Effects of The Covid 19 Pandemic On The Changes in Students Spending CLM ST - Agnes of Rome St. Barbar

EFFECTS OF THE COVID -19 PANDEMIC ON THE CHANGES IN STUDENTS’
SPENDING HABITS
A Research Proposal Presented

to the Faculty of the Senior High School
University of Saint Louis
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Program
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
By
Sia, Jolo Ernesto III S.
Andal, Pamela Diane V.
Dimara, Natasha B.
Oandasan, Razel R.
Soria, Alexandra Chloe M.
Wangiwang, Shanaia D.
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Title Page .……………….………………………………………….. i
Table of Contents ….………………………………………………………… ii
List of Tables ……………………………………………………………. iii
List of Figures …….……………………………………………………… iv
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ………………………………… 1-2
Research Questions ……………………….……..... 2
Hypothesis ………………………………… 2
Significance of the Study …………………………...…... 3
Literature Review ………………………………... 3-6
Research Paradigm ………………………………… 6
METHODS
Research Design ………………………………… 7
Locale of the Study ………………………………… 7
Respondents of the Study ………………………………… 7
Instrument ………………………………… 7
Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………… 7
Data Analysis ………………………………… 8
Ethical Considerations ………………………………… 8
RESULTS ……..………………..…………………..
DISCUSSION ……..………………..…………………..
CONCLUSION ……..………………..…………………..
RECOMMENDATIONS ……..………………..…………………..
REFERENCES ……..………………..…………………..
APPENDICES
A. Literature Matrix ……..………………..…………...……..
B. Variable Matrix ………..………………..…………..…...
C. Letter to the Vice President for Academics……………...
D. Letter to the author of the Questionnaire….……….…...
E. Questionnaire ……..………………..…………….….....
F. Minutes of the Defense……..………………..……………
31 Effects of the Covid-19

Pandemic on the Changes
in Students’ Spending | 1
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title of Figure Page
1. The Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on the Changes of 6
Students’ Spending Habits
Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Changes in Students’ Spending Habits | 2

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Several factors make the behavior of students dynamic and different from each
other. These factors can be technical as well as psychological and controllable or
uncontrollable. The major challenge that students face is the difficulty to budget their
expenses and save a proportional amount every month for contingent events. Youth
have a significant influence and demand for various products and play an important role
in consumption as they do not have any basic financial commitments like paying rent,
bills and have enough purchasing power (Kim et., al, 2016). Most of the students get
their monthly allowance from their parents and are answerable to them for their
expenditure. Higher family income can contribute majorly to the good academic
performance of the students but lower family income should not be an excuse for poor
performance. But since the coronavirus pandemic began, along with economic
uncertainty, millennials have cut back and focused more on essential expenses. All of
these adjustments have been an attempt to adapt to the changing economic landscape
brought on by COVID-19.
Even before the pandemic, young adults were increasingly dependent on their
parents. About 6 in 10 parents with children between the ages of 18 and 29 said they
have given their kids at least some financial help in the past year — primarily for
recurring expenses such as tuition, rent, groceries or bills (Pew Research Center,
2019). In this case, individuals cope with threats by purchasing specific products, such
as necessities (Jin et al., 2020; Sharma et al., 2020). According to a classical theory
regarding uncertain conditions known as the “preventive saving hypothesis,” we can
assume that the COVID-19 pandemic will increase the consumers' saving vs. spending
behavior. This is because when consumers face uncertainty regarding the future, they
make more precautionary savings (Kimball, 1990). For example, individuals may
reduce risks by strengthening resource reserves and by strategically allocating their
resources (Durante and Laran, 2016).
Consumer purchase behavior tends to establish what exactly motivates people to

make purchasing decisions.A Student's buying behavior is influenced by cultural, social,
personal, and psychological factors. Students make the majority of purchases made by
youth (Choudhury, D., & Dey, A., 2014). Before the pandemic, students can go to the
market or stores and buy whatever they want. Students are allowed to go to different
marketplaces and stores to hunt for their preferred items to purchase. As Covid-19
entered many students' lives, the government instituted lockdowns, physical market
shutdowns, and other protocols to ensure everyone's safety. Students' purchasing
Effects of the Covid-193 Pandemic on the Changes in Students’ Spending | 3

preferences have shifted throughout time, resulting in changes in their spending patterns
(Di Crosta, A., et al.,2021). COVID-19 has had a substantial influence on students' daily
life, including what and how they buy. Students buy on the Internet what they used to
buy only on the actual market. The situation that forced people to stay isolated at home
and rely on online shopping or services has become commonplace (Donthu, N., &
Gustafsson, A., 2020.).
A survey reveals spending habits during Covid-19 the top reasons for spending less is
60% are being more cautious and 40% are staying more often. While the top reasons for
spending more is 51% are buying more food or groceries, 50% are buying more
household supplies, 37% started a new hobby, 36% are for home
improvements/renovation. In terms of where respondents have cut back on spending,
64% say they are spending less on dining out or takeout, 61% have reduced spending
on entertainment such as concerts or movies, 55% are buying less apparel and 52% are
spending less on travel. It is interesting to note that 21% of respondents say they have
been spending more since the pandemic. Of those respondents, 51% say they are
buying more food or groceries and 50% are buying more household supplies (Berbaum,
2020).
This study aims to determine the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on changes in
student spending habits. With this, we will be able to answer the problem, which is to
find where the students allot their money or allowance as we face the new normal. As a
result, in assessing the effects of the pandemic on changes in student spending
patterns, researchers will analyze the impact on the changes in students spending habits
before and during the pandemic.
Research Questions
The study aims to determine effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on changes in student
spending habits.
Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
a) Sex
b) Strand
c) Monthly Allowance
d) Parents Financial Status
2. What are the spending habits of the students before and during the Covid
– 19 pandemic?
3. Is there a significant difference between the spending habits of students

before and during the pandemic according to profile?
Hypotheses
There is no significant difference between the spending habits of the students before
and during the pandemic according to profile.
1 Effects of the Covid-19

