A Qualitative Research On The Negative Behavior of Citizens in Certain Barangays in

the Philippines During the COVID - 19 Pandemic

by

Jim Brian Khasmir Montero

Winston Adam Lejarde

John Patrick Gonzales

John Patrick Trinidad

Alec Jude Ubaldo

Jade Redillas

Vincent Raval

GLENDA N. NAGUIT

Instructor/ Facilitator

This research paper was conducted to study the behavioral issues of citizens within the
barangay that could result to a major problem in the community. The behavior of the citizens
is a crucial factor to the betterment of the society and more specially in times of a pandemic.
The citizens with good conduct are the core element of a Good community, they reflect the
status and situation of the community. The Major problem that the researchers have observed
is that the community is the rapid spread of Corona Virus Disease in the barangay. The
researchers aim to identify the possible negative habits that the citizens have developed
during the pandemic that could have caused a faster outbreak of the Corona Virus Disease
Covid-19 in the barangay. The researchers decided to gather the data from the citizens and a
few barangay employees from Barangay Tuyo, Balanga City, Bataan because of the rapid
inflation of infected individuals from the Covid-19 in the city. This qualitative research could
also be interpreted by other researchers in order to maximize its psychological explanation.
 Holy Angel University
School of Engineering and Architecture
Angeles City

A Qualitative Research On The Negative Behavior of Citizens in Certain Barangays in

the Philippines During the COVID - 19 Pandemic

By:

Jim Brian Khasmir Montero

Winston Adam Lejarde

John Patrick Gonzales

John Patrick Trinidad

Alec Jude Ubaldo

Jade Redillas

Vincent Raval

GLENDA N. NAGUIT

Instructor/ Facilitator
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, glory and recognition to God,the Almighty, for the blessings and

guidance he gave us throughout our study.We would like to express gratitude towards the

co-researchers who contributed their prior understanding and knowledge that aided us as we

were accomplishing this daunting research paper.

To the respondents who have answered the forms correctly and have given their

factual answers. We extend our gratitude to them for they have given their time and effort in

answering the questionnaire that we have given them.

To the health workers that give all their time and effort to serve the people of this

country who are afflicted with COVID-19. The adversity that they experience daily shows

how much they love the citizens of our country. Without them, the country would be in a

worse state than it is in today.

To the parents, who have been incredibly supportive to us during this period wherein

we have been working diligently to accomplish this paper. The continuous support has given

us the drive to overcome the hardships that we have experienced in the fulfillment of this

study.

To our instructor, Dr. Glenda N. Naguit, for believing in us that we could be able to

accomplish this study within a limited time that was allotted for us. We have learned a lot

from this experience. The knowledge and expertise that you have presented has assisted us

greatly in accomplishing this paper.

Without the support and guidance they have given us, this research paper would not

be possible.
 DEDICATION

To Almighty God for his guidance throughout the making of this paper.

To Maám Glenda Naguit, who shared her knowledge, gave her advice, and guidance.

To the respondents, who gave their insights for this research.

To our family, friends, and most specially, the members of this group who dedicated their

time and effort in making this research possible.

This research is dedicated to you.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ………………………………………………………...

Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………..

Dedication ………………………………………………………..

Abstract ………………………………………………………..

Chapter

1 Introduction

Rationale of The Study………………………………..

Statement of The Problem……………………………..

Significance of The Study ……………………………..

Scope and Delimitations of The Study…………………..

Definition of Terms ……………………………………..

II Review of Related Literature

Related Literature………………………………..

Related Studies……………………………..

Synthesis …………………………….
 III Methodology

Research Design………………………………………..

Respondents of the Study……………………………..

Data Gathering Instrument……………………………..

Data Gathering Procedure…………………………….

Data Analysis……………………………….

IV Results and Discussion

​Demographic Profile of the Respondents……………..

Negative Habits of the Citizens …………….…………….

Effects of Bad Habits …………….…………….………

V Summary, Findings, Conclusions, Recommendations

Summary………………………………..

