was angry that they were unable to judge. In addition, when

Edward tried to change his accent to sound more like an American when he was

trying to talk to the sentry, such change in vocalics displayed that he was trying to

capture the attention of the soldier, and also indirectly hinted towards his belief that

Trinidadian English was inferior than American English. Furthermore, when he was

‘swaggering’ along after the interaction with the American sentry, the body language

showed that he was proud of being able to pull off a conversation with an American

easily. To summarize, communicative behaviours of silence, vocalics and body

language were used in the extract by Edward.

To continue, Edward’s contempt for Trinidad can be expressed through a

video presentation of an adaptation of the passage. For instance, the angry tone and

emotion, in terms of paralangauge, put into Edward’s complaint about Trinidad in the

second paragraph, “I was stupid to send in anything I paint with my own two hands

for Trinidad people to judge.”, can be heard when a video presentation is used. In this

same context, the artefacts worn by Edward may hint towards his contempt for

Trinidad, such as a T-Shirt with the a graphic design of “Get better, Trinidad!”

Furthermore, Edward’s facial expressions of raised eyebrows or squinting eyes when

he thought about Trinidadians being unable to judge properly can be captured by a

video presentation and seen by the audience. It is also possible to display Edward’s

body language such as stretching out his arms when exaggerating the width of streets

in America, but pinching his fingers when talking about the width of streets in

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Trinidad. All of the above communicative behaviours are ways in which Edward’s

hate and anger for his homeland could be dramatized in a video presentation.

To conclude, the passage used three dialectal variations, namely: Standard

English, English Creole and Foreign English. Additionally, communicative

behaviours such as body language help to enhance the character of Edward and the

contexts for which they are in. It is recommended that a dramatized play is produced

since Edward’s contempt for his homeland can be easily discerned through facial

expressions, body language and graphics.

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2021

Module 1

The main idea of the passage is that having a career path, especially in

this modern era, is vital to improve earning potentials, job satisfaction, job security

and retirement options. In addition, the author is aiming to educate and persuade the

readers, particularly the young students, to decide on a career path so that they can

have better earning potentials, job satisfaction, job security and retirement options in

the future. In order to achieve this purpose, the author used different forms of

organizational strategies in the passage whilst ensuring credibility in the information

presented.

Organizational strategies such as headings, comparisons and statistics are used

in this extract to help improve the readers’ understanding of the importance of

choosing a career path. A first glance at the extract will reveal the use of headings in

which the author relayed the different main reasons for selecting a career path. This

form of organizing the information will help the readers to better navigate through the

pile of information to be presented. It also helps to give the readers a heads-up on

what will be included in each paragraph. This way, it draws the readers’ attention to

read more about the information under each heading as they hope to find out

explanations for the different points underlined in the headings. Additionally, the

author also used comparisons to showcase why choosing a career path is better. For

instance, they mentioned how college graduates and those with a master’s degree

make more than high school graduates on average. This form of comparing the

different educational backgrounds help the readers to better understand the reason on

why having a career path can lead to better earning potentials. Lastly, the author also

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mentioned used a great number of statistics from a variety of credible sources such as

The National Center for Education Statistics, where they reported that “88% of

college-educated adults were employed in 2016.” By stating and explaining different

numerical data to support the points mentioned in the extract, the author is effectively

presenting a logical and fact-based argument for the topic. Hence, it can be seen that

the author was able to effectively achieve their purpose through using different

organizational strategies.

In order for the extract to be useful for the readers, the information presented

by the author must be credible, which means that it must be both reliable and valid.

From the extract “The Importance of Choosing a Career Path” published by Mary

Dowd, the author utilized a variety of authoritative sources such as the Society for

Human Resource Management and the National Center for Education Statistics,

which are all regarded to be trust-worthy with accurate information. This helps to

improve the level of reliability in this extract. Furthermore, the topic discussed is

relevant and current to today’s society. This is acknowledged in the introduction

where the author mentioned the plethora of career paths available to students in this

modern era due to societal developments. In addition, the author was able to offer a

level of evidence through the use of statistics such as the average total earnings for

people with different educational backgrounds. All of these contribute to the validity

in the passage. However, it must be noted that the credentials of the writer, which

includes their profession and expertise, were not given, which raises questions for the

reliability of the passage. Nonetheless, it can be said that the extract is rather credible.

In conclusion, the author of this extract was able to effectively educate readers

on the importance of selecting a career path through presenting credible information

using different organizational strategies.

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Module 2

In the extract adapted from “Voices under the Window” by John Hearne, it

followed the narrative of Mark coming home from hunting in the gully where he

showed Alice the birds he hunted. In this piece, non-verbal behaviours and different

dialectal varieties with varying grammatical features were used to give more

contextual information to the background of the story and its characters.

