RIMBE R IO .

C O

SUMMARY
LESSON 1-5
TA B L E 4
 LORNA C A H AYA N E IL
A LVA R A D O D E WI TRAN
C ommunication Internet C ontent
D epartment D epartment D epartment
 LESSON 1: Analyzes
the Arguments used by
the Writer/s in
Manifestoes
“ Types of Information”
“ Types of Sources”
CONTENT
INDEX

• ABOUT US • SE RV IC E S • PR IC IN G PA C K A G E
• VA LU ES • Projects • Testimonials
• O U R T EA M • Project Timeline • C ontact
 ARGUMENT
 This is usually a main idea in academic
writing, often called a "claim" or "thesis
statement" backed up with evidence that
supports the idea.

 A writer's argument is a group of statements

or reasons used to persuade the readers that
what he/she believes is true. It may cause
the audience to act differently or change
their minds completely.

 Two types of Argument:

- Deductive and Inductive Arguments
 PARTS OF ARGUMENT

Claim/Conclusion Reasons/Premises
• What do you want the reader to
• Why should the reader accept your
believe?
claim?
• It is the importance of your claim. It
• It summarizes the main idea. It is not
includes evidences that comes on
your opinion. It is what you think is
various forms, including specific
true about a topic
examples quotes and ideas from other
scholars, statistics, data, testimonies,
narratives and facts
 TYPES OF INFORMATION
1. FA C TU A L
 is information that solely deals with facts. It
is short and non-explanatory. The best place
to find factual information is in reference
books such as encyclopedias and almanacs.
You can also find it in governmental
statistics such as the U.S. Census.
Example:
Mount Magazine is the highest point in
Arkansas
2. A N A LY T IC A L
 Interpretation of factual information. This is
the type of information that researchers
generate in their studies. Analytical
information is mostly found in books and
journals.
Example:
Based on crash statistics, Arkansas State Police
designated the road as dangerous.
 TYPES OF INFORMATION
3. SU B JE C TIV E
 Subjective information is information from
only one point of view. Opinions are
subjective. You can find subjective
information almost anywhere factual
information isn't. It is in books, journals,
websites and book reviews
Example:
I hate Arkansas’ hot, humid summers!
O B JE C TIV E
 Objective information is information that is
understood from multiple viewpoints and
presents all sides of an argument. Reference
books are a good place to find objective
information. Newspapers that have balanced
and fair reporting are also objective.
Opposing Viewpoints and Facts on File are
both great objective databases.
Example:
While many people don’t like Arkansas
summers, some look forward to the season so
they can travel.
 RESOURCES

B ooks and eB ooks

Journals

Scholarly Peer-R eview ed A rticles

N ew spapers

Popular Magazines

Video database

Websites

C onference proceedings
 T H R E E M A J O R WAY S T H AT A U T H O R S U S E TO P R E S E N T A N
ARGUMENT

1 REASONING
Giving logical explanation of an
arguments

2 EVIDENCE
Presenting statistics, facts, and studies.

3 APPEAL
Stimulate the reader ’s emotions
 LESSON 2
VIOLATIONS IN A
FORMAL DEBATE
“ L ogical Fallac y”
“ Types of L ogical Fallacy”
LOGICAL FALLACY
 A logical fallacy is an argument that may
sound convincing or true but is actually
flawed. Logical fallacies are leaps of logic
that lead us to an unsupported conclusion.
People may commit a logical fallacy
unintentionally, due to poor reasoning, or
intentionally, in order to manipulate others.
 TYPES OF LOGICAL
FALLACY
Appeal to Ignorance
False Dilemma
• Occurs when an arguer presents • O ccurs w hen something is instantly
his/her argument as one of only two
concluded to be true just because it is
options despite the presence of
not proven to be false, and vice versa
multiple possibilities
E xample:
T he w riter does not talk about the
Example:
connection betw een the victim’s killer and
“Either you fully devote yourself to
his sister, so there must be none.
company or you quit.”
 TYPES OF LOGICAL
FALLACY
Slippery Slope
• Occurs when a series of increasingly
superficial and unacceptable
consequences is drawn
Example:
“If we ban computer shops, then
students will not be able to do research.
And if they do not have tools for
research, these students will fail their
subjects”
Complex Question
• O ccurs w hen tw o or more points are
rolled into one and the reader is
expected to accept or reject both at the
same time, w hen one point may be
satisfactory w hile the other is not
E xample:
“ H ave you stopped cheating on exams?”
 TYPES OF LOGICAL
FALLACY
Appeal to Force Appeal to Pity
• Occurs when a threat, instead of • O ccurs w hen the element of pity is used
reasoning is used to argue instead of logical reasoning