Findings……………………………..

Conclusions……………………………..

Recommendations……………………………..

References……………………………..……………………………..………………
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of The Study

COVID - 19 is an infectious deadly disease which is one of the most controversial

issues that the world is facing and the worst part is, this disease has no treatment at all.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread worldwide, and it was officially

declared to be a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. The

virus has spread throughout the world which is due to different aspects of self-control and

awareness. The World Health Organization (WHO) has found out some precautionary safety

measures to lessen the spread of the virus and ways to treat the infected ones. The

government has implemented such rules and regulations namely: to promote social distancing

and avoid social gatherings and proper way of wearing face masks and face shields. In

addition, despite these aforementioned rules and regulations, the government also

implemented a law which will fine violators wherein the cost depends on the number of

attempts and depends on the rules they violated but there are still a lot of violators around the

community.( IATF, 2020).

It is the fact that the people worldwide faced some various obstacles during this

pandemic namely economic, psychological, and mental health conditions. According to

Sabine Verheyen (2020), due to these certain conditions, the individuals have adapted a new

normal habit wherein they were not aware if that certain behavior is either positive or

negative which would greatly affect the conditions o]f the community. This is why the

researchers believe that there is a need to conduct this study to determine some various

negative behaviors of individuals in certain barangays and to determine its effects on the

condition of the community.

Statement of The Problem

Generally, the aim of the study is to determine the different behaviors among the

citizens in Tuyo: Balanga City, y towards the COVID - 19 pandemic. The researchers seek to

answer the following questions:

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 age

1.2 status

2. What are the negative habits of the citizens developed during the pandemic in certain

barangays in the Philippines?

3. How do the bad habits of certain individuals affect the conditions of the community?

Significance of The Study

The aim of this study is to determine the behavior of the citizens in certain barangays

in the Philippines towards the COVID - 19 pandemic.

To the Barangay. This study would benefit the entire Barangay since it aims to determine

the bad habits of the citizens for they would be aware of the things that should be done and

should not be done during the COVID - 19 pandemic.

To the Citizens. The citizens in certain Barangays developed some various negative

behaviors during this pandemic and this study would help them to be aware of what may

happen if they pursue their habits.

To Healthcare Workers. The healthcare workers are the ones who provide health care

treatment and advice to those who are infected by the virus. This study would benefit them so

that they would be aware of how the virus was spread and to trace the ones that they're in

contact with.

To the People with Authority. The people with authority are the ones who implemented

such rules and regulations and therefore this study would be beneficial to them so that they

would be aware of the common negative behavior of the citizens on certain barangay for

them to implement some new rules for those violators.

To Other Researchers. This study serves as a basis, reference, or additional information to

future researchers who are interested to further study the behavior of the citizens on certain

barangays during this pandemic.

Scope and Delimitations of The Study

The scope of the study is to determine some various negative behavior of the citizens

in San Rafael: Tarlac, Maa: Davao City, Nambalan: Tarlac, Tuyo: Balanga City, Polacion:

Sibutad and Satarita: Olongapo City towards the COVID - 19 pandemic and its effects to the

conditions of the community.

The study is only limited to the 5 chosen barangays in the Philippines which is where

the researchers live in.

Definition of Terms

Bad Habits. The unpleasant behavior of the citizens on certain barangays during the COVID

- 19 pandemic which would cause some negative conditions to the community.

Behavior. It is the way an individual acts during this pandemic that can either be a positive or

negative action.

Conditions. The effects which were caused on the various negative behaviors of the

individuals on a certain Barangay.

COVID - 19. It is an infectious deadly disease that causes the mortality of billions of people

worldwide.
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents some books, published thesis, and articles. Most of the

published master’s thesis having relation to this study was analyzed carefully by the

researchers but more so far has been found to have been written at the same time or setting as

their study. Series of related studies and literature are presented relatively.