The story utilized both Standard English and Creole English for varying

purposes. For instance, Lloyd spoke in Standard English rather than Creole English

like Alice. This maybe because he is of higher class and hence, is more accustomed to

speaking in Standard English like his friend Lloyd. However, Alice spoke in Creole

English, as evident by the grammatical features governing the language. She may

have spoken in Creole English because she is more comfortable using this language

due to her personal circumstances as a servant, where she may not have received

proper education to speak in Standard English. Hence, it can be seen that personal and

social factors influence the language choice of the different characters in the extract.

As discussed previously, Alice was using English Creole as evident by

different grammatical features. Firstly, there were unmarked verb tenses when she

was speaking to Mark. For instance, in the sentence “You come home late today.”,

she just left the verb in its infinitive form instead of utilizing the past tense of the verb

come, which is came. Furthermore, there was a lack of copulas in her sentences. For

instance, when she said “You gwine shoot crocodile next.”, there was no use of

copula, which was supposed to be “are” in this case. In summary, both grammatical

features of unmarked verbs and lack of copulas signal the fact that she was speaking

in the dialectal variety of English Creole.

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In order to indirectly communicate information without necessarily using

words, the characters in the passage displayed different non-verbal behaviours such as

proxemics and body language. For instance, when Mark laid the three doves close

together but the unnamed bird a bit further away from those three, he was utilizing

proxemics, where certain information are portrayed through using space and

closeness. By placing the unnamed bird away from the three doves, he was able to

effectively showcase the fact that this one was of different quality, perhaps being

much better than the three that were together. Furthermore, Mark also utilized body

language when he was communicating with Lloyd. The passage mentioned that he

made a “Deprecating gesture”, which may have had suggested actions of the

shrugging of his shoulders accompanied by the shaking of his hands. The shrugging

could have been correlated with the fact that he doesn’t necessarily agree with the

statement. At the same tine, the shaking of the hands could have signified the fact that

it was quite normal in his family to let him have a gun. The deprecating gesture as

interpreted was effective in portraying his feelings about the Lloyd’s statement. From

the above analysis, it can be concluded that non-verbal behaviours were effective in

communicating information amongst characters.

In summary, this extract, based in the Caribbean, contained the use of both

Standard English and Creole English when narrating Mark’s interactions with

different characters. The Creole English was evident with the grammatical features of

unmarked verb tense and lack of copulas. Lastly, non-verbal communication was used

to enhance the interactions between characters without the use of words.

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2010

Module 1

In this extract from “TV News: How much of it is really news?”, the main idea

is that a growing level of journalists and viewers are noticing that most TV newscasts

in the United States contain a high level of ‘filler content’ that do not necessarily

provide useful insights on different matters. Hence, it can be seen that the author

seeks to highlight the issues pertaining to the great level of filler content in TV

newscasts in the United States whilst providing information on the how much do each

type of topic form part of ‘actual’ news. In order to achieve this purpose, the writer

utilized different organizational strategies.

Organizational strategies such as listing in the order of importance, statistics,

and examples are useful for allowing readers to better understand the information

presented in the passage. As seen in the fifth paragraph of the extract, the author listed

the different types of content that are part of TV news in descending order, where the

programs with higher frequencies are listed first. This can be seen by the decreasing

percentages from 12.2% for disasters to around 1.3% to 3.6% for topics like

education, environment, arts and science. This way of showing the progressive

decrease in coverage of different topics will enhance the readers’ perception of what

TV newscasts consider to be more important for grabbing attention. In addition, the

author also employed statistics when discussing the issue of newscasts promoting

‘fluff’ content. For instance, they stated that “a media-watch group found that only

41.3% percent of the programs contained news.” They also mentioned that “On an

average, 30.4% of airtime of local TV news consists of commercials.” These forms of

numerical data give the readers more context and credibility for the qualitative

information presented in the extract. Furthermore, the author utilized different

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examples to support his point when mentioning the ‘fluff’ content presented by the

newscasts. He listed some specific examples such as ““Terrible Tenors Contest”,…”

By allowing readers to actually see how ridiculous of some of the fluff stories are, it

helps to enhance the author’s point on the fact that the newscasts often do not provide

useful information. Hence, it can be concluded from the analysis that organizational

strategies are utilized in this extract to improve readers’ understanding.

In summary, the author was able to skillfully achieve their purpose of

highlighting issues of newscasts using organizational strategies such as listing in the

order of importance, statistics, and examples.

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Module 2

In the extract from “Mammie’s Form at the Post Office”, it narrates the story

of Mammie, who was urgently seeking to send money back home in the West Indies.

In this story, the use of language, choice of words and communicative behaviours

were shaped by a variety of factors, which can also be displayed through a video

production.