Significance of the study
The results of the study will be useful for financial literacy education programs and
which can help the society manage their money better through the Covid outbreak. It will
be also an answer where the students allot their money or resources as they face the
new normal. Thus, this can also aid businesses and entrepreneurs in selecting what
products and services to produce or supply because the study incorporates the student's
spending patterns during the Covid-19 pandemic. Moreover, the data acquired from this
study will serve as a basis for the entrepreneur or business owner to develop their
business and create a product or market to attract more buyers. Finally, the future
researchers will benefit on the results of the study in a way that they will be more
focused on the recommendations and the findings of this study will guide future
researchers and build a foundation in a unique crisis that has never been studied before,
and the exploratory nature of, the survey gives multiple indicators for the future
researcher.
Literature Review
Underpinning Theory
This study is anchored on “Theory of Reasoned Action” (TRA) , which was proposed
by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen in the late 1960s. The TRA assumes that the behavior
under investigation is under volitional control, that is, that people believe that they can
execute the behavior whenever they are willing to do so. Gradually, the TRA was used
more often for the study of behaviors for which control was a variable factor. For that
purpose, the TRA was complemented by a component that was named perceived
behavioral control. For example, recycling is virtually impossible if no collection system is
available, and abandoning private cars is often impractical, at the least, when public
transportation functions poorly.
In relation, the pandemic has changed practically every aspect of our lives, including
consumer spending. Purchasing is significantly down as a result of the lockdown, which
has limited what we can buy due to markets and businesses being shut and suspended.
Consumers specifically students, predict their household income to continue to dwindle
in the coming months, making them less likely to spend more or shift into spending more
on their basic needs and entertainment. They retain the opportunity to alter their mind
and decide on a new course of action from the moment when the action is completed.
Consumer views about decision-making processes have shifted since Covid-19 erupted,
as a result, customers are logical thinkers who choose what is best for them. The
researchers will investigate the respondents' changes in spending habits throughout the
pandemic and conclude their purchasing decisions based on changes in the spending
habits of a Senior High School student. The researchers used the Theory of Reasoned
Action to assess the respondents' changes in spending patterns will be suitable.
Effects of COVID-19 on Students’ Saving
The COVID-19 pandemic has had huge impacts on economic life, and these changes
have been driven both by voluntary behaviour change and by government policy.
(Davenport, 2020). Examples of the former include people having a reduced willingness
to go to shops or restaurants in light of health concerns for themselves or for others, or
having an increased desire to save for an uncertain future (Rasul, 2020). Students are
also the drivers of market competitiveness, growth, and economic integration in any
market. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has upended life for individuals across the
globe, from how we work to how we socialize and even how we shop (Laata et al.,
2020). This turbulent situation has a huge impact on everyday consumers´ life, resulting
to the dramatic change in both the businesses acting and consumer behavior
(Pantano et al., 2020).
The context of the COVID-19 pandemic allows us to investigate how people behave
during a serious global pandemic when information concerning it is being broadcast
through various online media. Students whose incomes and or savings are in excess of
their expenses who are able to save in normal times, tend also to have higher incomes,
and are likely to have accumulated disproportionately high levels of savings during
pandemic restrictions (Frenette, 2021). Restrictions on activity have limited opportunities
to spend over an extended period (Hopkins and Sherman, 2020), shifting spending
towards available goods and reducing overall spending.
One of the most typical behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic is panic buying
(Arafat et al., 2020), which results from individuals' fear of scarcity, losing control, and
anxiety exacerbation (Arafat et al., 2020b; Yuen et al., 2020). In this case, individuals
cope with threats by purchasing specific products, such as necessities (Jin et al., 2020;
Sharma et al., 2020). However, in order to better deal with future uncertainties and risks,
individuals may also reserve resources and increase saving behavior. It is observed that
individuals facing a pandemic save more than those who are not. In fact, research in the
field of economics has put forward the theory of uncertain consumption, which states
that individuals will increase their savings and reduce spending under uncertain
circumstances (Menegatti, 2011). According to data from the Bureau of Economic
Analysis (BEA) in April 2020 (Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2020), the personal savings
rate hit an all-time high, reaching higher percentage that was observed in March 2020.
While the savings rate is rising, studies report shows that consumer payments are
plummeting. These phenomena indicate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on
consumers' saving and spending behavior.
Spending Habits of Students
Spending habit is often contextual. Because it is a habit, it may be so natural and

involuntary that it is unnoticeable. However, the spending habits of students
are also influenced mainly by varied factors. (Bona, 2015), in her study, noted that
students' spending habits are greatly influenced by their family background. Parents play
a crucial role in shaping the attitudes towards financial management and life attitudes in
their children's general. (Bona, 2015) also revealed a positive relationship between
lifestyle and students' spending habits. It is stated that lifestyle will impact the patronage
behavior of customers in the retail market. They will choose to buy a product that meets
their interest in terms of product and price.
Moreover, students' preferences affect their spending habits. A survey on the

spending habits of young people in Hong Kong and Macau found that students spend
primarily on entertainment, clothes, and accessories. In terms of financial
literacy, Nadome (2014) found that financial literacy influenced the spending behavior
and money management of students. The researcher so added that advances in
technology have a direct influence on students' spending habits. Students' needs have
increased for sure when laptops or desktops are needed for assignments, handphones
and for some, vehicles outside the necessities that a student should possess. Advances
in technology have as well led to increases in student expenses. Other factors include
students' unique personalities and experiences. This includes other forces such as
gender and gender roles one sees and perceives one's religion and spiritual beliefs. As a
facet of culture, religion can have a shaping force on spending habits. The media also
affects how we spend and save, such as advertisements on television and trends in
social media platforms.
Spending habit is an essential part of a person's characteristic, and it does not just
understand what we spend, it is also important for us to know why we spend. Bona
(2015), stated that having good financial knowledge is not enough. To improve financial
habits, students should take more concrete measures to help them keep with their
expenses. They should not forget to allocate money for savings because a reasonable
budget does have savings. Lastly, they should keep a positive attitude.
Students Before and During the Pandemic
As the pandemic brought abrupt changes to the country that has led to immediate
adjustment from the practices of the people before the outbreak, consumers are
currently learning to adapt to the changes, especially in obtaining their daily needs.
Consumer behavior refers to the study of individuals or groups who are in the process of
searching to purchase, use, evaluate, and dispose of products and services to satisfy
their needs(Rajagopal,2019). Students on an allowance can be a challenge as a student
spends the last money just to buy or pay the school's needs (Bartolome, 2011).
Before the pandemic, students received daily allowances from their parents and
spent them on their daily necessities, desires, or personal consumption. The monthly
allowance of the respondents was primarily spent on food, followed by academic
purposes and personal needs, and the least was for transportation purposes. (Abawag,
C.F.N, et al., 2019).
Students' purchasing behaviors have changed due to the pandemic. As students stay
at their homes most of the time, they order online more often than usual (Sumarliah et
al.,2021). Students make purchases that differ from what they are accustomed to.
Studies have shown different factors that can affect individuals' changes in spending
behavior, including demographic factors (Levenson, 2014), age, sex, and ethnicity
(Villanueva, 2017).
Behavior of Youth on Spending in General
Financial literacy has become a significant challenge in society especially among

