TEJERO CONVENTION

Tejero convention is supposedly a discussion of strategies of the leaders (between magdalo and
magdiwang) to fight back the colonizers which is the Spain. However, it turned out to be an election for
both parties which Andres Bonifacio failed to win.

The convention was initially organized for the purpose of discussing the defense strategy for Cavite;
however, it turned into an election of the leaders of the revolutionary government.
It is said that the reason behind Bonifacio’s triumph was caused by an underhanded scheme by the
members from Imus. A rumor stating that it would not be suitable for the Cavitenos to be led by someone
who was not from Cavite was spread among the members of the assembly. Since Bonifacio was not from
Cavite, the voters favored Aguinaldo instead. Though Magdalo and Magdiwang has singular goal which
is to free the Motherland, Aguinaldo observed differences between these organizations. “The Magdiwang
Council Under Supremo Andres Bonifacio can be characterized as monarchic” Aguinaldo stated. “While
Magdalo Council had a republican character, even though it was a revolutionary organization under
General Baldomero Aguinaldo”

Magdiwang named because they had a penchant with beautiful and elegant names, while Magdalo
derived from the patroness of the town of Cavite el Viejo.

During the Election in the Convention Andres Bonifacio defeated 3 times for the position of the
Revolutionary President, Vice Presidency, and Secretary of War. Once again, he was nominated as
Secretary of Interior and finally won but General Daniel Tirona contradict that Supremo Andres
Bonifacio is not for the position because he is not a lawyer but instead it should be Jose del Rosario from
Tanza and nobody seconded his objection. The Supremo argued that upon proceeding this election it was
agreed that whatever the results may be or whoever gets elected shall be recognize and respect. With his
anger he aimed his revolver at General Daniel Tirona but was stopped by Mr. Jacinto Lumbreras and
General Artemio Ricarte. While the Supremo stood up and declared the election as null and invalidate it
and went home to Malabon.

The stated events were from memoir of Aguinaldo and its subjected views. To note, Aguinaldo started
writing this memoir in 1928 more than 3 decades since the events took place. He wrote until the 1940’s,
and the volumes were not published until the year of his death in 1964. This became a significant
document in the history of the revolution as it tells the movement during that time.

KKK- “KATAASTAASANG, KAGALANGGALANGANG KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG

BAYAN” (SUPREME AND HONORABLE SOCIETY OF THE CHILDREN OF THE NATION).

The Philippine Revolution is one of the most important nodal points in Philippine History. It signaled the
end of the long Spanish era and served as the climax of the occasional revolts that occurred in the
centuries of Spanish colonization. The revolution started in August 1896, upon the discovery of the
Katipunan. This erstwhile secret organization led the revolution through Andres Bonifacio in its early
stages. Later, internal conflict in the movement escalated to the tragic execution of Bonifacio in May
1897 and the leadership takeover by Emilio Aguinaldo.
The Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK), or Katipunan, is
arguably the most crucial organization formed in Philippine history. While anti-colonial movements,
efforts, and organizations have already been formed centuries before the foundation of the Katipunan, it
was only this organization that envisioned a united Filipino nation that would revolt against the Spaniards
for the total independence of the country from Spain. None before the Katipunan envisioned a unified
Filipino nation revolting against the colonizers. On the one hand, the imagination of the nation was
mostly absent in the aspirations of the local revolts before Katipunan. On the other hand, the propaganda
movement led by the ilustrados such as Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano López Jaena, and Jose Rizal did
not envision a total separation of the Philippines from Spain. They only demanded equal rights,
representation, and protection from the abuses of the friars.
In the conduct of their struggle, the Katipunan created a complex structure and a defined value system
that would guide the organization as a collective, which aspired for a single goal. One of the essential
Katipunan documents was the Kartilya ng Katipunan. The original title of the text was Manga Aral Nang
Katipunan ng mga Anak Nang Bayan or “Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of Country.” Emilio
Jacinto wrote the document in 1896. Jacinto was only 18 years old when he joined the movement. He was
a law student at the University of Santo Tomas. Despite his youth, Jacinto exhibited valuable intellect that
upon seeing that his Kartilya was much better than Bonifacio’s Decalogue, Bonifacio willingly favored
the Kartilya to be distributed to their fellow Katipuneros. Jacinto became the secretary of the organization
and took charge of the short-lived printing press of the Katipunan. On April 15, 1897, Bonifacio
appointed Jacinto as a commander of the Katipunan in Northern Luzon. Jacinto was 22 years old. He died
of Malaria at a young age of 24 in Magdalena, Laguna.

