LESSON 2

Claims in written text

 claims

• Claims necessitate the use of language and logic in presenting the

veracity of statents, propositions, and arguments.

• Claims in text are significant in supporting

propositions/arguments.

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T ypes of claims

• Claims of Fact
• Claims of Value
• Claims of Policy
• Claims of Cause and Effect

…
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Claims of fact
• Are inferences made based on data , ducuments, and scientific
observation result.
EXAMPLE:
“Although it has been largely forgotten, the flu epidemic of
1918-1919
was one of the most devastating epidemics of all the time.”

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Claims of value

• Are value judgment made based on moral, standards, and noms

• EXAMPLE:

• “it is immoral to participate in voluntary suicide”

• “ The hunting of animals is barbaric practice”

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 Claims of policy

• Are the specific and mesurable action that need to be done

in order to address issues or concerns presented in
argument or proposition .

• EXAMPLE”
Congress should reduce the drinking age to 18.

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 Cliams of cause and
effect

Argue that persons,thing and cricumstances could produce a

result.
EXAMPLE :
• “it’s a matter of common sence that people deserve to be
treated equally. The Costitution calls it ‘self –edident.’ Why,
then should I have been denied a seat because of disability?
• The moon has gravitational pull, consequently the oceans
have tides.
• Since school was canceled, we went to the mall .

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 Important terminologiesin the study of claims

FACT
OPINION
ARGUMENT
PRESUASION
DEBATEBLE CLAIMS
EVIDENS
CREDIBLE SOURCE
 Guidelines

• The thesis statements or the claims must debatable.

• The thesis statement or claims must be narrow.
• It must have a credible source.
• Resources must properly cited.

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LO GO S
Or logical appeal focused on the message
content
transmitted.
EXAMPLE:
 “ The date is perfectly clear: this investment
has consistently truned a profit year over,
even in spite of market declies in other
areas.”
 “Ladies and gentalement of the jury: we
have not only the fingerprints, the lack of
analib, a clear motive, and an expressed
desire to commit the robbery… We also
have video of the suspect breaking in. The
case could not be more open and shut.”
PAT H O S
Or emotional appeal is focused on the
audience’s reception of the message
transmitted.
EXAMPLE:
 “if we don’t move soon, we’re all going to die!
Can’t you see how dangerous it would be
tostay?”
 “I’m not just invested in this community –I
love every building , every business , every
hardworking member of this town.”
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 ETHOS

• Or ethical appeal is focused on the readers ‘s perception on

the credibility and reputation of the writer.
Example
• “As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely
generate the best results”.
• My three decades of experience in public service , my tireless commitment to
the people of this community, and my willingness to reach across the aisle and
cooperate with the opposition make the ideal candidate for you mayor.”
 Following and steps in preparation for your writing

• Be attentive
• Check the facts
• Be keen in language use
• Do cross referencing

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 Thank you
REPORTED BY: JAY ASHLY M. GUIANED