Development of body cavity and diaphragm

 Early in fourth week, intraembryonic coelom appears as horseshoe-

shaped cavity.
 curve in this cavity at cranial end of embryo represents future
pericardial cavity, and its limbs (lateral extensions) indicate future
pleural and peritoneal cavities.
 distal part of each limb of intraembryonic coelom is continuous with
extraembryonic coelom.
Embryonic body cavity
intraembryonic coelom becomes embryonic body cavity, which is
divided into three cavities during fourth week .
pericardial cavity
Two pericardioperitoneal canals
peritoneal cavity
 body cavities have parietal wall lined by mesothelium (future parietal
layer of peritoneum) derived from somatic mesoderm
 visceral wall covered by mesothelium (future visceral layer of
peritoneum) derived from splanchnic mesoderm
Con…
Con…
 peritoneal cavity is connected with extraembryonic coelom at
umbilicus
 peritoneal cavity loses its connection with extraembryonic coelom
during 10th week as intestines return to abdomen from umbilical
cord.
 During head fold, heart and pericardial cavity are relocated anterior
to foregut. As a result, pericardial cavity opens into
pericardioperitoneal canals.
 After embryonic folding, caudal part of foregut, midgut, and hindgut
are suspended in peritoneal cavity from dorsal abdominal wall by
dorsal mesentery.
.
Con..
 mesentery is double layer of peritoneum that begins as extension of
visceral peritoneum covering an organ.
 mesentery connects organ to body wall and conveys vessels and
nerves to it.
 dorsal and ventral mesenteries divide peritoneal cavity into right and
left halves.
 ventral mesentery soon disappears except where it is attached to
caudal part of foregut
 arteries supplying primordial gut-celiac arterial trunk (foregut),
superior mesenteric artery (midgut), and inferior mesenteric artery
(hindgut)-pass between layers of dorsal mesentery.
Con…
 Each pericardioperitoneal canal lies lateral to proximal part of foregut
and dorsal to septum transversum
 pericardioperitoneal canal separate pericardial cavity from pleural
cavities and pleural cavities from peritoneal cavity.
 Because of growth of bronchial buds into pericardioperitoneal canal
pair of membranous ridges is produced.
 cranial ridges-are located superior to developing lungs.
 caudal ridges-are located inferior to lungs.
Pleuropericardial Membranes
 As pleuropericardial folds enlarge,it form partitions that separate
pericardial cavity from pleural cavities.
 As primordial pleural cavities expand ventrally around heart, it
extend into body wall and splitting mesenchyme into:
outer layer that becomes thoracic wall
 inner layer that becomes fibrous pericardium.
Con…
 By 7th week, pleuropericardial membranes fuse with mesenchyme
ventral to esophagus, separating pericardial cavity from pleural
cavities.
 Right pleuropericardial opening closes slightly earlier than left and
produces larger pleuropericardial membrane.
.
Con….
Pleuroperitoneal Membranes
 As pleuroperitoneal folds enlarge,it project into pericardioperitoneal
canals.
 Gradually folds become membranous, forming pleuroperitoneal
membranes
 During sixth week, pleuroperitoneal membranes extend
ventromedially until its free edge fuse with dorsal mesentery of
esophagus and septum transversum.
 This separates pleural cavities from peritoneal cavity.
Con…
 Closure of pleuroperitoneal openings is assisted by migration of
myoblasts into pleuroperitoneal membranes.
 pleuroperitoneal opening on right side closes before left.
DEVELOPMENT OF DIAPHRAGM
develops from four embryonic components
Septum transversum
Pleuroperitoneal membranes
Dorsal mesentery of esophagus
Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls
Con…
Septum Transversum
 composed of mesodermal tissue, is primordium of central tendon of
diaphragm.
 septum transversum grows dorsally from ventrolateral body wall and
forms semicircular shelf, which separates heart from liver.
 After head folds ventrally, septum transversum forms thick
incomplete partition between pericardial and abdominal cavities.
Con…
 septum transversum expands and fuses with dorsal mesentery of
esophagus and pleuroperitoneal membranes.
Pleuroperitoneal Membranes
 These membranes fuse with dorsal mesentery of esophagus and
septum transversum.
 This completes partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities
and forms primordial diaphragm.
 Although pleuroperitoneal membranes form large portions of early
fetal diaphragm, it represent relatively small portions of newborn's
diaphragm
Con…
Dorsal Mesentery of Esophagus
 This mesentery constitutes median portion of diaphragm.
 Form crura of diaphragm
 develop from myoblasts that grow into dorsal mesentery of
esophagus.
Con…
Muscular Ingrowth from Lateral Body Walls
9th to 12th weeks, lungs and pleural cavities enlarge, "burrowing" into
lateral body walls.
During this process, body-wall tissue is split into two layers
external layer becomes abdominal wall
internal layer contributes to peripheral parts of diaphragm
Further extension of pleural cavities into lateral body walls forms
right and left costodiaphragmatic recesses.
.
Pharyngeal Apparatus

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Introduction
designation branchial apparatus. “Branchial” is
derived from Greek word branchia, which is “gill”.
pharyngeal apparatus consists of:
Pharyngeal arches
Pharyngeal pouches
Pharyngeal clefts
Pharyngeal membranes

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Pharyngeal arches

Separated from each other by grooves known as;

Pharyngeal Cleft: which are external (ectodermal grooves),
1st-4th(from above downwards)
Pharyngeal pouches: which are internal (endodermal grooves)
1st-4th.