Example: E xample:
“If you do not admit that evolution is “ Please do not fire me for being absent all
not real, we will isolate you from the month; I have a sick mother and a special
group.” child to support. ”
 TYPES OF LOGICAL
FALLACY
Appeal to Consequences Bandwagon
• O ccurs w hen an argument is considered
to be valid bec ause it is w hat the
• Occurs when unpleasant
majority thinks
consequences of believing something
are pointed out to show that the
E xample:
belief is false
“ Most Filipinas w ant to have fair skin
Example:
because they think they look beautiful.
“You can’t believe that colonialism is
T herefore, having fair skin must be the
bad, because if it were, then we would
real standard of beauty”
not be civilized.”
 TYPES OF LOGICAL
FALLACY
Attacking the Person
• Occurs when someone tries to refute
an argument by attacking the
character of a person instead of
attacking the ideas of the argument
Example:
“I cannot accept your argument
because, unlike me, you were not
educated at Harvard University.”
Appeal to Authority
• O ccurs w hen the argument quotes an
expert w ho’s not qualified in the
particular subject matter
E xample:
“ B ill G ates, the co-founder of Microsoft,
recommends the effective fabric softening
properties of D ow ny fabric softener. ”
 TYPES OF LOGICAL
FALLACY
Anonymous Authority Hasty Generalization

• The authority in question is not • O ccurs w hen a sample is not significant

mentioned or named enough to support a generalization
about a population
Example:
“Experts claim that eating peanuts E xample:
causes pimples.” “ Martha, the foreigner from France is
very impolite. French people are mean and
rude.”
 TYPES OF LOGICAL
FALLACY
False Analogy
• Occurs when a writer assumes that
two concepts that are similar in some
ways are also similar in other ways
Accident
• O ccurs w hen a general rule is applied
to a situation, even w hen it should be
an exception

Example: E xample:
“Drugs are like massages: they make “ Jayw alking is not allow ed, so you should
you feel good.” not have done that even w hen you w ere
being chased by terrorists. ”
 TYPES OF LOGICAL
FALLACY
Post Hoc Wrong Direction
• It is an informal fallacy that states:
“Since event A followed event B, • O ccurs w hen the direction betw een
event A must have been caused by cause and effect is reversed
event B.
E xample:
Example: “ L iver damage le ads to alcoholism. ”
“Dina saw cat when they went home.
Along the way, they crashed into a tree.
The black cat must be the reason why
they met an accident”
 TYPES OF LOGICAL
FALLACY
Complex Cause
• Occurs when the explanation for an
event is reduced to one thing when
there are other factors which also
contributed to the event
Example:
“We were not able to solve the problem
because of limited time, even if all the
other groups were able to do so”
Irrelevant Conclusion
• O ccurs w hen an argument w hich is
supposed to prove something concludes
something else instead
E xample:
“ We must support the fight for gender
equality betw een men and w omen. Women
have suffered enough violence at home.
Violence against w omen must be stopped.
 TYPES OF LOGICAL
FALLACY
Straw Man Affirming the
• Occurs when the position of the opposition is
twisted so that it is easier to refute
Consequent
• A ny argument of the form: If A is true
then B is true; If B is true therefore A
EXAMPLE:
is true
O p p o n e n t : We s h o u l d r e l a x t h e l a w g o v e r n i n g t h e
a l l o w e d s m o k i n g a r e a s i n t h e c i t y.
E X A MPL E :
F a l l a c y : We s h o u l d n o t d o s o , b e c a u s e t h e n u m b e r
• If you are drinking w ine, you have a
of smokers might increase. The writer does not talk
problem. T herefore, if you have a
a b o u t t h e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e v i c t i m ’s k i l l e r
problem, you are drinking w ine
a n d h i s s i s t e r, s o t h e r e m u s t b e n o n e .
 TYPES OF LOGICAL
FALLACY
Denying the Antecedent
Inconsistency
• - O ccurs w hen arguments contradict one
• A ny argument of the form: If A is true another
then B is true; If A is not true then B is
not true E X A MPL E :
E X A MPL E : • Frank is older than Jake, Jake is older
• If you are drinking w ine, you have a than N oli and N oli is older than Frank
problem. T herefore, if you are not
drinking w ine, you do not have a
problem
 LESSON 3
POSITION PAPER
“ Position Paper”