the young generation. Financial Literacy refers to specific understanding, attitudes, and
normative influences on financial matters. It will help the youthful generation to make
good financial commitment. Mohammed et al. (2018) conducted a study that aims to
determine the height of financial literacy amid the young generation in Malaysia. It
directs to developing a unique representation of financial literacy among youthful age as
assumed Family, Peer, Attitude, Saving and spending behavior significantly influence
Financial Literacy among Young Generations. The results revealed a significant
positive relationship between Behavior and Financial Literacy. Furthermore, the findings
showed that Family/Parental and Peer significantly influenced Financial Literacy. The
study implies that it is related to the public, academic and university administrators,
government, and financial advisor to grow the level of financial literacy by implementing
several financial educational programmers.
Additionally, youth are an influential group by virtue of their numbers in the total
population, purchasing power, high levels of leisure time and exposure to abundance of
information because of the advent of technology. Chavali (2020) stated by the conducted
study that the influence of peers, influence of parents and financial literacy of youth are
significantly correlated with the saving and spending habits of youth. The conducted
study aims to investigate the saving and spending habits of youth in Sultanate of Oman
and its objectives are the saving and spending habits of youth and the variables which
have an impact on it.
Role of Parents’ Financial Status in Students' Buying Behaviors and Attitudes
Parents play an important role in the changes in students’ spending habit in which
their income can be used to determine a student's lifestyle, social class, and resources
and possibilities (Leclerc and Kristi 2012). Changes in the choice of purchase
destination, and type of goods purchased were all observed during the nationwide
lockdown. Main sources of income among the students come from parents or legal
guardians, scholarships, and jobs. Results from the study also reveal that students do
not consider themselves to be financial independent from their studies, therefore,
parents or legal guardians are responsible in covering half or more of their expenses.
Although exploratory, students whose parents are financially unstable have shifted to
prioritize buying the most basic needs such us hygiene, cleaning, and essentials items
while demand for non-essential categories has plummeted (Nano D. Istrofor, 2017).
Awareness and closeness define parental factor method. A study conducted found that
parental support and influence lead to better self-esteem and lower tendency to be
obsessed by materialism amongst the young generations (Kim and Jang, 2014).
Financial literacy can be influenced by parents teaching and showing good examples to
their children from the young age. This would make the influence to be more than peer
influence on understanding the financial issues.
To improve financial habits, students should take some concrete measures to help
them keep track of their expenses as they look for opportunity to earn pocket and money
doing small chores outside home. Parental influence has an impact on the variety of
experiences of the youth can engage in. Large proportion of participants agrees to the
statement that parental influence has an impact on saving and spending of youth
(Charvali, K. 2020). Studies have discovered that parents who discuss financial matters
with their children impact positively their economic behavior and establish good habits
for their future adulthood. In addition, children who have benefited greater parental
money management learning are found to experience less mortgage insolvency in their
adulthood. One way that children learn money management practices is their parents’
financial behavior. It is found that higher parental income is associated with inadequate
financial attitude. This in turn stimulates unreasonably financial behavior (Nano, D., Polo,
A., & Llukani, T. 2015).
Research Paradigm
Student’s Profile
 Sex
Spending Habits of  Strand
Students Before and  Monthly Allowance
During the Pandemic  Parents Financial
Status

Figure 1. The Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on the Changes of Students’ Spending

Habits
The figure shows that the Covid-19 Pandemic may affect the spending habits of
the students. This diagram indicates that the students' spending habits could differ as
the pandemic has begun.
METHODS
Research Design
This quantitative study used a survey design.
Locale of the study
For this study to progress deeper and to collect further data regarding the effects of
the Covid – 19 pandemic on the changes in students’ spending habits, the researchers
will conduct this at the University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao, Senior High School
Department.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study are the Grade 12 students of the Senior High School
Department of the University Of Saint Louis Tuguegarao. The researchers selected a
sample size of 262 students from the total population of Grade 12 students. The
sampling size was determined with a 95% Confidence Level and 5% Margin Error.
Research Instrument
The researchers will gather the data needed to examine the effects of the COVID-19
pandemic on the changes in students’ spending habits using modified questionnaires.

The questionnaires were adapted from Avellana et al. (2021) with their study “A
Comparative Study about the Spending Habits of Senior High School and College
Students During the Pandemic”. The questionnaires have two parts. The first part
contains students’ profile such as their name, sex, year level, monthly allowance, and
parents’ financial status. The researchers added the monthly allowance and parents’
financial status as categories in the adapted version since most students still depend on
their parents. Under the second part, there are 15 items about the spending habits of
students which would they have to respond whether they strongly agree, agree,
disagree, and strongly disagree. The data will be gathered through an online survey
form.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will send a letter to the Senior High School Department Principal
seeking permission for the study's official conduct. A letter will also be addressed to
potential class advisers, requesting the complete list of students as well as their
accessible contact information. The researchers will next move to data collection after
completing all of these processes. We will be using a stratified sample due to the
exceptional situation of the COVID-19 pandemic and the time constraints to conduct our
investigation. After gathering all of the necessary data, the online survey questions will
be distributed to all of the respondents who were selected from the preliminary survey.
The data collection instrument will be created using a Google Form. Due to the urgency
of the situation, electronic survey questions will be delivered and collected over
Facebook Messenger or any other available messaging service. It shall be highlighted
that their involvement is fully voluntary and subject to their approval. It will also be noted
that by participating in the study, neither harm or benefit will be intended as a result of
the complete process. Answers will be collected, processed, categorized, and analyzed
as part of the data collection process.
Data Analysis
The researchers used the statistical package for social sciences(SPSS) to analyze the
data. Specifically, descriptive statistics like frequency count and the percentage were
used to determine the number of respondents in each category of the profile variables.
Also, this was used in knowing the standard range of their monthly allowance and
parents' financial status. Meanwhile, a comparison between mean and median was
used to determine the spending before and during the pandemic. Since responses are
assigned points, the mean and median were computed as central tendency measures.
The researchers can use this test to determine whether or not the pandemic has
affected students' spending patterns. According to the profile, the independent sample
T-test was utilized to determine a significant difference between students' spending
habits before and during the pandemic.
Ethical Considerations
The researchers provided informed consent to the respondents before they partook in
the data gathering procedure, ensuring that they are not coerced and that they are
willing. All data submitted by the respondents are used only for research purposes and
therefore kept confidential at all times.