The use of language is often influenced by the context surrounding those who

are using it. In the case of Mammie and the clerk, both characters spoke in Standard

English. This choice of dialectal variation was a result of the place of interaction,

which was a post office, where a great level of formality was often required. Hence,

the Standard English was more suitable to be used by both characters in this setting.

Furthermore, each character contained a varying tone as appropriate for the context .

For instance, Mammie was governed by her sense of urgency and anxiety to get the

money sent. Hence, she would use short sentences in order to make sure her message

was delivered clearly to the clerk in an urgent manner. On the other hand, the clerk

spoke in more of a conversational tone in order to break the sense of formality in the

post office. This is evident by the sentence, “D’you want to send dollars?” However,

this wasn’t effective in this situation since Mammie would have clearly preferred him

to be quick and efficient, rather than chatty. Nonetheless, the clerk may have either

ignored this or didn’t realize the urgency in Mammie’s tone since he continued to be

slow and idle in his actions. From this analysis, it can be seen that the use of language

varied among characters depending on social and personal factors.

In addition, based on the choice of communicative behaviours and words

utilized, the characters’ interests and knowledge can be revealed. To illustrate, when

the clerk was very slow when processing the requests from Mammie, indicating that

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he either had no interest in her urgency, he didn’t realize it or he was still incapable of

doing the task faster. This use of time as a non-verbal behaviour is frustrating

Mammie give that she was trying to send the money as quick as possible.

Furthermore, when the clerk handed the form with locations to Bangladesh and

Pakistan, this displayed that he never acknowledged Mammie’s request to send the

money back to the West Indies, where she considered to be home. In addition, the

choice of words also showed the differences in perceptions of characters. For

instance, when Mammie mentioned the word ‘home’ to indicate the West Indies, the

clerk believed it to be ‘abroad’ given that they were of different origins. Therefore,

the choice of words can give background information to characters whereas

communicative behaviours enhance the overall context of the passage.

In order to better highlight the discomfort of Mammie, a video can be

produced, illustrating paralanguage, facial expressions and body language. Firstly,

Mammie could have been speaking to the clerk hastily and loudly. This would show

her sense of anxiety and urgency as she seek to send money back ‘home’. To further

enhance this effect, the clerk could be speaking slow and soft to create contrast. In

addition, the discomfort could have also been highlighted through her facial

expressions where she would have furrowed brows and occasional downward glances.

Moreover, her entire body could be very stiff when portrayed in the video production

to showcase the fact that she is feeling very anxious. This could also be contrasted

with the clerk, who may be relaxed with a slacked posture.

In conclusion, it is essential to consider to the use of language, words and

communicative behaviours in the extract given that they hint towards the background

and contexts of a narrative as seen by the story from “Mammie’s Form at the Post

Office”.

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Module 3

In hosting the Doleer Youth Sports Tournament for this year on December

11th, volunteers of general stewards and providers of medical and first aid are still

required for the duration of the event. Hence, this proposal is written to provide

details on what will be done in the publicity campaign to recruit such members. Items

considered in the campaign will include the appropriate persuasive strategies and

register used when communicating with the target groups as well as the channel used

for reaching the target groups.

Given that it is essential to consider the strategies to be utilized for persuading

people from the general public to volunteer as a general steward, the following are

recommended: logos and ethos rhetorical appeals. Logos refers to the appeal to

logical and valid points. It is suggested to provide information on how volunteering as

a steward can help to boost practical job experience and increase number of

volunteering hours required for school programs. These two points are directly

focused on the unemployed and students in the community. By satisfying the specific

needs of those two groups, they are more inclined to volunteer. The campaign can

also discuss the developments of social and interpersonal skills as well as the benefit

to society form supporting a program that promotes good health through sports. With

regards to ethos, which usually involves the characters of the general public, celebrity

endorsement will be applied. This will involve the invitation of a sportsperson that is

famous among the community to invite them to join the volunteering. Other methods

will involve invoking the general public’s sense of community spirit and patriotic

duty whilst applying the idea of do good and feel good.

On the other hand, for medical volunteers and first aids, similar logos and

ethos appeals will be employed, which will target those with medical knowledge and

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experience. The logos appeal will include mentioning of facts that by volunteering in

the event, the medical aids will gain valuable experience and hands-on practice in

taking care of any person who falls ill. This will be beneficial for their career

development as well. The ethos appeal will also involve celebrity endorsement,

particularly the invitation of a well-respected doctor in the community to invite the

people to volunteer. This would increase the chance of people volunteering since

people are often influenced by the speeches and talks of famous people. Another

method will also involve invoking the medical doctors and students’ sense of

community spirit and patriotic duty whilst applying the idea of do good and feel good.

Hence, it can concluded that rhetorical appeals of logos and ethos will be utilized to

persuade the target groups to volunteer.