Related Literature

COVID - 19 is an infectious deadly disease which causes the mortality of billions of

people worldwide. As of March 12, 2020, coronavirus disease, 2019 (COVID-19) has been

confirmed in 125 048 people worldwide, carrying a mortality of approximately 3·7%. There

is an urgent need for effective treatment. The current focus has been on the development of

novel therapeutics, including antivirals and vaccines as stated by (Mehta et.al, 2020). This

lethal virus is in need of a vaccine in which the people worldwide are in danger.

In the article by Everette et.al, (2020), the government spread some moral messages to

the citizens about public health behavioral intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The

messages’ effects on participants’ self-reported intentions to wash hands, avoid social

gatherings, self-isolate, and share health messages, as well as their beliefs about others’

intentions, impressions of the messenger’s morality and trustworthiness, and beliefs about

personal control and responsibility for preventing the spread of disease. This indicates that

citizens should change their various negative behaviors to prevent the spread of the disease as

a moral imperative.
 According to the World Health Organization (2020), the COVID-19 virus is

transmitted between people through respiratory droplets and contact routes. The

organizations still continue to recommend droplet and contact precautions for those people

caring for COVID-19 patients and contact and airborne precautions for circumstances and

settings in which aerosol-generating procedures are performed. This indicates that people

should avoid proper social distancing within 1 meter to avoid the spread of the virus. It

implies that people should avoid gatherings and crowded places.

Furthermore, during the periods of the outbreak, implementation of infection

prevention and control (IPC) is of great importance in healthcare settings, especially

regarding the personal protection of healthcare workers. In order to contain the outbreak of

COVID-19 the medical support teams assist with medical treatment. Despite this, there are

difficulties that they’ve encountered. First is inadequate personal protection of healthcare

workers, next is long-time exposure to large numbers of infected patients which leads to an

increased risk of infection, next is the pressure of treatment, work intensity, and lack of rest.

In addition, there is a serious problem, a shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) and

the front-line healthcare workers received inadequate training for IPC, leaving them with a

lack of knowledge of IPC for respiratory- borne infectious diseases. (Wang, et. al, 2020).

Related Studies

The Corona Virus Disease 2019 is a serious public health issue that caused disruptions

all around the world. Different measures were placed to counteract this. Most of these were

non-pharmacological (NPI), such as different forms of social distancing, use of personal

protective equipment (PPE), such as facemasks, shields, or gloves, and handwashing and
disinfection of vehicles. These measures are likely to be enacted for a long period of time

until an effective treatment is found. (Leung et al., 2020) These measures are needed to

counteract the continuous spread of the virus.

Furthermore, according to Kissler et al., (2020), even after the virus is stopped, many

of these public health countermeasures will have been engraved in our lifestyles and will be

observed continuously. This virus has given way to the “new” normal in which we need to

conform so that transmission of the virus will be stopped.

As stated by Liu et al.,(2020), amidst a pandemic, individual and collective behavior

is very important. Without pharmacological interventions and countermeasures, the main

process to contain and control outbreaks is to change the behavior of the public. The behavior

of an individual can affect their family, social networks, organizations in which they involve,

communities in which they belong, the information they gather, and the impact on their

society. When individuals learn about information regarding diseases, they usually have an

emotional response that affects immediate changes in behavior. This proves that the changes

brought by the virus have disrupted how our society works and it has brought changes in how

we act today.

According to Brooks (2020), changes such as anxiety and nervousness in a

community affect everyone to a huge extent. Recent evidence reveals that people who have

been in isolation and quarantine experience significant levels of anxiety, anger, confusion,

and stress. This shows that there is a significant change in the behavior of individuals across

the world.

Collectively, different studies that have examined psychological disorders during the

COVID-19 pandemic shows that affected people exhibited various symptoms of mental

trauma, such as emotional distress, depression, stress, mood swings, irritability, insomnia,
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, post-traumatic stress, and anger. (Brooks, 2020, Wang

2011, Rubin 2020) This indicates that the virus has been a catalyst in changing behavioral

patterns among citizens.