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LITERATURE MATRIX
Bibliography Objective Variables Methods Major Findings

Ali, E. & Kerpecarova, T. This thesis aims to Parent's Research The research paper found
(2019). Family Buying explain the relationship intention to Design: that individual strategies,
Behavior: Parents' between family buy, Quantitative family structure and age of
Perspective of Children complexity and Influence Empirical children significantly affect
Influence on their Buying influence strategies and strategies, Research buying behavior. It can be
Behavior http://www.diva- whether and how they Work status Approach suggested for future research
portal.org/smash/record.jsf? affect family buying Locale of the to study the relationship of
pid=diva2%3A1336063&dsw behavior study: Link that is family complexity and other
id=3725. accessible over demographic variables of
the world parents and children in
Respondents: relation to strategies, which
Parents that are would affect buying behavior
randomly selected such as income of parents
to different Fb and gender of children. This
groups research contributed and
Data Gathering tested all strategies and
Procedure: To family complexity with
attain the aims of addition of same sex families
this study, among family structure and
researchers used found positive relation
a perspective towards buying behavior and
quantitative terms therefore it could be relevant
to explain how to make further research,
variables interact which would further study the
with each other, relationship from not only
how events are parents ś but also children ś
shaped and the perspective.
cause of the
outcomes (ibid).
Effects of the Covid-19

