(570. Chapter 14 | { leur aon qelice a Jie a a 02 1M a vou! | NW. |v" NW. o2 | | (0) 0) Fyne For the network shown in Fi 14.8(a), only one voltag' . and only one network AREGR defined, It constitutes of one pat of Ee called a port. Generally, a driving source 's connected to the pair 0) fond s. For the two terminal pair network shown in Fig. 14.8(b), 8 et a v4) voltages must exist. Normally in Fig. 14 (b),_1-1’ and 2— e called ports. Hence, it is called two-port network, Jf the driving source 1 connected ‘across, 1-1’, the load is connected across 2-2’, Otherwise, if the source 1s connected across 2-2’, the output is taken across 1-1” 14.6 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF TWO-PORT NETWORK e and one current exist Fora one-port network, the driving point impedance or impedance of the network vi is defined as Waminece VOI The reciprocal of the impedance function is the driving point admittance function, and is denoted by ¥(s). For the two-pot without internal sources, the drivin; int impedance function at port 1-1’ is the ratio of the tran: form voltage at port 1-1’ to the transform current at the same port— ses Fg K(s) Zi@aee He aaah) Similarly, the drivi i voltage at port 2-2’ to the transform current at the same port. W 2,0)- 28 1(s) For the two-port network, the driving point admittance is the ratio \sform voltage at the same port. _of the transform current at-any-pertio the transform voltage at the same port. Therefore W Y= 20 { 4 UD) ga Ps W Yn = th ty hie is the driving point admittance. ‘The four other network functions are called — | 9 sfer funct i give the relation between voltage or current at ae “at the other port as shown hereunder.(z2— os Chapter 14 4 where 2), 23, .. 2, are the n roots for P(s) = 0 and pj, py, ..., P, are the m roots for O(s) = 0 and do/by = His a constant called the scale factor. , and are denoted by_0. Fj, Zp. 2, in the transfer function are called pene ee Similarly, .y Pm are called poles, and are denoted OT ee “function N(s) becomes zero whens is am He aaa a Sah Tnfinit n_s is equal to any one_of the-poles. wo Sree its poles and zeros. If the poles or zeros are not repeated, i p simple zeros. If thepole: heath finetion i si to be having simple oles ot si oe zeros are repeated, then the function is said to be having mi p a F = ©, m>n, zeros. When n> m, then (n — m) zeros are at s = 0, and for (m=n) poles are ats = 00. Consider, the network function (s +1)? (s +5) (s +2) (s+3 + j2)(s+3 = j2) N(s)= | | that has double zeros at s = — 1 and a jo zero at s = — 5; and three finite poles -3+2 Ld ats=—2,s=—3+)2, ands=—3-j2 x as shown in Fig. 14.9. . ~The network function is said -6. +4, -3 : | stable when ote he =e i and zeros are pegative Otherwise, =3r/2.. , | the poles an this » left half of the a ai S nyse NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR DRIVING POINT FUNCTION ‘he restrictions on pole and zero locations in the driving point function with mon factors in P(s) and Q(s) cancelled are listed below. (The coefficients in the polynomials P(s) and Q(s) of network function N(s) = P(s)/Q(s) must be real and Positive. , Complex or imagirfary poles and zeros must occur in conjugate pairs. VX (@) The real parts of all poles and zeros must be zero, or negative, (b) Ifthe real part is zero, then the pole and zero must be simple. 4. The polynomials P(s) and O(s) may not have any missing terms between the highest and the lowest degrees, unless all even or all odd terms are missing. (or The Wane of P(s) and Q(s) may differ by zero, or one only.— we The lowest degree inP(s) andQ(s) may differ in degree by at the most one. .Network Functions 4 io +/224 x { 5 2.24 Py ae 42.24 4 ~j224 Fig. 14.14 The root locus is obtained from th 2 ee oe Se oe poles are located on the imaginary axis at + j2.24 for k=6. At ie fae i a Princident for k= 1.53 while at + 2.24, poles are coincident for k= 50 wi > 10.47, the poles again lie on the real axis but remain on the right half of the s-plane, one pole moving towards the origin and the other moving towards infinity, From this we can conclude, as long as kis less than 6, the poles lie on the left half of the s-plane and the system is said to be stable. For k= 6, the poles lie on the imaginary axis and the system is oscillatory in nature. For values of segreater than 6, the poles lie on the right half ofthe s-plane. Then the system ss said to be unstable. 