1.

THE STATE IN A WORLD OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE

Economic interdependence is vital to the growth and success of global trade. With interdependence,
specialist industries thrive, job and wage increases occur, and lifestyles improve. However, it also brings
concerns such as a widening wealth gap, labor abuse, shrinking resources, and environmental impacts. It
is important for all parties to shoulder the responsibility of a stable economic structure and performance
and to develop strategies to better serve customers and address fundamental problems such as
unemployment. By promoting world-wide economic development and participating in a global economic
approach, countries can work towards a more stable and prosperous economic future.

2.ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF EUROPEAN UNION

The EU was formed to promote peace and prosperity among European countries by creating common
policies and institutions for trade, investment, and cooperation. This involved creating a single market,
adopting a common currency, implementing policies for growth, a common foreign and security policy,
legal and institutional frameworks, and a decision-making system. The EU has faced challenges such as
economic crises, political tensions, and globalization, but it remains a unique experiment in regional
integration and a major participant in global affairs.

3.THE RISE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES

The increasing interconnectivity of nations and global challenges has resulted in the need for an agreed
set of rules and norms to protect international interests and ensure peaceful relations. International law
covers various topics, such as human rights, trade, and security agreements that bind nations. The UN
Charter that promotes peace, respect for human rights and the rule of law, established the basis for
international law after WWII. International law has grown significantly with the establishment of the
International Criminal Court. Universal principles such as equality and respect for human rights have also
become fundamental aspects of global governance.

4.STATES AS TARGETS: THE RISE OF THE TRANSLATIONAL ACTIVISM

Transnational activism is on the rise targeting states. Factors contributing to this include globalization,
digital technologies and social media facilitating collaboration and organization, the global economy
allowing consumers and investors to influence state behavior, and global issues leading to international
solidarity and collective action. The increase in transnational activism represents recognition that
coordinated global action is needed for tackling pressing issues such as environmental sustainability,
social justice, and human rights.

5.COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, NEW MEDIA, AND STATE

Communication networks and new media have changed the traditional roles and hierarchies of the state
in modern times. Social media allows individuals to share news and opinions instantly, making it difficult
for states to control the narrative and suppress dissent. Online activism has further enabled citizens to
mobilize support and hold the state accountable, while governments have sought to regulate online
content. These developments will continue to change the relationship between communication
networks, new media, and the state.
6.GLOBAL GOVERNANCE, THE IDEA

The concept of global governance is the idea that global institutions and agreements should work
together to address issues affecting humanity, such as climate change and economic inequality.
Proponents argue that it can promote cooperation and accountability, while critics say it is unrealistic
and doesn't account for power and politics. Global governance is a complex and debated issue, but the
need for effective and equitable solutions to global problems is becoming more evident.

7.AN UNFINISHED JOURNEY

The UN has made progress towards promoting peace, human rights, and sustainable development since
its founding in 1945. However, the organization has faced criticism for failing to address some global
issues and for its limited power and resources. Its decision-making processes are complex and often
delayed due to competing interests, and calls for reform have been made to make them more effective.
Nevertheless, the UN remains a vital institution and must continue to evolve to achieve its goals.

8.GLOBALIZATION

Globalization has been occurring since the earliest trade expeditions, with international trade
proportions similar in the 1980s and Gold Standard. Current era is unique due to rapid spread
and intense real-time interactions. It refers to the rapid spread of economic activity, finance,
investment, goods, services, ideas, information, legal frameworks, groups, individuals,
technology, and cultural exchanges across national boundaries.

9.A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Historical perspectives suggest a global government, a worldwide system with characteristics of

functioning national governments, including threat management, fund collection, expense
allocation, and citizen compliance, often referred to as global governance.

10.IDENTIFYING AND DIAGNOSING PROBLEMS IN THE UN’S COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE

The principle of comparative advantage can be criticized for overestimating specialization

benefits and overlooking costs. UN's modern-era weaknesses which have existed since 1945
include knowledge, norms, policy, institutions, and compliance. Any of those five can’t solve and
may fail in problem-solving effort.
11.MANAGING KNOWLEDGE
The atomic age, climate change, and HIV/AIDS are causing global governance issues. The UN,
despite being a knowledge-based organization, lacks fundamental research and resources for
promoting knowledge sharing among states.
The UN's competitive advantage lies in its ability to unite people and mobilize resources for the
exchange and dissemination of external knowledge among states.
12.DEVELOPING NORMS
The UN establishes a new code of conduct after identifying and diagnosing threats or issues,
ensuring the performance and existence of any organization based on norms. Gaining
knowledge and understanding is crucial for articulating, disseminating, and institutionalizing
norms, which create complete conformity between rules, laws, and conventions for effective
behavior management.
13.FORMULATING RECOMMENDATIONS
New issues and standards highlight policy gaps, prompting the creation of diverse possibilities
for government and citizen behavior change as norms shift and become more widely accepted.
The policy stage involves establishing an organization's mission statement and guiding
principles, often using a global governance problem as a case study for creating
recommendations.
14.INSTITUTIONALIZING IDEAS
Institutions are another example of how ideas have an effect, and there are various international
institutions working on a crucial part of every problem’s solution. Globalization has significantly
accelerated international cooperation, leading to increased government policymaking and
increased international cooperation, but also introducing complexity and potential conflicts. An
established institution can oversee implementation and monitoring after acquiring information,
establishing norms, and developing policies, but policy implementation may introduce new
complications and weaknesses.