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Cont…
pharyngeal arch consists of
Condensation of mesoderm
Covered externally by ectoderm
Lined by endoderm
mesoderm of each Ph. Arch
gives;
Cartilaginous or bony
derivatives
Muscular derivatives
Contains main nerve
Aortic arch

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Cont…
1stpharyngeal arch (Mandibular arch) divides into
Maxillary process
Mandibular process
2nd Ph. Arch (hyoid Arch)
Succeeding arch are 3rd,4th,5th and 6th according to
their no.
5th arch is rudimentary and disappears early on each
side,
Due to degeneration of its blood supply.

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Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Cartilages

1. first arch cartilage (Meckel cartilage) ossify to form ear bones, malleus
and incus.
2. second arch cartilage (Reichert cartilage) form stapes and styloid process
of temporal bone.
3. third arch cartilage form greater cornu and part of body of hyoid bone.
4. fourth and sixth arch cartilages fuse to form laryngeal cartilages.

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 Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Muscles
ARCH Muscle
First (mandibular) Muscles of mastication
Mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric
Tensor tympani
Tensor veli palati
Second (hyoid) Muscles of facial expression
Stapedius
Stylohyoid
Posterior belly of digastric
Third Stylopharyngeus
Fourth and sixth Cricothyroid
Levator veli palatini
Constrictors of pharynx
Intrinsic muscles of larynx
Striated muscles of esophagus 27
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Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Nerves
Each arch is supplied by cranial nerve (CN).
1. first arch: by Mandibular n. (CN V).
2. second by facial nerve (CN VII)
3. third is supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve
(CN IX)
4. fourth by superior laryngeal branch vagus
nerve (CN X)
5. sixth by its recurrent laryngeal nerve.

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Arch Nerve Muscles Skeletal ligament
structures s
First Trigemin Muscles of Malleus Anterior
mastication
(mandibula al (CN V) Incus
ligament of
Mylohyoid and malleus
r) anterior belly of
digastric Spheno
Tensor tympani mandibular
Tensor veli ligament
palatini
Second Facial Muscles of facial Stapes Stylohyoid
(CN VII) expression Styloid process
(hyoid) Stapedius
ligament
Lesser cornu
Stylohyoid of hyoid
Posterior belly of Upper part of
digastric body of hyoid
bone
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Arch Nerve Muscles Skeletal
Structures
Third Glossopharyngeal Stylopharyngeus Greater cornu
(CN IX) of hyoid
Lower part of
body of hyoid
bone
Fourth Superior laryngeal Cricothyroid Thyroid cartilage
and Sixth branch of vagus Levator veli palatini Cricoid cartilage
(CN X) Constrictors of Arytenoid cartilage
Recurrent laryngeal pharynx Corniculate
branch of vagus Intrinsic muscles cartilage
(CN X) of larynx Cuneiform cartilage
Striated muscles of
esophagus

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Pharyngeal Pouch
• Endodermal epithelial lining of Ph. pouches gives rise to
important organs in head and neck.
A. First Ph. Pouch
Forms lat. directed diverticulum (Tubotympanic recess)
which comes in contact with 1st Ph. Cleft.
Med. Part narrows to form auditory tube and
Distal part dilates to form tympanic cavity (middle ear).
Separated from Ext. acoustic meatus by tympanic
membrane.

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B. Second Ph. Pouch:
Forms palatine tonsil.
Endodermal lining forms
solid epithelial outgrowths
into surrounding mesoderm.
Disintegration of central
cells of outgrowth forms
tonsilar crypts
Lymphoid follicles are
deposited around tonsillar
crypts
And condensation of outer
mesoderm forms capsule of
tonsil.
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C. Third Pharyngeal Pouch
 Has ventral part which forms thymus gland
Dorsal part forms Inf. Parathyroid gland

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D. Fourth Ph. Pouch
 Dorsal part forms Sup. Parathyroid glands
 Ventral part: ultimobranchial body, which fuses with thyroid
gland. Its cells disseminate within thyroid, giving rise to
parafollicular cells.

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Pharyngeal clefts
4 ectodermal grooves
Lie b/n Ph. Arches on external surface of
developing pharynx.

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First Ph. cleft
• Dorsal part deepens to form external auditory meatus.
• Ectodermal lining of meatus forms outer layer of
tympanic membrane.
• Pinna is formed around meatus from small surface
elevation that fuse.