In a study by Sorokowski et al, (2020), it was revealed that news about coronavirus

contributes to the increase in anxiety and has an influence on the level of any potential

prejudice. It was found out that media exposure about the COVID-19 contributed to the

prejudice against foreign groups. This reveals that not only does the virus affect our behavior

but also it affects our perception of people around us.

Moreover, based on the JTF COVID Shield data, a total of 308,859 have been

apprehended from March 17 to August 10, or during the 147 days of the strict

implementation of the quarantine rules. Of the figure, 47 percent of them or 146,012 were

warned; 25 percent or 77,190 were fined while the rest of the 28 percent were detained and

charged. From this figure, we can see that there are negative behaviors exhibited by citizens.

Synthesis

In conclusion, different studies and literature revealed that COVID-19 has a

significant effect on the well being of individuals all over the world. Due to the changes

brought by the virus, changes in behaviors have been exhibited by the respondents. Among

these changes are high levels of anxiety, emotional distress, mood swings, and many more.

Moreover, because of the virus, individuals have adapted to the new normal and the

countermeasures we are doing right now have been engraved in our lifestyles. Furthermore,

these aforementioned behavioral changes by the individuals developed into some negative

ones which affects the condition of a certain community.

 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, participants, materials, procedure, data

gathered, and data analysis of the study.

Research Design

The research design used in the study is descriptive correlation design. It determines

the relationship between two variables which are the independent variable which is the

negative behavior of the citizens and the dependent variable which is the effects on the

community. This will be done without the researchers controlling either of the two variables.

It aimed to find out whether there is a relationship between the two variables. In addition, the

research has utilized a descriptive - action research design where after the researchers

identified and interpreted the intended results it will be used to develop actions for the

betterment of the condition of the barangay.

Respondents of the Study

This study was composed of 15 respondents, in which there are from Barangay Tuyo,

Balanga City, Bataan which is located in the Philippines. The respondents of the study are the

citizens known to be frontliners and young adults who have some various observations of the

citizens and themselves specifically the negative ones. Then the respondents answered

questions online about their observations on the negative behavior of individuals during the

COVID-19 Pandemic which the researchers gave them.

Data Gathering Instrument

This study utilized an online questionnaire which can be answered using the google

forms which consists of the questions that would determine their profile specifically their age

and status, some various negative habits of the citizens which were developed during this

pandemic, and lastly the effects of these certain behaviors to the community. This

questionnaire will be answered using the various observations and experiences of certain

respondents during this pandemic

Data Gathering Procedure

Due to the current situation caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the

researchers utilized the most convenient way of gathering their responses using Google

Forms that can be answered online without leaving their respective houses. Then the

researchers distributed the survey questionnaire via Facebook and Messenger in order to

reach out to possible respondents. Once all of the respondents answered the given questions,

the researchers will then collate their answers using a SWOT analysis.

Data Analysis

Thematic analysis will be used due to the fact that the researchers are going to decode

the response of the respondents and base the hypothesis according to the results of the study

that will be conducted by the researchers. Thematic analysis is a way of studying documents

and communication artefacts, which might be texts of various formats, pictures, audio or

videos that will become the main source of the hypothesis. It emphasizes pinpointing,

examining, and recording patterns within data. Themes across data sets that are important to

the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific research question.

This analysis mainly has ten steps, namely:

1. Copy and read through the transcript-make brief notes in the margin when interesting or
relevant information is found.

2. Go through the notes made in the margins and list the different types of information found.

3. Read through the list and categorize each item in a way that offers a description of what it
is about.

4. Identify whether or not the categories can be linked any way and list them as major
categories (or themes) and / or minor categories (or themes).

5. Compare and contrast the various major and minor categories.

6. If there is more than one transcript, repeat the first five stages again for each transcript

7. When you have done the above with all of the transcripts, collect all of the categories or
themes and examine each in detail and consider if it fits and its relevance.