When promoting the publicity campaign, the tone in which it is presented

must also be considered when influencing the way in which people react to the

information presented. When targeting the general stewards, a more conversational

and friendly tone will be utilized since they are directed to everyone in the general

public. However, when presenting to the medical students and professionals, the tone

could be more serious and appreciative in order to get their attention in terms of

formality. This is especially true since medical and first aid relate to discussions of

more pressing issues. Hence, the tone to be used when directing information to certain

target groups must be evaluated and analyzed before presenting.

In order to actually encourage volunteers to come forward, appropriate

channels must be used to reach the target groups. With regards to the medical

professionals, it would be better distribute written materials such as letters, emails or

notices in hospitals since they are more professional in nature. However, for the

general stewards, both written and verbal channels can be utilized. Examples could

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include advertisements on the radio or television, social media as well as blogs and

websites. These will be effective in reaching the general public, who are engaging

with these channels on a daily basis.

In conclusion, it is essential to consider persuasive strategies, tone and

channels used when organizing the publicity campaign. Hence, the committee should

carefully consider the options analyzed in this proposal to yield the maximum benefits

from this sports tournament event.

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2009 Module 3

The recent flood in the community had caused a great level of damage to

infrastructures. This was as a result of the extensive littering and deforestation around

the area. Hence, our committee had been formed few weeks ago for the purpose of

promoting the general public’s awareness of their duty to protect the environment.

The decision to launch a communications campaign was finalized last week. In order

to creative an effective presentation to the public, several factors will be considered in

this proposal, which includes the maintenance of the theme, the ways to target

different kinds of audience, the use of language and the evaluation of effectiveness of

the campaign.

In order to ensure that the theme of the campaign is maintained within the

public’s mind, several mediums and channels will be assessed. Given the rise in the

use of social media in the modern era, there will be a high level of promotions online

through social network platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, Instagram and Twitter.

It is essential to create attractive posters with appropriate graphic designs so that they

catch the attention of the viewers. Furthermore, different flyers will be handed out to

the people on the street so that they get acquainted with the campaign in case they did

not see the posts online. Furthermore, there will be frequent advertisements on the

radio to call out to people to join available cleaning and environmental programs so

that the community does not have severe floods again. The committee has also

decided to enroll in a section of the newspaper and newscast to ensure maximum

reach to the general public. In conclusion, the campaign will make use of social

media, flyers, radio advertisements and news in order to maintain the theme of the

campaign through constant reminders to the public.

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Reaching out to different kinds of audience will require different methods. The

committee has decided to separate the general public into specific demographics such

as age, gender, education and ethnicity when deciding on how the information will be

spread to the public. This would involve the development of specific media to suit

different profiles. For instance, the newspaper will be dedicated more towards the

older generation since they are inclined to read from papers rather than going on

social media. Hence, the language and information presented in the newspaper

sections will differ from that of social media to ensure that the appropriate language,

designs and strategies are utilized.

With specific reference to the language of the campaign messages, the

committee has decided to use simple vocabulary with a conversational tone. This

helps to ease the target audience into the actual program given that the formal register

will be too rigid and ‘cold’ in the eyes of the general public. With regards to the

language variety used, it will be done in Creole English to further emphasize the

vocabulary and tone utilized. It will also be more understanding and welcoming for all

kinds of audience, even for those who may not necessarily have the knowledge to

speak Standard English.

Lastly, the campaign will be monitored throughout its duration to ensure that it

was effective in reaching out to the general public for them to start caring more about

the environment. For this reason, different research methods will be utilized during

and after the campaign to conduct a thorough evaluation. Firstly, focus groups can be

done where different randomly sampled people from the general public will be

selected for a group interview so that information about how the campaign is going

will be known. The interview will also include questions on how much they are aware

of the programs and what they have done to keep in touch with the environment.

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Street interviews can also be carried out for the same purpose. Additionally, direct

observation of the actions of the general public can also be conducted to ensure that

they take up the duty to clean the streets, ensure that there is no littering and protests

about deforestation in the area. To summarize, evaluation of the campaign is key to

finding out any flaws that can be corrected to maximize the effectiveness of the

presentation in the future.

In conclusion, this proposal is written to ensure the success of the

environmental campaign to be carried out next month. It discussed the importance of

maintaining the theme of the campaign on protecting the environment. It also

included the strategies for targeting specific kinds of audience as well as the use of

language in the campaign messages. The methodology for the evaluation of the

campaign is also assessed. Any remarks and adjustments to the proposal will be

welcomed so that the campaign will be as effective as possible in the future.

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2013 Module 3

(a) In creating the campaign, the class would first decide on the theme of the annual

school fair, followed by the identification of the different target audience’s

demographics and their associated appropriate activities during the festival. Then, the

specific mediums and channels used for promoting the event will be analyzed

followed by a

(b)

Proposal For Annual School Fair

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