To do so they use
multivariate
analysis. Also a
deductive
approach is used
to answer the
research
questions. The
data for this paper
were collected
through an online
survey using an
electronically
administered
questionnaire
(Saunders et al.,
2009).
Antoni, Xolile & Rootman, C The aim of the study is Independent Research Design The results of this study have
& Struwig, F. (2019). THE to assess which parent Variable- fin This study revealed that parental
INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL financial strategies of ancial social adopted a quantita teaching and monitoring is
FINANCIAL socialization have izationtechni tive research desi the most important financial
SOCIALIZATION impacted student ques gn socialization technique used
TECHNIQUES ON financial behavior. This Locale of the by parents to influence their
STUDENT FINANCIAL study also investigated Dependent study children’s financial behavior
BEHAVIOUR. International which financial Variable- This study is of later in life, as students. The
Journal of Economics and socialization techniques students significance in modelling of financial
Finance Studies. parents used to financial South Africa, as behavior and reinforcement
influence students’ behavior there seems to of financial behavior also
financial behavior. be no study that influenced students’ financial
investigate the behavior.
influence of
financial
socialization
Effects
14of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Changes in Students’ Spending | 31
techniques on
financial behavior
of students.
Respondents
The responses of
350 South African
studentsparticipat
ed.
Data Gathering
Procedure
A self-
administered,
structured
questionnaire was
used in gathering
responses. Only
six financial
socialization
techniques
were extracted
from the
exploratory factor
analysis.
Hypotheses were
re-formulated to
test the
relationships
between the
financial
socialization
techniques of
parents and the
financial behavior
of students.
Effects
Bona, J. T. C. Factors The purpose of this IV: Factors Research After having studied the data,
affecting the spending study was to look at the affecting the Design: This the researcher concluded
behavior of college students. factors affecting the spending study used the that college students’
J. Fundam. Appl. Sci., 2018, spending behavior of behavior of descriptive survey spending
10(3S), 142-152. Retrieved college college method. behavior are greatly
from students in terms of students Locale: Surigao influenced by their family
https://scholar.google.com/sc attitude, family DV: del State background. Parents play a
holar? background, lifestyle Spending University key role in shaping
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=fa and financial Behavior of Cantilan Campus. not only the attitudes towards
ctors+affecting+consumers knowledge. college Respondents: financial management but
%27+spending+habits&btnG Subsequently, this study students The respondents also life attitudes in general
=#d=gs_qabs&u=%23p is done to better of this study were of their
%3DNjYvKAjRTuM understand how these the college children. It is therefore critical
factors influenced the students of that young individuals begin
spending conduct of Surigao del State to learn about finance during
college students and University adolescence for them to
their financial behavior. Cantilan Campus. have the best possible
Data Gathering: chance to be successful in
Percentage was adulthood. Having a
used to determine good financial knowledge is
the simple not enough. Success
descriptive requires a set of healthy and
interpretation of positive
the demographic attitu
data of the
respondents.
Weighted mean
was employed to
determine factors
affecting the
spending behavior
of college
students.
Effects
Data Analysis:
Table 2 shows the
factors affecting
spending behavior
of the respondents
in terms of
attitude.
Most items were
rated strongly
agree resulting to
its grand mean of
3.03. This means
that
most of the items
are primarily
considered all the
time. Respondents
value the attitude
of
saving money.
Table 3 shows the
factors affecting
spending behavior
in terms of
lifestyle. The study
revealed that most
items were rated
strongly disagree
resulting to its
grand mean of
1.97.
Respondents do
not own the latest
model of cellular
Effects
phones and other
gadgets. They do
not
spend on
cigarettes.
Chavali, K. (2020). Saving The study investigates IV: Influence Research The analysis in this research
and spending habits of youth the saving and spending of Peers, Design: This revealed that there is a
in Sultanate of Oman. pattern of Parental study used the significant correlation
Journal of Critical Reviews, youth in Oman. It also influence, descriptive survey between saving and
7(2) examines the influence financial method. spending habits and
of peers, parents literacy Locale: Sultanate influence of peers, parental
and financial literacy of DV: Saving of Oman influence and financial
self on the saving and and Respondents: literacy.
spending spending The respondents
behavior of youth., patterns of of this study were
youth in the youth in the
Oman. Sultanate of
Oman.
Data Gathering:
Data Analysis:
The Cronbach's
Alpha value is
0.809 as indicated
in the above
reliability table,
this value is
greater than 0.7
which signify that
there
is a good
reliability.
According to Table
2 mean values are
greater than 3
Effects
(neutral
response), this
signify that most of
respondents agree
that there is an
influence of peer
group on youth.
The mean value in
the above
descriptive table 3
reveal that
they are greater
than neutral
response value
(3), this indicates
that large
proportion of
participants agree
to the statement
that parental
influence has an
impact on saving
and spending
of youth.
Clady, J., Taggart, M., Understanding Independent Research Design The upheaval from the
& Mielitz, K. (2021). COVID- underrepresented Variable- Qualitative pandemic spurred various
19 Impact on student financial Covid-19 Research Design study participants to change
Underrepresented College relationships amid a Respondents their priorities and behavior
Students’ Financial global pandemic, which Dependent 19 students were around money, mostly for the
Experiences. Consumer this study endeavors to Variable- randomly selected better. The results of this
Interests Annual, 67. do, will expand the Students’ to complete research suggest that
literature available that Financial interviews eligible university students who have
focuses Experience students who their needs met are not only
on minorities students identified as non- thinking about what to do, but
Effects
and their experiences white. When the also taking action to adjust
with money COVID19 financially in the present and
pandemic struck, to prepare for the unknowns
these 19 students that may arise in their
who had futures.
previously been
interviewed were
contacted for
the purpose of the
current study, of
which 17 (11
Black and 6
Hispanic) opted in
for an additional
interview
Data Gathering
Procedure
Interviews were
conducted April
22-29, 2020. The
3-person research
team employed
thematic analyses
to identify and
report patterns
among responses.
Data were
analyzed using
content analysis
techniques to
code responses
and identify
themes (Babbie,
2016; Patton,
Effects
2002) in NVivo 12.
In-depth
interviews, in
which individuals
describe their
experiences from
their own
perspectives,
provide rich data
for analysis.
Interviews were
read line-by-line to
search for
recurring informati
on, which was
then condensed
into short phrases,
or codes. As
codes were
identified, the
three research
team members
established a
universal
codebook
Meena Madhavan , The study's main goal Influencing This type of According to the findings of
Effects
Dr.K.Chandrasekar (January- is to comprehend or research is this study, marketing
June 2015) “CONSUMER consumer buying intervening theoretical in practitioners place a higher
BUYING BEHAVIOR-AN behavior while making between nature. It value on the buying process
OVERVIEW OF THEORY purchase decisions, to attitudes and investigates of customer behavior than the
AND MODELS” review basic research behavior of consumer buying consumption process. As a
articles on consumer consumers behavior's result, marketers must have a
buying behavior, to concepts, thorough understanding of
comprehend models of theories, and consumer behavior and
consumer buying phenomena. decision-making processes.
behavior and various Secondary data From the existing literature,
situations, to was collected this study has revealed the
investigate factors from the various basic principles and theories
influencing consumer of sources, in consumer behavior. From a
behavior and different including practitioner’s perspective
types of buying databases, consumer research is
behavior, and to journals, books, pertinent so as to enable him
examine the factors and websites. It is to understand changing
influencing consumer a compilation of consumer needs, wants, and
behavior and different reviews motivations and thereby
types of buying pertaining to devise the most appropriate
behavior, to elucidate consumer mix for his market.
the consumer decision purchasing
making process with behavior that
supporting literature. serves as a
framework for
analyzing new
developing
issues/patterns in
consumer
purchasing
behavior in
various
purchasing
scenarios.
Effects
Nadome, A., (2014). This study focuses on money Research Financial literacy influenced
Spending habits among the Spending Habits management Design: Suvey the spending behavior and
MalaysianUniversity students. among University , level of Research Design money management of
https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do? Student. There are financial Locale: Universit students.
id=GALE several objectives, literacy,demo y Technology
%7CA666502535&sid=googl which are needed to be graphic, fact MARA, Shah
eScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkacc taken into ors of Alam
ess=abs&issn=17504554&p= consideration in spending whi Respondents: T
AONE&sw=w&userGroupNa carrying out this study. ch are family he target
me=anon%7E90e014a4 All these objectives are background, population for our
mentioned as follows: attitude andfi study is defined
To determine the level nancial aid, as undergraduate
of financial literacy and academi university
awareness among the c courses. students studying
university student in University
toward spending Technology MAR
habits. A (UiTM), Shah
To investigate the Alam.
spending habits among Data
business major’s Gathering: UiTM
student and non- Shah Alam has
business major’s many faculties.
student. So, we use the
To determine the stratified
spending habits toward sampling method
gender among whereby the
university students. faculty are
To study the factors Faculty of
that influences Science, Faculty
university student of Computer and
toward their spending Mathematical
habits. Science, Faculty
of Civil
Effects
Engineering,
Faculty of
Business and
Management,
Faculty of Music
and others.
Therefore, we
choose the
faculty by using
simple random
sampling to
select at random.
Data
Analysis: The
researcher
analyzed the data
using the
Statistical
Package for
Social Science
version 18 (SPSS
18.0). This SPSS
helps to facilitate
data clearing, and
checking for
logical
inconsistencies.
To study about
demographic
such as gender
and age toward
university
students
spending habits,
Effects
we use
descriptive
analysis by using
pie chart and bar
chart. Scale
measurement
that we use for
gender and age
is nominal and
ratio.
Nano, Dorjana & Llukani, This study investigates Family An instrument The outcomes discover that
Teuta. (2015). Does Students' the differences on income as comprised of Albanian university students
Financial Behaviour Differ Financial Behaviour factor for specific and show almost a good financial
Based on Their Family among Albanian financial personal behaviour which differs based
Income?.European Journal of university students behavior questions is on household income.
Economics and Business based on their family administered to Students with low or middle
Studies. 1. 76. income. The main 637 students family income are revealed to
10.26417/ejes.v1i1.p76-82. objectives of this study from five public show better financial
are: i) firstly, to assess and two private behaviour in comparison with
the level of financial universities in those who reported to have
behaviour of Albanian Albania. Factor high level of family income.
university students; ii) analyzing and This study paves the way for
to examine whether the Cronbach Alpha future research in Albania and
financial behaviour test are utilized to for taking incentives for
differs based on the assess the helping students to shape
level of students family validity and healthy spending habits.
income; and ii) reliability of the
finally, , to provide questionnaire.
some conclusions and Data analysis is
policy implications with conducted based
regard to financial on the One Way
behaviour. Welch Anova
technique.
Effects
Saxon, Naomi, "Parents’ The purpose of this Financial This study utilized Results indicate that students’
Perceived Financial research was to management quantitative overall buying habits were not
Behaviors Impact on College explore the relationship of savings, methods significantly affected by
Students’ Financial between perceived cash, and designed to perceived overall parent
Behaviors" (2020). Masters parental financial role- credits explore the financial behaviors. Students’
Theses. modeling and the relationship money management
4811. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/ impact it has on their between parent’s behaviors were not
theses/4811 student’s ability to financial significantly affected by
navigate their own behaviors as perceived good parent money
finances. perceived by their management. Though
This also provides a students and the parents play a vital role in the
detailed review of the student’s financial spending behavior of their
literature currently behaviors. Data children, the only perceived
surrounding the data was parent behavior that directly
on financial literacy in collected from impacted the student’s actual
families and students, randomly behavior was savings
as well as how parental selected management habits.
involvement impacts sophomore grade
students and their class and above
decision-making undergraduate
processes. students using
Qualtrics, an
online survey
program to
conduct research
through
questionnaires.
Singh, S., Gupta, S., This study aims Financial Research It is absolutely critical that
Jain, S., Kabra, S., & Gupta, to determine the spend Knowledge,a Design: university students educate
S. (2020)Student ing pattern of the llowance Descriptive themselves about finance
budgeting and spending students.Second, to research design during their adolescence
behavior. International Journa plan, advance and Locale of the phase, as it is their best
l of Creative Research equalize the measure study: Mumbai possible chance to be
Effects
Thoughts,8(7),https://ijcrt.org/ to gauge the saving and Delhi successful in adulthood.
papers/IJCRT2007222.pdf behavior of Respondents: However, having a good
students. Third, tosearc Students financial knowledge base is
h for the underlying Data Gathering not enough. Steady success
factors behind their Procedure: requires healthy and positive
expenditure and Lastly, Primary data was attitude along with supportive
toascertain how much collected from a parents who facilitate
they spend monthly sample size of responsible financial attitude
138 respondents
from Mumbai and
Delhi during the
during the period
of March, 2020.
Sampling Method
used was non-
Probabilitysampli
ng method as all
the elements of
the population
does not have
equal opportunity
of being selected.
Under Non-
probability
method,
convenience
sampling method
was used as the
respondents were
selected as per
the convenience
of the researcher.
́
Ulpiano J. V azquez-Mart The study's main to Amount of This study was a According to the findings of
Effects
́ınez ,Javier Morales-Mediano objective was to consumer mixed this study, There are two
,Antonio L. Leal-Rodriguez , identify the possible purchasing methodology that extremes classification of
The Impact of the COVID- behavioral changes of behaviour in combines behavioral change by the
19 Crisis on Consumer the consumers during COVID-19 qualitative and respondents. The majority of
Purchasing Moti-vation and the COVID-19 crisis, crisis quantitative individuals, previously
Behavior,European research particularly of those analyses. Despite described who showed a
on management and customers who bought their inherent significant change in their
business economics (2021) fresh vegetables with difficulties, mixed- purchasing behavior and
direct delivery. This method studies comprised those individuals
research queried the demonstrated who showed a moderate
impact of the COVID- gains in change of behavior,
19 crisis on consumers’ robustness and associated with a softer
motivation and relevance in perception of the crisis.
behavior. comparison to
single-method
studies
Valaskova K, Durana P, Adam This study intends Independent Research The results indicate that
ko P. Changes in Consumers’ to highlights the latest variable- Cov Design changes in consumer
Purchase Patterns as a studies on the impacts id-19 Quantitative behavior as a consequence
Consequence of the COVID- of the last recession Research Design of the COVID-19 pandemic
19 Pandemic. Mathematics. caused by the COVID- Dependent are mostly affected by age,
2021; 19 pandemic on variable- Locale of the income, and sector of
9(15):1788. https://doi.org/10. consumer behavior. Changes in study occupation; the gender of
3390/math915178 And it also identify shopping The study was respondents does not play a
significant changes in patterns of conducted significant role. Researchers
the shopping patterns consumer, at Slovak confirms that the COVID-19
of consumers. consumers Republic. pandemic has changed
buying normal consumer behavior,
behavior Respondents created new shopping habits,
A minimum and forced consumers to
sample of 384 devote more time to the
respondents was decision-making process,
calculated. A total consider the need for
Effects
number of 425 shopping and focus only on
Slovak purchases of essential
respondents parti consumer goods, and reduce
cipated in the the frequency of shopping.
research, There
were 348 (81.9%)
women out of the
total number of
respondents and
77 men (19.1%).
Most women and
men were aged
26–45,
almost 70% in
both categories
Data Gathering
Procedure
A categorical
analysis
(Pearson’s chi-
square test) and
correspondence
analysis (simple
and multivariate)
were applied to a
sample to reveal
the most
important factors
impacting
consumers’
financial
situations, as well
as the effects on
Effects
the maintenance
of new shopping
habits
established
during the
pandemic period.
A structured
questionnaire
distributed mostly
electronically in
January and
February 2021
via social
networks and
mail.
Effects
LETTER TO VICE PRESIDENT OF ACADEMICS
January 2, 2022
EMMANUEL JAMES P. PATTAGUAN, Ph.D.