8. 0nce all the transcript data is categorized into minor and major categories/ themes, review
in order to ensure that the information is categorized as it should be.

9. Review all of the categories and ascertain whether some categories can be merged or if
some need to them be sub-categorized.

10. Return to the original transcripts and ensure that all the information that needs to be
categorized has been so.
 Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses the data analysis, presentation, and interpretation of the data

gathered from the respondents. The data being shown, with the use of tables, were interpreted

and analyzed by the researchers with corresponding discussions and explanation to further

elaborate the data presented.

Profile of the Respondents

This presents the profile of the respondents which are age, and occupational status.

Findings were presented and analyzed as follows:

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

1.1 Age.

Table 1Profile of Respondents as to Age

Age Number Percentage

20 years old and below 9 60%

21-30 years old 2 13%

31- 40 years old 3 20%

40 years old and above 1 7%

Total 15 100%
 Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents in terms of age. There are fifteen (15)
respondents in this study. Based on their responses, nine (9) or sixty percent (60%) belongs to
20 years old and below age bracket, whereas age bracket of 21-30 has two (2) or thirteen
percent (13%), age bracket of 31-40 has three (3) or twenty percent (20%); and one (1) or
seven percent (7%) for the age bracket of 40 years old and above.

The computed mean age is 25 years old. More than half of the respondents are within
the young adult stage of life. In this stage, individuals tend to be more matured, responsible
and committed to their work. According to (Crosnoe and Johnson, 2011), young adults have
a relatively high chance to develop negative habits due to the new experiences they
encounter as they enter the stage of being an adult.

1.2 Status.
Table 2 Profile of Respondents as to Status

Status Number Percentage

Student 9 60%

Employed 4 27%

Unemployed 2 13%

Total 15 100%

Table 2 reflects the profile of the respondents in terms of occupational status. Based

on their responses, nine (9) or 60% were students, followed by four (4) or 27% who were

Employed and two (2) or 13% were Unemployed.

Thematic Presentation

The information gathered from the respondents was summarized for the clear
interpretation of their intended meanings and facilitation of thematic analysis.

Thematic Interlace
 The amount of data acquired from the respondents of different barangays allowed the
researchers to analyze the different negative habits they have developed during the pandemic.
The Interview Guided Questionnaire method was used, the researchers contacted their
respondents through social media or personally asked them to answer the Questionnaire while
guiding them towards the questions that they find complicated or they are having a hard time
expressing their thoughts through written work. From the information gathered, there are
seven themes or factors that seems to repeat by the respondents: ‘Faking identity’, ‘Fake
excuses’, and ‘Not following the protocols’

1. Students

These are the habits developed by the student-respondents:

1.1. Faking identity

All of the student-respondents stated that they have faked their identity by giving false
information about their age. This is because of the strict policy regarding the minimum age
allowed by the Inter-Agency Task Force on Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF). This is also
supported by adult-participants telling their sons and daughters at the age of 17-20 to tell the
authorities that they are 21 to be able to comply with the regulations of IATF.

1.2 Fake excuses

Four (4) out of nine (9) student-respondents admitted that they are guilty of using fake
excuses to penetrate the strict policies. The respondents stated that there are times wherein
they want to meet their friend, travel or just simply buy groceries due to lack of adults in the
household. However, there are times that the authorities ask proof to validate their said age
and get exposed. These are the common scenarios they have revealed where they make use of
fake excuses to pass through tight security.

False excuses are self-defense lies in which the troubles being evaded are the result of
our own misdeeds. A false excuse is a deception disavowing wrongdoing so as to avoid harm
to the self. Diana H. (2004) suggests that false excuses promote moral stagnation whether or
not others ever discover the truth. Additionally, each individual self-deceptive excuse may
contribute to a habit of deceiving ourselves about our bad acts in the long run, thereby
diminishing our general capacity to identify moral flaws.
 2. Adults

This are the habits developed by the adult-respondents:

2.1 Disobeying the protocols

Three (3) out of four (4) employed-respondents and all of the two (2)
unemployed-respondents stated they are guilty of disobeying the protocols by: not wearing
face masks all the times, asking their kids under the minimum required age to buy stuffs and
giving false information about their kid’s age.