“ D o's and D ont's of w riting position paper”

“ Parts of Position Paper”

 POSITION PAPER

• A position paper is a written

document that presents an argument
or stance on a specific issue or topic,
presenting the author's position and
supporting it with evidence and
reasoning. It typically begins with an
introduction, then provides evidence
and reasoning, often citing relevant
sources, and concludes by
summarizing the argument and
emphasizing its importance.
Do’s and Don’ts When Writing a
Position Paper

• Avoid First person

• Be Clear and Explicit pronoun
• Write in the Present • Avoid Superlatives
tense
 FORMAT IN WRITING POSITION PAPER

1 Introduction:
• A brief overview of the issue
• A clear statement of the position the
paper is taking

2 Body
• State the opposing argument by briefly describing
them. You may also include details that support the
opposing claim.
• Write your argument and give your point of view.
• Provide evidence that support your claim.
• Now you state your second argument followed by
your third argument.
• Make sure to provide details that support the
argument given.
 FORMAT IN WRITING POSITION PAPER

3 Conclusion:
• Restate both sides of the argument,
summarize the three arguments.
• Lastly, provide a call for action
and/or a solution.
LESSON 4: Determines
the Objectives and
Structures of Various
Kinds of Reports

“ A bout R eports”
“ Various kinds of R eports”
REPORT
- A w riting concerning a particular person, place, situation, plan,
etc. It is addressed to one’s superior/colleagues, members of a
committee, etc. , and is w ritten in response to a request or
instruction.

- A report is slightly different to an essay in the sense that it is a

far more formal and professional w ay of conducting an analysis
of your topic, in this case your customer service results.
OBJECTIVES OF
REPORT
A re basic tools that underlie all planning
and strategic activities. T hey serve as the
basis for creating policy and evaluating
performances, it is measurable, actionable,
realistic, and time-bound condition that
must be attained to accomplish a particular
goal. O bjectives define the actions.
TYPES OF
REPORT
1 FO R MA L R EPO RT
- Is a complex account that uses formal and structured language
- It is usually applied in major projects and organizations.
E X A M P L E S O F F O R M A L R E P O RT
Attendance report, Financial Report
F O R M A L R E P O RT c a n b e :
Informational - presents information, results or updates.
Analytical - presents analyzes and draw conclusions.
Recommendatory - present recommendations based on results and conclusions.

2 IN FO R MA L R E PO RT
- are documents shared within an organization. They are usually shorter in
length and have fewer sections.
- Communicates information using free-flowing, casual and short formats about
routines or everyday business.
E X A M P L E S O F I N F O R M A L R E P O RT
P r o g r e s s r e p o r t , l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w, p e r s o n a l e v a l u a t i o n , r e p o r t o n s a l e s .
 OTHER TYPES OF
REPORT
1 . A S S E S S M E N T R E P O RT:
 - Aim at evaluating the positive and/or negative features of a person,
place, plan, etc. They also include your opinion and/ or
recommendation.

2 . I N F O R M AT I V E R E P O RT S :
 - Present information about a meeting, progress made on a project,
etc.

3 . S U RV E Y R E P O RT:
 - Present and analyze the results /findings of research (information
g a t h e r e d f r o m d o o r- t o - d o o r s u r v e y s / q u e s t i o n n a i r e s ) c o n c e r n i n g
reactions to a product, plan, etc., including general assessment,
conclusions and suggestions or recommendations.
VARIOUS KINDS
OF REPORT
1. SU RV EY R E PO RT
DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION
- It is written after getting data from survey
OBJECTIVES
- To c o l l e c t p e o p l e ’s r e s p o n s e o r a n s w e r s a b o u t a p a r t i c u l a r t o p i c .