The Kartilya can be treated as the Katipunan's code of conduct. It contained 14 rules that instruct the way
a Katipunero should behave and the values that he should uphold. Generally, the rules that are listed in
the Kartilya can be classified into two. The first group are rules that will make the member an upright
individual. The second includes rules that will guide the way they treat their fellow.

POSTWAR PERIOD AND NEOCOLONIALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES (CORAZON

AQUINO’S SPEECH BEFORE THE US CONGRESS)

I. Background of Author
Born on January 25, 1933 as Maria Corazon Sumulong Conjuanco, Corazon Aquino made history as the
first female president of the Philippines, holding office from February 21, 1986, to June 30, 1992. Often
referred to as the "Mother of Democracy," she gained notoriety following the People Power Revolution of
EDSA in 1986, which brought an end to Ferdinand Marcos' autocratic dictatorship. Speaking French,
English, Tagalog, and Kapampangan with ease, Aquino attended Far Eastern University to study law and
there she met Ninoy Aquino, her future husband. Her reputation as a pivotal player in Philippine history
was cemented in 1986 when TIME Magazine named her Person of the Year for her leadership and
dedication to democratic values. On August 1, 2009, Corazon Aquino departed from this life, leaving a
legacy of fortitude and devotion to democratic ideals.
II. Historical Background of Document
After declaring martial law in 1972 to solidify his hold on power and prevent opposition, Ferdinand
Marcos tightly controlled the Philippines for more than 20 years, which resulted in massive violations of
human rights and poor economic management. When Corazon Aquino's husband, Benigno "Ninoy"
Aquino Jr., was assassinated in 1983, things took a drastic turn. Amidst the repressive Marcos
government, this sad tragedy fueled a burgeoning opposition movement and increased calls for
democratic reforms.

A historic rebellion occurred in Manila in February 1986 as millions of Filipinos took part in large-scale
demonstrations known as the EDSA People Power Revolution. The nonviolent protests, which attracted
attention and support from all throughout the world, called for the overthrow of Marcos and the return of
democracy. After Marcos was exiled to Hawaii, Corazon Aquino became a well-known opposition figure.
On February 25, 1986, she was sworn in as the country's first female president, ushering in a significant
change in the Philippines' political landscape toward democracy.

III. Important Historical Information found in the Document (Analysis)

Seven months after the EDSA People Power Revolution, Corazon Aquino's speech, which symbolizes the
country's move from Ferdinand Marcos' dictatorship to a commitment to democratic administration, was
given. It is a significant point in Philippine history. The world saw the Philippines' transition to
democracy as a significant event, and the first female president recognized the critical assistance from
other countries, especially the United States, and the importance of international solidarity to the
movement's success.

In her speech, Aquino also discussed the enormous obstacles her administration had to overcome in order
to reconstruct the country after authoritarian control, such as socioeconomic disparities and unstable
markets. Her open admission of these problems demonstrated her dedication to resolving the urgent issues
facing the Philippines. Personal tales of her family's struggles, especially her husband Ninoy Aquino's
imprisonment and murder, struck a chord with listeners both home and abroad, emerging as a moving
representation of the Filipino people's fight for justice and freedom.

In order to demonstrate her administration's commitment to preserving these ideals and promoting a fair
and equitable society, Aquino continuously emphasized democratic values, human rights, and the rule of
law throughout her speech. The speech acts as a historical landmark, summarizing the hopes and
problems of a country gradually transitioning to democracy.