14.13 ROUTH CRITERIA ‘The locations of the poles gives us an idea about stability ofthe active network. Consider the denominator polynomial O(s) = bys™ + Bs" + + bm aay To get a stable system, all the roots must have negative real parts. There should not be any positive or ero real parts. This condition is not sufficient. Let us consider the polynomial Stas? + 158+ 100 = (s +5) (9? = 8 +20) ae though the coefficients are positive real, two roots have positive real parts. From this we conclude that the epee ra) being positive and real is not a sufficient condition ea : Therefore, we have to seek the condition for stability Whi is necessary sufficient. Consider the polynomial Q(s) bo (s-8) (s-5) Inthe above polynomial, = 0, After factorisation, We get 6-30" 0 (14.2)“Problem 1 Network Functions In order to find out the element in Ath row and jth column, it is required to know the four elements. These elements in the row (k 1) and row (2) just above the elements are in column 1 of the array and (J+ 1) column of the array. The product of the elements joined by a line with positive slope has positive sign while the product of elements joined with a line with negative slope has a negative sign. The difference of these products is divided by the element of column | and row (k— 1). The above process is repeated till m + 1 rows are found in the Routh array. ing to the Routh-Hurwitz theorem, the number of changes in the sign of _the first column to the right ofthe vertical lin in an array moving from fop to_ bottom is equal to the number of roots of Os) = 0 with positive real parts. To get a stable system, the roots must hi have negative real parts. According to =H iteri there are n insi Both the necessary and sufficient condition for stability. ved Problems . in Fi ine the curent i(?) it shown in Fig. 14.15, determine | Mu nye ae that the initial current in the inductor ible, if and only if, requirementis,~ when the switch is closed at = 0. is zero.1x1 1807 hy=4x ie) Similarly, ky =H MosMas g+iita+ 03-019) where Myy=2, 43 = 180° = 4X3X1 jaso+ 180-180) 2 6 Substituting the values, we get (1) = (- 2e°'— 6eyv Problem 14.10 For the given network function, draw the pole zero di and hence obtain the time domain response i(1), Ss fos (S41) (3? 44548) Solution In the network function P(s)=5s © Q6)=(8+ 1) (8? +4548) =9 By taking the partial fraction expansion of 1(s), we get ki fy Ms)=—1 5 + fs : Stl (s+2472) (s+2—j2) - is time domain response can be obtained by taking the inverse trans Mou = V5 du, =~ 63.440 . My2i = V3; bo. = 63.440 iThere is no change in sign inthe first column of the array ee there roots with positive real parts. Therefore, the network is sta _— Chapter 14. Problem 14. EP Fectieuien ssomin rca a verify the stabili®y of the network using the Routh ert 3 Qsy=s +s? +3848 i Solution Routh array for this polynomial is given below: ee) ISS 8 st 5 | ae There are two changes in sign of the first column, one from 1 to ~ 5 and th other from — 5 to +8. Therefore, the two roots have positive real parts. Hence th network yee stable. % mous 14.13 Forthe given denominator polynomial of a network determine the value of & for which the network to stable Asya +2? +4stk Solution Routh array for the given polynomial is given below. : Denil When <8, all the terms in the first column are positive, Therefore, there i no sign change in the first column. Hence, the network is stable. When k> 8, 8 — k/2 is negative. Therefore, there are two sign changes in the first col There are two roots which have positive real parts. Hence, the netw unstable. When & =8, the Routh array becomes Dod eae 8 leaaeg 8 a 8 ‘The element in the first column and third row is zero, But we can smal! number. In this case there are no chang. yes in the Hence, the network is stable. 0 Hi a Problem Va Apply Routh criterion to the given polynomi the number of roots (i) with positive real 1 ie te negative real parts, Parts (ii) with zero real parts (iii) Ols)=s' + 45+ 8 + 125 445