2. LA BO R ATO RY O R SC IE N T IFIC
DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION
- I t i s c o m m o n l y c a l l e d l a b r e p o r t . I t i s w r i t t e n i n a f o r m a l a n d o r g a n i z e d m a n n e r.
OBJECTIVES
- To p r e s e n t r e s u l t s o r f i n d i n g s f r o m e x p e r i m e n t s .

3. FIE L D R EPO RT
DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION
- It is sometimes called trip report.
OBJECTIVES
To d e s c r i b e a n d a n a l y z e a s y s t e m a t i c o b s e r v a t i o n .
4. R ESEA R C H R E PO RT
DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION
- A d e t a i l e d d o c u m e n t t h a t p r e s e n t s t h e f i n d i n g s o f s y s t e m a t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n o r s t u d y.
OBJECTIVES
- To c o m m u n i c a t e r e s e a r c h m e t h o d s , r e s u l t s , a n d c o n c l u s i o n s f o r a c a d e m i c , p r o f e s s i o n a l , o r d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g
purposes.
5. B U SIN E SS R E PO RT
DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION
- A document that provides information and analysis to assist in business decision-making.
OBJECTIVES
- To i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t a b o u t b u s i n e s s p e r f o r m a n c e , m a r k e t t r e n d s , a n d p o t e n t i a l s t r a t e g i e s f o r i m p r o v e m e n t .

6. A N N U A L R EPO RT
DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION
- A comprehensive report produced by companies to summarize their financial performance and
a c t i v i t i e s d u r i n g t h e p r e c e d i n g y e a r.
OBJECTIVES
- To i n f o r m s h a r e h o l d e r s , i n v e s t o r s , a n d t h e p u b l i c a b o u t t h e c o m p a n y ' s f i n a n c i a l h e a l t h a n d
future plans.
 7 . P R O J E C T R E P O RT 9 . C A S E S T U D Y R E P O RT
DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION
- A case study report examines a real-world situation,
• A document that outlines the goals, progress, and applying relevant theory to analyze and understand its
outcomes of a specific project. complexities.

OBJECTIVES
• To p r o v i d e s t a k e h o l d e r s w i t h i n s i g h t s i n t o p r o j e c t
development, resource utilization, and outcomes.
OBJECTIVES
- To t h o r o u g h l y e x a m i n e a s p e c i f i c c a s e , p r e s e n t i n g
detailed information and analysis to help readers
understand the context, challenges, solutions, and
outcomes.

8 . P R O G R E S S R E P O RT 1 0 . D E S I G N R E P O RT
DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION
DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION
- A document that updates stakeholders on the status
- A design report describes and evaluates a designed
a n d p r o g r e s s o f a n o n g o i n g p r o j e c t o r a c t i v i t y.
solution to address a particular problem, outlining
OBJECTIVES
the process and rationale behind the design.
- To t r a c k a c h i e v e m e n t s , i d e n t i f y c h a l l e n g e s , a n d
OBJECTIVES
communicate the current state of affairs. - Document the design process, including

requirements and constraints.

 LESSON 5
DESIGNS, TEST, &
REVISES SURVEY
QUESTIONNAIRES
“ Survey Q uestionnaire”
“ Methods of administering a
survey”
“ Types of questions”
 SURVEY
QUESTIONNAIRE
• It is an important tool used in
order to collect the necessary
information that will benefit the
p e o p l e a n d t h e c o m m u n i t y.

• It is intended to gather data, views,

opinions and others from
individuals or a particular group of
people.
METHODS IF ADMINISTERING
A SURVEY

P E R SON A L A P P R OA C H
a. a. Face to face Structured
Interview
b. b. Telephone Survey

SE L F -A D MIN IST E R E D
a. Paper-and-pencil Survey
b. O nline Survey
c. Mail Survey
METHODS IN ADMINISTERING A
SURVEY

PE R SO N A L A PPR O A C H

T his process of conducting the survey

involves the researcher. It is used to
probe the answ ers of the respondents
and at the same time, to observe the
behavior of the respondents, either
individually or as a group.
 METHODS IN ADMINISTERING A
SURVEY