Vice President for Academics
University of Saint Louis
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
Dear Sir:
Greetings of Peace!
We, the Grade 12 ABM students of this university, will be conducting a study
entitled “Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Changes in Students’
Spending” as a final requirement for our subjects, Practical Research 2 and
Research Project. This quantitative research aims to determine the
effects of Covid-19 on the spending habits of the students before and during the
pandemic?
In this regard, we would like to respectfully ask your permission to allow us to

conduct our study through the online distribution of questionnaires to Grade 12
students of the Senior High School of the University of Saint Louis-
Tuguegarao.
For inquiries and clarifications, we can be reached through Alexandra Chloe M.

Soria with a mobile number (+63)9611350553 or via email at
soriaalexandra1204@gmail.com. We are very willing to answer any queries that you
` may have regarding our research.
Attached here with are copies of our manuscript, research questionnaire, and
informed consent for your perusal.
We anticipate with gratitude your approval in this noble activity. May God bless you
and your family.
Respectfully yours,
Sia, Jolo Ernesto III S. Andal, Pamela Diane V. Dimara, Natasha B.
Oandasan, Razel R. Soria, Alexandra Chloe M. Wangiwang, Shanaia D.

Researchers
Noted by:

JADE P. BELTRAN
Research Adviser
JENNIFER C. BANGI, MARS

Research Area Head
CLAIRE T. GUMARANG, MAEd

Senior High School Principal

LETTER TO THE AUTHOR OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE
November 12, 2021
Kiano P. Avellana
FEU Roosevelt
Marikina City
Dear Ma’am/Sir:
,
Greetings of Peace!
We, the Grade 12, Accountancy and Business Management students of the University
of Saint Louis - Tuguegarao, Philippines will be conducting a study entitled “The
Effects of the Covid – 19 Pandemic on the Changes in Students’ Spending
Habits” as a requirement for Practical Research II. This survey quantitative research
aims to determine effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on changes in student spending
habits.
In this regard, we would like to respectfully ask for your permission to allow us to
adapt a part of the questionnaire, involving the spending habits questionnaire that you
have used in your study entitled “A Comparative Study about the Spending Habits of
Senior High School and College Students during the Pandemic”. The questionnaire
will be a huge help in determining the aims of our study. We emphatically accept that
your approval will contribute incredibly to the success of our research.
For inquiries and clarifications, we can be reached through a mobile number

(+63)9560 290 225 or via e-mail soriaalexandra1204@gmail.com. We are very willing
to answer any queries that you may have regarding our research.
We anticipate with gratitude your approval in this noble activity. May God bless us all.
Respectfully yours,

Researchers

LETTER TO THE CONTENT EXPERT
January 02, 2022
JONALYN P. SANTOS, MSN

Health Center of Health Research and Development
University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao
Dear Ma’am,
Greetings of Peace!
aims to determine effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on changes in student spending
habits.
In this regard, we would like to respectfully ask your expertise to validate our
questionnaire.