IV. Contribution and Relevance of the Document (In understanding the grand narrative of
Philippines History)
Corazon Aquino sought international recognition for her government and emphasized support for
democratic movements worldwide in her 1986 speech to the US Congress, which was a pivotal milestone
in Philippine history. Aquino established the Philippines as a global symbol of democracy and reaffirmed
its commitment to democratic administration by elaborating on democratic values, human rights, and the
rule of law. This conformity to international norms supported diplomatically at a period of political
turmoil and served as a catalyst for the political development of the nation.

In addition, the speech touched on the historical relationship between the US and the Philippines,
recognizing the US as a reliable partner. Through its plea for sustained support following the revolution,
the speech negotiated the complex diplomatic terrain of a changing political environment, impacting
bilateral ties and reshaping the Philippines' place in the world. As a historical record, Aquino's speech
offers insightful information about the vocabulary, goals, and diplomatic techniques used by her
government. It also gives us a more complex picture of the Philippines' battle for freedom and justice in
the larger context of democratic movements worldwide.

V. Relevance of the Document

A crucial document of the People Power Revolution, Corazon Aquino's 1986 address to the US Congress
sought for acknowledgment on a global scale for the legitimacy of her government. The speech, which
focused on gaining support for democratic movements around the world, shaped diplomatic ties and
helped the Philippines through this pivotal time. During the address, the Philippines was positioned as a
global emblem of democracy and a substantial break from authoritarianism was marked by a dedication to
democratic values and human rights. Taking into account that the US had been an ally for a long time,
Aquino carefully managed historical relationships with the US to maintain support, shape bilateral
relations, and establish the US's place in the world.

Essentially, Aquino's speech is an important historical record that captures the Philippines' shift from
dictatorship to democracy. It sheds light on the diplomatic manoeuvres of the Aquino administration and
illustrates the complex relationship between global and national goals at a critical point in Philippine
history.

DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

June 12 1898 in Cavite

As Emilio decided to enter a truce with the Spaniards through the Pact of Biak-na-Bato in December.
They went in exile to Hong-Kong and the pact was terminated due to bad faith from both sides. They
returned to the Philippines in April and resumed the revolution against the Spanish until the Proclamation
begun.

The Declaration was a document with 2,000 words written by Ambrosio Rianzares summarized thr
reasons behind the revolution against Spain, the war for independence, and the future of the new Republic
under Emilio Aguinaldo
It also narrates the execution of 3 priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora or also
known as Gomburza.
The Proclamation of Independence also invoked that the established Republic would be under a
Dictatorship led by Emilio Auginaldo in the first and the last part of the Proclamation. Another detail is
the explanation of Philippine flag. In the document, Katipunan was only mentioned once and doesn’t
mention the foundation of the Katipunan. Along with these are the absence of Bonifacio and its co-
founders, the enmity between Aguinaldo’s Magdalo and Bonifacio’s Magdiwang, and the war led by
Aguinaldo’s men with the forces of the United States was discussed.

FILIPINO GRIEVANCES AGAINST GOVERNOR-GENERAL WOOD

 PHILIPPINE FLAG

Philippine flag symbols

Red- bravery, patriotism, courage
Blue- peace, justice, truth
White triangle – the emblem of katipunan

Stars – Luzon, Mindanao and Panay islands

Sun- represents gigantic strides that have been made by the sons of this land on the road of progress and
civilization.
Rays- symbolizing 8 provinces which were declared un the state of war almost as soon as the first
insurrectionary movement was initiated- Manila, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Cavite,
Laguna and Batangas.

Tinahi ang watawat sa – Hong Kong

Nagtahi ng watawat: sila ay sina Doña Marcela Mariño De Agoncillo kasama ang kanyang babaeng anak
na si Lorenza at ang kaibigan niyang si Delfina Herbosa De Natividad pamangkin ni dr. Jose Rizal.