Reading and Writing Skills

CLAIMS
 Most Essential Learning Competency

EN11/12RWS-IIIij-6
identify claims explicitly or implicitly
made in a written text:
a. Claim of fact
b. Claim of values
c. Claim of policy
 It looks like a murder because of
the following reasons:
• There are signs of struggle in the room.
• The bullet wound is in the chest, normally
in suicide it is in the head.
• The man seems to be left-handed as all the
things of use are on the left side (phone,
pen etc.), but the gun is on the right-hand
side.
 DETERMINING EXPLICIT &
IMPLICIT INFORMATION
EXPLICIT IMPLICIT
INFORMATION INFORMATION
• Clearly stated • Suggested
• Explained in the • Implied in the
text text
• Requires ideas
stated in the text
and reader’s logic
 MAKING
INFERENCES
 TEXT 1

That summer the fence that stretch

through our town seemed bigger.
We lived in a big white house on one
side of it. Squatters lived on the
other. Mama said, “Don’t climb over
that fence when you play.” She said
it wasn’t safe.
 TEXT 2

“It’s hard to live in a small

studio apartment with a man
who is learning how to play the
violin.”
That’s what she told the police
as she handed them the broken
bat.
CLAIMS
 CLAIM
• the point an arguer is trying to
make
• the conclusion, proposition, or
assertion an arguer wants another
to accept
• proven through details,
explanations, and other types of
evidence
 CLAIM

To determine an author’s claim, ASK:

• What is the author’s main point?
• What is the author’s position
regarding it?
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
CLAIMS
• Logical
• Interesting and engaging
• Specific and focused
• Argumentative and debatable
 Effective Claim or
Poor Claim?

We must persevere to
eradicate poverty.
Effective Claim or Poor Claim?

We must persevere to
eradicate poverty.
POOR CLAIM:
not arguable
 Effective Claim or
Poor Claim?

The governor is a bad

man.
 Effective Claim or Poor Claim?

The governor is a bad

man.
POOR CLAIM:
uses loaded language, biased,
illogical, and gives insufficient
information
 Good Claim or Bad Claim?

The governor has continually

done the community disservice
by mishandling money, focusing
on frivolous causes, and failing
to listen to his constituents.
 Effective Claim or
Poor Claim?
The governor has continually
done the community disservice
by mishandling money,
focusing on frivolous causes,
and failing to listen to his
constituents.
 Effective Claim or Poor Claim?

The governor has continually done the

community disservice by mishandling
money, focusing on frivolous causes, and
failing to listen to his constituents.
EFFECTIVE CLAIM
CLAIMS…
• can be substantiated with research,
evidence, testimony, and academic
reasoning.
• something more than statement and
support: an arguable claim also goes
on to address the “so what?”
question, the implications and why
we should care in the first place.
 Types of
Claims
FACT, VALUE, or POLICY?
 CLAIMS OF FACT
➔Present information as TRUTH
➔Need to be supported by:
◆ reliable authority
◆ accurate and fresh data
◆ clearly defined terms – avoid loaded
language*
◆ a clear distinction between fact and
inference.
 CLAIMS OF FACT
➔Examples:
◆ Wearing face masks will help
people avoid getting COVID-19.
◆ Cutting trees worsens air
pollution.
◆ There will be millions of first-time
voters by 2028.
 CLAIMS OF VALUE
➔Involve matters of taste, opinion, attitudes
◆example: “Torture is wrong.”
➔Always carry an evaluative dimension:
●positive vs. negative
●good vs. bad
●right vs. wrong
➔Not all opinions are equally good
◆example: “Harry Potter is the best story
of all time.”
 CLAIMS OF VALUE
➔Dr. Lee McGaan, suggests the following
considerations when writing claims of
value:
◆ Establish standards of evaluation (i.e., a
warrant that defines what constitutes
instances of the relevant value)
◆ Establish the practical or moral
advantage of your standards.
◆ Use credible authorities for support.
 CLAIMS OF VALUE
• Wearing face masks is one way by which
we can show our care and compassion
for other people during this pandemic.
• People who engage in illegal logging do
not have any concern for the
environment.
• Face-to-face learning is better than
hybrid learning.
 CLAIM OF POLICY
➔Plan of action
● example: “there ought to be a law…”
● example: “You should change your motor oil
every 4,000 miles.”
➔Need for the action (and who is called to do
it)
● an individual
● a legislature
● a court
➔should & must VS would
 CLAIM OF POLICY
• People who are not wearing face masks should
be penalized by the government.
• There should be stricter laws against those
engaged in illegal logging.
• The Commission on Elections must do
everything they can to make sure that everyone
who is qualified to vote during the 2022 elections
will register.
 EXIT SLIP

• What was your most valuable

learning today?
• What still confuses you about
today’s discussion?