+63)9560 290 225 or via e-mail soriaalexandra1204@gmail.com We are very
willing to answer any queries that you may have regarding our research.
Attached herewith is a copy of our research questionnaire and research questions as

well as the clarity and validity assessment form. We anticipate your approval in this
noble activity. May God bless us all.
Respectfully yours,

Researchers
Noted by:
JADE P. BELTRAN

Research Adviser
LETTER TO THE LANGUAGE EXPERT
January 02, 2022
LOVELY JOY O. RUIZ

Language Department
Senior High School
Dear Ma’am,
Greetings of Peace!
aims to determine effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on changes instudent spending
habits.
In this regard, we would like to respectfully ask your expertise to validate our manuscript
and be our language editor throughout the conduct of our study.

(+63)9611350553 or via email at soriaalexandra1204@gmail.com. We are very

well as the clarity and validity assessment form. We anticipate with gratitude your
approval in this noble activity. May God bless us all.
Respectfully yours,

Researchers
Noted by:

JADE P. BELTRAN
Research Adviser
LETTER TO THE STATISTICIAN
January 02, 2022
NESTOR RESPONDO JR, LPT

Mathematics Department
Junior High School
Dear Sir,
Greetings of Peace!
aims to determine effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on changes instudent spending
habits.
In this regard, we would like to respectfully ask your expertise to validate our statistical
tool that will be used to interpret the results of the study and to be our Statistician
throughout the conduct of our study.

(+63)9611350553 or via email at soriaalexandra1204@gmail.com. We are very

well as the clarity and validity assessment form. We anticipate with gratitude your
approval in this noble activity. May God bless us all.
Respectfully yours,


Researchers
Noted by:
JADE P. BELTRAN
Research Adviser

CONSENT FORM FOR THE RESPONDENTS’ PARTICIPATION TO THE
RESEARCH
This consent is for the respondents of the research entitled “Effects of the Covid-19
Pandemic on the Changes in Students’ Spending”
Name of Researchers: Sia, Jolo Ernesto III S., Andal, Pamela Diane V., Dimara,
Natasha B., Oandasan, Razel R., Soria, Alexandra Chloe M., Wangiwang,
Shanaia D.
Name of Organization: Senior High School, University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao City
Purpose: The study aims to determine the effects of Covid-19 on the spending
habits of the students before and during the pandemic.
.
Significance of the Study:
. The results of the study will be useful for financial literacy education programs
and which can help the society manage their money better through the Covid
outbreak. It will be also an answer where the students allot their money or resources as
they face the new normal. Thus, this can also aid businesses and entrepreneurs in
selecting what products and services to produce or supply because the study
incorporates the student's spending patterns during the Covid-19
pandemic. Moreover, the data acquired from this study will serve as a basis for the
entrepreneur or business owner to develop their business and create a product or
market to attract more buyers. Finally, the future researchers will benefit on the
results of the study in a way that they will be more focused on the recommendations
and the findings of this study will guide future researchers and build a
foundation in a unique crisis that has never been studied before, and the exploratory nature
of, the survey gives multiple indicators for the future researcher.
INFORMATION SHEET
We, the Grade 12 Accountancy, Business, and Management of the

University of Saint Louis – Tuguegarao wishes to invite you to participate in this
research project that we are currently working on. This study aims to determine the
effects of Covid-19 on the spending habits of the students before and during the
pandemic.This data gathering will be conducted among Grade 12 Senior High School
students of University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao. Your participation is entirely voluntary.
The researchers will make use of a questionnaire as a method of gathering data.

If some questions are deemed difficult and confusing, feel free to approach any
of
the mentioned researchers for queries and clarification. Furthermore, our research
questionnaire would like to ask for your personal details. Rest assured that the
information you entrust us will be utilized for research purposes only. All information
that will be obtained during the data gathering process will be kept confidential.

Respectfully Yours,
Sia, Jolo Ernesto III S. Andal, Pamela Diane V.
Dimara, Natasha B. Oandasan, Razel R.
Soria, Alexandra Chloe M. Wangiwang, Shanaia D.

Researchers Researchers
Noted by:
JADE P. BELTRAN
Research Adviser

CERTIFICATE OF CONSENT
I have read the information given by the researchers and received the opportunity to
answer my clarifications. I was instructed, sufficed about my queries, and was informed
about my data privacy. Thus, I give my voluntary consent to participate and provide
assistance to the researchers.
___________________________________ Date: __________________
Signature over printed name of Participant
______________________________________________________________________
Signature over printed name of parent or guardian (participant is a minor aged 17 below)
Statement by the Researchers:
The potential participant was briefed and necessary information was provided. To my
utmost ability, I made sure that the participant was able to grasp the content of my
research study.
I confirm that the potential participant was given the free will to raise questions clarifying
the content of my research. Rest assured that all of the questions asked by the
participant has been answered honestly, appropriately, and correctly. Provided also is
their assurance that their given data will be utilized for research purposes only.
Therefore, I testify that the participant has not been forced nor coerced into giving
consent.
_________________________________________ Date: ____________
Signature over printed name of Researcher

EFFECTS OF THE COVID -19 PANDEMIC ON THE CHANGES IN STUDENTS’
SPENDING HABITS
The study aims to determine effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on changes in student
spending habits.
Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. Sex
b. Strand
c. Monthly Allowance
d. Parents Financial Status
2. What are the spending habits of the students during the Covid – 19 pandemic?
3. Is there a significant difference between the spending habits of students before

and during the pandemic according to profile?
QUESTIONNAIRE
PART I. Students’ Profile
Instruction: Kindly write the needed information in the space provided.
Name (optional): _______________________________________

Section: ________ Strand: ___________ Sex: ______
PART II. Spending Habits

Disagree Strongly
Disagree
Agree
Strongly Agree
Item
1 2 3 4
1. I spend my allowance every day.
2. I spend my allowance when I’m

craving for something.