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2nd, 3rd, 4th Ph. clefts
Become buried by 2nd Ph. Arch which enlarges
And grows downwards to fuse with ectoderm
Forms cavity, called cervical sinus

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Development of thyroid gland
First endocrine gland to develop in
embryo.
Pharynx floor provides thyroid
primordiums.
It descends into neck and connected
to tongue by thyroglossal duct.
thyroids isthmus lies ventral to
tracheal rings.
Thyroglossal duct normally
disappears.

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Development of Tongue
 Near end of fourth week, median lingual swelling (tongue bud)
appears in floor of primordial pharynx, posterior to foramen
cecum.
 So tongue bud is first indication of tongue development

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Anterior 2/3rd
Appears by 4th week in
form of 3 swellings
1. 2 lateral lingual
swellings
2. Tuberculum impar
(median swelling)
Swelling originated
from 1st Ph.Arch

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2 swellings fuse with each other and
Tuberculum impar forming mucosa of anterior
2/3rd.

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Posterior 1/3rd
Formed from cranial part
of hypobrachial Eminence
(copula).
Copula enlarges
&spreads cranially in the
form of V-shaped swelling
That fuses with ant. 2/3rd
along line of sulcus
terminalis.

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Cont…
Copula is endodermal swelling formed by;
Fusion of ventromedial parts of second pair of
pharyngeal arches
Foramen caecum is a median depression at junction of
ant 2/3 and post 1/3 of tongue.
caudal part of hypobrachial eminence will form epiglottis
and root of tongue.

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Cont…
Innervation Tongue confirms its dev’t
Ant 2/3 supplied by lingual br. of Mandibular N.
Post 1/3 supplied by glossopharyngeal N.
Root & glottis: sup. Laryngeal N.
Special sensory innervation(Taste)
Ant 2/3: chorda tympani branch of facial nerve
Post 1/3: glossopharyngeal nerve.

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Anomalies of Tongue
Aglossia: Complete absence of tongue.
Microglossia: Small sized tongue.
Macroglossia: Large sized tongue.
Bifid tongue: due to failure of fusion between 2
lingual swellings.
Tongue tie(Ankyloglossia): due to short frenulum.

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Tongue tie

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Development of Face
•facial primordia appear early in fourth week
•Around primordial stomodeum

50
 Five facial primordia appear as prominences
around stomodeum.
single frontonasal prominence
paired maxillary prominences
 paired mandibular prominences

51
paired facial prominences are
derivatives from first pair of
pharyngeal arches.
prominences are produced by
proliferation of neural crest
cells.
1st

52
Nasal placodes:
by end of fourth week, two bilateral
oval thickenings in surface of
ectoderm, of frontonasal prominence
Nasal placodes are primordia of nose
and nasal cavities.
 Later, it stretched to produce flat
depression in each placode.
The placodes lie depression, called
nasal pits.
These pits are primordia of anterior
nares (nostrils) and nasal cavities

53
Mesenchyme in margins of placodes proliferate,
Producing horse shoe shaped elevations called medial
and lateral nasal prominences.
Now nasal placodes lie in depression , nasal pit.

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frontonasal prominence
Frontal part: forms forehead
Nasal part: forms rostral boundary of stomodeum.
paired maxillary prominences form lateral boundaries of
stomodeum.
paired mandibular prominences constitute caudal
boundary of primitive mouth

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Con….
Facial development occurs mainly between fourth
and eighth weeks.
By end of embryonic period, face has an
unquestionable human appearance.

57
Between 7th and 8th weeks, two medial nasal
prominences merge with each other
 And also merge with maxillary and lateral nasal
prominences
Merging of medial nasal and maxillary prominences
results;
In continuity of upper jaw and upper lip
And separation of nasal pits from stomodeum.

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 lower jaw and lower lips are first
parts of face to form.
It result from merging of medial ends
of mandibular prominences in median
plane.

60
•Each lateral nasal prominence is separated from
maxillary prominence by a cleft called
nasolacrimal groove

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nasolacrimal duct develops from a rodlike thickening of
ectoderm in floor of nasolacrimal groove
This thickening gives rise to a solid epithelial cord that
separates from the ectoderm
After canalization, this epithelial cord form nasolacrimal
duct.

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.

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Intermaxillary segment
Medial growth of maxillary prominences, two medial
nasal prominences
 Merge not only at surface but also at deeper level.

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 Intermaxillary segment has 3 parts
1. Labial component: which forms philtrum of upper lip
2. upper jaw component: carries four incisor teeth
3. palatal component: which forms triangular primary
palate

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Secondary palate
Sixth week two shelflike outgrowths from;
maxillary prominences of palatine shelves
Form main part of definitive palate
Grow obliquely downward on each side of tongue.

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 Seventh week, palatine shelves ascend to attain;
 horizontal position above tongue and fuse form
secondary palate.

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Anteriorly, shelves fuse with triangular primary
palate
incisive foramen is midline landmark between 10
and 20 palates.

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Anomalies
Most commonest types are
1. Cleft palate
2. Cleft lip

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