The Negative Habits of the Citizens

The negative habits that are developed during the pandemic based from the results,
most of the respondents are being pushed by the situation to do things which becomes their
habits by which can be proven by the fact the most of the respondents are commonly known
to be unoccupied and under-aged, also teenagers are on the stage in life where they want to
hang out with their friends which is not a good habit during the pandemic since most if not
everyone is required to stay at home. Being at home for a long time due to the pandemic can
also lead to bad habits such as being lazy, staying up late and unhealthy eating habits based
on Ian (2020).

The Effect of the Bad Habits of Individuals to the Community

The effects of the bad habits of individuals to the community may differ from each
bad habit, they can be either affecting the community directly or indirectly, however it is
assured that the bad habits are all harmful for the community. According to Brooks (2019),
the personal health of an individual affects the health of the community, this is because the
health of an individual may affect the health of another individual within the community
creating a chain of influences leading to the whole community being influenced by the
individual, with this said, bad habits such as giving false identities, false excuses and
disobeying protocols can become a habit adapted by an individual that can make the whole
community unhealthy in the long run. On the other hand, habits that involves other people
such as gathering are the most considered a threat on the community according to Fitzgerald
(2020) since during this gatherings, the disease, specifically COVID19 is more prone to be
transferred to another individual especially if they have developed bad habits such as not
wearing face masks or they do not cover when they sneeze or cough or simply by not limiting
physical contact with other individuals. Generally, bad habits cause harmful effects to the
community whether it is directly or indirectly, however this can be prevented or at least
lessened when each individual starts to reform themselves and get rid of the bad habits that
they developed during the pandemic.

Eidetic insight

The researchers decided to show the different themes and that they have discovered
from the interviews and questionnaires. During the interpretation process, three negative
habits that have been identified and classified them as themes emerged from the
interpretation of the participant's questionnaire. The researchers used a conceptual model to
show the emergence of different habits from the theme that the researchers have established
at the beginning of the study.

The researchers opted for black and white for the simplicity of their concept map and
to show that the habits are connected to the central theme in order to avoid confusion.
Different colors weren't included as the factors are all equally important.

Figure 1. Themes and factors that perceive the students when using e-learning teaching
method.
 Chapter 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Findings

Based on the datas that has been gathered and collated from the online survey

interview, there are 3 major problems that the barangay has been having issues on which are

the citizens who are presenting fake identities, showing fake excuses and those people who

are not following health protocols.

Conclusions

Based on the findings that have been drawn, the following conclusions are made:

1. Majority of the under-aged citizens from the barangay present fake identities to pass

through tight securities.

2. Fake excuses are the dominant reason why most of the citizens are able to go out even

without a valid reason especially those citizens who went out just to bond with their

friends.
 3. Disobeying health protocols like not wearing face masks, not having proper hygiene,

and not promoting social distancing are the common offenses the adults commit that

can contribute to the spread of the virus.

Recommendations

Based on the findings that have been gathered, following recommendations were

drawn:

1. Conduct the research with better and longer time allocation for data gathering and

utilize government employees as respondents to ensure the credibility and reliability

of the data gathered.

2. Collaborate this study to the government and other researchers to determine the

positive and negative habits that have been developed which could affects ,in good or

bad terms, to the condition of the barangay.

3. Determine some solutions to mitigate the issues that have been gathered to improve

the condition of the community like: Presenting of valid ID, Authorization letter with

approval, Implementation of Fines, Conducting Health Awareness Campaigns,

Livelihood projects for the unemployed, Barangay Courier Services, Supplemental

Assistance Program

4. Future researchers can undertake a similar study. However, if they intend to enhance

this research, they should provide more variables.

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