FA C E -TO -FA C E ST R U C T U R E D IN T E RV IEW T EL E PH O N E SU RV EY

T he interview is set personally, and the

T he survey is done using telephone or
people involved face each other in order
cellular phones. The calls are made to ask
to gather the necessary information.
individuals about certain questions. T his
Q uestions on the survey are asked
method can be used for asking
directly to the respondent by the
consequential questions.
researcher.
METHODS IN ADMINISTERING A
SURVEY

SE L F-A D MIN IST E R ED A PPR O A C H

In this type of approach, the survey is

administered w ithout the actual
presence of the researcher and the
respondents are expected to accomplish
the survey independently.
 METHODS IN ADMINISTERING A
SURVEY
PA PER -A N D -PE N C IL SU RV E Y
T his is a traditional
method of
administering a survey
w hich entails that
respondent be or are
accompa nied by
someone w ho is
computer literate.
O N L IN E SU RV E Y
T his is a useful technique
especially for studies w hich
include many respondents
from different locations. This
is used to gather information
from respondents w ho live in
different areas. T his enables
all participants to answ er
through different online
platforms.
MA IL SU RV EY
T his popular tool
requires an easy-
administering of the
survey w here survey
questionnaires are mailed
to individuals w ho are
given enough time to
read and ponder on the
information asked.
 METHODS IN ADMINISTERING A
SURVEY

PE R SO N A L A PPR O A C H FU LL SE RV IC E IN D IV ID U A L SE RV IC E

N etw ork Solution

Full access to tw o of
Wireless Terrestrial B roadband Pick one of our services
our main services
Provider R outine checks for six
R outine checks for
Telecom Value A dded Service months
six months
R outine checks for one year Service adjustment in the
Service adjustment in
Service adjustment in the sixth sixth month
the sixth month
month

7000 / Y E A R 6000 / Y E A R 5000 / Y E A R

1 B R IE F A N D R E SE A R C H
Providing briefing to the client and doing
research on the client’s precise internet needs

2 C U STO MIZAT IO N
Making adjustments on the service based on
the client’s needs and setting its intended
netw ork range

3 E X E C U T IO N
Installing the internet netw ork’s facility in the
intended location as desired by the client
 TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONS

O PEN -E N D E D Q U E ST IO N S D IC H O TO MO U S Q U EST IO N S
These types of questions do not have Dichotomous questions have two possible
predetermined options or answers. The answers, often either yes/no, true/false, or
respondents are allowed to answer the agree/ disagree. These questions are used when
questions freely. Responses must be recorded the researcher wants to clearly distinguish the
verbatim-especially because coding and respondent’s opinion, preference, experience or
analysis will rely on the subject’s exact behavior.
responses. Open-ended questions of ten need
probing or follow-up questions to clarify
certain items in the subject’s response. These
question typically ask the “how” and “why” of
something
 TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONS
MU LT IPL E-R ESPO N SE Q U E ST IO N S
Certain questions necessitate the respondents to
provide more than one answer.
For example, a typical advertising survey
would ask the question, “How did you find out
about the particular service or item”? A
respondent may have encountered more than
one of the probable ways.
MATR IX Q U E ST IO N S
There are instances where a number of
questions you intend to ask have the same set
of possible answers. Thus, it is possible to
construct a matrix of items and answers for the
sake of streamlining the survey.
Example: Qualities of a Good Leader Beside
each of the qualities of a good leader, kindly
indicate how well the person in inquiry
manifests the said quality with 1 being the
lowest and 5 as the highest.
 TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONS
L IK E RT SC A L E
Another common scale is the Likert Scale
which tries to assess the subject’s
agreement/disagreement or
approval/disapproval on a five point scale-with
one end being the most positive answer, and
the other end being the most negative answer.
The categories correspond to the numerical
values 5,4,3,2,1, and are encoded as their
numerical equivalent (Singh 2007,75). The
total score per item is determined. From here,
you formulate your inference
C O N T IN G E N C Y Q U E ST IO N S
Contingency questions are intended for certain
respondents only, depending on the provided
answers. A familiar example would be a
follow-up question provided after a respondent
agrees to a certain item. Respondents are asked
whether they used any illegal drugs or
substances. Only those who answered yes are
required to answer the succeeding items.
THANK
YOU!