3. I spend my savings to buy the
things that I want.
4. I spend my money whenever there

is a sale.
5. I buy everything I see interesting.
6. I buy a lot of stuff when there is

money.
7. I purchase school appliances even
when not needed.
8. I request money from my parents

to buy personal needs.
9. I always spend money whenever I

go to the mall.
10. I spend money on other people.
11. I borrow some money to buy

stuff.
12. I spend more money when I am
wih my friends to have a good time.
13. I automatically spend my extra

money to buy clothes.
14. I spend my money when I buy

presents
15. I spend money when I am with

my family.
MINUTES OF THE DEFENSE (Finals- First Semester)

Group CLM - St Agnes of Rome and St. Barbara of Heliopolis
Title: Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Changes in Students’ Spending

Group Members:

1. Sia, Jolo Ernesto III S.
2. Andal, Pamela Diane V.
3. Dimara, Natasha B.
4. Oandasan, Razel R.
5. Soria, Alexandra Chloe M.
6. Wangiwang, Shanaia D.
7.
Final Term Presentation
Time started: 11:30 AM

Time ended: 2:05 PM
Teleconferencing Platform: Google Meet
Members of the Panel of Examiners:

1. Mrs. Jenalyn M. Crayo
2. Mr. Jade P. Beltran
Introductory Paragraph
The defense started by a brief introduction with the powerpoint presentation screen
shared by Razel Oandasan. The Objectives, Research Questions, and Underpinning
Theory was presented by Alexandra Soria. The Hypothesis presented by Jolo Sia and
Literature Themes on the other hand was provided by Shanaia Wangiwang, Natasha
Dimara, and Pamela Andal. The Methods of the study, comprised of Research Design,
Locale, Instrument and Questionnaire was presented by Alexandra Soria.
a. Introduction
1. Self-made explanations should be presented during the defense.
2. Spaces between paragraphs should be removed.
3. APA Citations should be fixed.
4. Punctuation marks should be observed especially after citations.
5. Updated evidence would be better for the Research Gap.
b. Part of the Manuscript
1. Significance of the study should be rephrased by taking the result of the

study in mind.
2. Add a the spending habits of the students before and during the pandemic in
the literature themes
3. Paradigm will have minor revisions for the word choices.
4. Subject/Participants should be changed to respondents.
5. Add the other strand as a respondents.
RESOLUTION:
a. Introduction
1. Proper lay-outing is already followed.
b. Part of the Manuscript

1. The Research Question is noted and changed.
. 2. Significance of the Study should be rephrased
3. Paradigm minor revisions for the word choices are fixed.
4. Sampling size is already solved.
5. Data Analysis are fixed and cleared.
Signed by:
JADE P. BELTRAN JENALYN M. CRAYO

Panelist Panelist


Effects of The Covid 19 Pandemic On The Changes in Students Spending CLM ST - Agnes of Rome St. Barbar

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Effects of The Covid 19 Pandemic On The Changes in Students Spending CLM ST - Agnes of Rome St. Barbar

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EFFECTS OF THE COVID -19 PANDEMIC ON THE CHANGES IN STUDENTS’

A Research Proposal Presented

31 Effects of the Covid-19

Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Changes in Students’ Spending Habits | 2

Consumer purchase behavior tends to establish what exactly motivates people to

Effects of the Covid-193 Pandemic on the Changes in Students’ Spending | 3

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

3. Is there a significant difference between the spending habits of students

1 Effects of the Covid-19

Effects of COVID-19 on Students’ Saving

Spending Habits of Students

Spending habit is often contextual. Because it is a habit, it may be so natural and

Moreover, students' preferences affect their spending habits. A survey on the

Students Before and During the Pandemic

Behavior of Youth on Spending in General

Financial literacy has become a significant challenge in society especially among

Role of Parents’ Financial Status in Students' Buying Behaviors and Attitudes

Figure 1. The Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on the Changes of Students’ Spending

This quantitative study used a survey design.

Locale of the study

Respondents of the Study

Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Changes in Students’ Spending Habits | 13

Data Gathering Procedure

Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Changes in Students’ Spending Habits | 13

Ali, E. & Kerpecarova, T. (2019). Family Buying Behavior: Parents'

Antoni, Xolile & Rootman, C & Struwig, F. (2019). THE INFLUENCE OF

Bona, J. T. C. Factors affecting the spending behavior of college students. J. Fundam.

Byrne,S.,Hopkins, A.,Mclndoe-Calder, T., and Sherman, M.(2020). The imapact of

Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Changes in Students’ Spending Habits | 13

Leclerc, Kristi (2012) "Influential Factors Contributing to College Student Spending

Meena Madhavan, Dr.K.Chandrasekar2 (January-June 2015) “CONSUMER BUYING

Nadome, A., (2014). Spending habits among Malaysian University students.

Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Changes in Students’ Spending Habits | 13

Saxon, Naomi, "Parents’ Perceived Financial Behaviors Impact on College Students’

Valaskova K, Durana P, Adamko P. Changes in Consumers’ Purchase Patterns as a

Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Changes in Students’ Spending Habits | 13

Bibliography Objective Variables Methods Major Findings

Effects of the Covid-19

EMMANUEL JAMES P. PATTAGUAN, Ph.D.

In this regard, we would like to respectfully ask your permission to allow us to

For inquiries and clarifications, we can be reached through Alexandra Chloe M.

Sia, Jolo Ernesto III S. Andal, Pamela Diane V. Dimara, Natasha B.

Oandasan, Razel R. Soria, Alexandra Chloe M. Wangiwang, Shanaia D.

Effects of the Covid-19

JENNIFER C. BANGI, MARS

CLAIRE T. GUMARANG, MAEd

Effects of the Covid-19

November 12, 2021

For inquiries and clarifications, we can be reached through a mobile number

Sia, Jolo Ernesto III S. Andal, Pamela Diane V. Dimara, Natasha B.

Effects of the Covid-19

Effects of the Covid-19

January 02, 2022

JONALYN P. SANTOS, MSN

For inquiries and clarifications, we can be reached through a mobile number

Attached herewith is a copy of our research questionnaire and research questions as

Sia, Jolo Ernesto III S. Andal, Pamela Diane V. Dimara, Natasha B.

Oandasan, Razel R. Soria, Alexandra Chloe M. Wangiwang, Shanaia D.

Effects of the Covid-19

LETTER TO THE LANGUAGE EXPERT

January 02, 2022

LOVELY JOY O. RUIZ