BUILDING SERVICES [DCC 50252]

CASE STUDY

LECTERUR

PUAN HASLIANA BINTI KUSNI @ SULIKAN

GROUP MEMBER

MUHAMMAD MUAZ BIN SALAHUDDIN [15DKA19F1152]

MUHAMMAD SHAH RIZAL BIN ROSLAN [15DKA19F1150]

MUHAMMAD HADIF NUQMAN BIN SAHRULISAM [15DKA19F2032]

MUHAMMAD NOOR SYAMIL BIN KAMARUZAMAN [15DKA19F1111]

TABLE OF CONTENT
NO TITLE PAGE
1 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY/FUNCTION FOR THE 2
BUILDING
2 INTRODUCTION AND AN OVERVIEW ABOUT 3-9
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN THE BUILDING
3 TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 10
4 SAFETY PROCEDURES AND RULES RELATED TO 11-14
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
5 INTRODUCTION AND AN OVERVIEW ABOUT AIR 15-25
CONDITIONING SYSTEM IN THE BUILDING
6 TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (PROCESS) 26-34
7 SAFETY PROCEDURES AND RULES RELATED TO AIR 35-36
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
8 IMPORTANCE OF MAINTENANCE SERVICES AND AIR 36-37
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
9 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY/FUNCTION FOR THE 38
BUILDING
10 INTRODUCTION AND AN OVERVIEW ABOUT AIR 39
CONDITIONING SYSTEM IN THE BUILDING
11 TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (PROCESS) 40-41
12 SAFETY PROCEDURES AND RULES RELATED TO AIR 41
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
13 IMPORTANCE OF MAINTENANCE SERVICES AND AIR 42
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
14 INTRODUCTION AND AN OVERVIEW ABOUT 43
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN THE BUILDING
15 TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 43-45
16 SAFETY PROCEDURES AND RULES RELATED TO 46-52
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
17 IMPORTANCE OF MAINTENANCE SERVICES AND 53
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
18 DISCUSSION 54
19 CONCLUSION 55

pg. 1
INTRODUCTION
The building that we had chosen for our case study is Econsave, which is located at
Jalan Perdana, Slim River, Perak. Econsave started its journey in the retail industry
more than 57 years ago as a wooden sundry shop in Port Klang. As a result of
continuous hard work and perseverance and with the most extensive network
branches in Selangor, more than any other supermarket and hypermarket in the
country today.

The Econsave Slim River building was built in the last 3 years. It is the largest
supermarket in Slim River. It is the place where people buy any kind of things such
as, kitchen items, tool kits, snacks and others. Econsave Slim River is a complete
building at every aspect. From there, we had identified many systems and services
such as ventilation and air-conditional system and transportation.

pg. 2
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Introduction
The high-rise building is generally defined as one that is taller than the maximum
height which people are willing to walk up; it thus requires mechanical vertical
transportation.

Internal cycle is a process of people movement inside the building whether its
vertical, horizontal or ascending.

It is important for the stairways be located in front of a building; it functions as place

where people moves vertically

Overview
Type of transportation

a) Vertical movement b) Horizontol movement

- Elevator - Travellator @ Walkway

- Escalator

pg. 3
Transportation in building

Escalator Elavator

Building Transportation Criteria

pg. 4
Design and layout Consideration of Escalator
Escalators have three typical configuration options
Escalators are required to have moving handrails that keep pace with the movement of
the steps. The speed of the handrail is in line with the speed of the escalator

Criss cross Parallel

Spiral Multiple Parallel

pg. 5
Escalator Arrangement

a) Single unit

The single unit used to link two levels. It is suitable for building with passenger traffic
flowing mainly in one direction. Flexible adjustment to traffic flow is possible, up in
the morning and down in the evening.

pg. 6
 b) Continuous arrangement (one-way traffic)

This arrangement is used mainly in smaller department stores to link three sales
levels. It requires more space than the interrupted arrangement.

c) Interrupted arrangement (one-way traffic)

This arrangement is somewhat inconvenient for users, but advantageous for

department store owners, since the short detour to the next unit and the spatial
separation between up and down travel is ideal for leading customers past
strategically placed advertising displays.

pg. 7
 d) Parallel, interrupted arrangement (two-way traffic)

This arrangement is used mainly in department stores and public transport buildings
with a heavy traffic volume. When there are three or more escalators, it should be
possible to reverse the traveling direction according to the traffic flow. This
arrangement is economical, since no inner lateral claddings are required.

e) Crisscross, continuous arrangement (two-way traffic)

This arrangement is used mainly in major department stores, public buildings and
public transport buildings where transport times between several levels should levels
should be kept to a minimum.

pg. 8
Escalator Components

Escalator Step Width and Energy Usage

pg. 9
Transportation System in Econsave Slim River
Type of Transportation System in Econsave Slim River

Elavator (passenger lift)

Econsave use a passenger lift. It works using a lift cab for the passenger to access and
travel on, raising vertically between floor. This lift very suitable for old person. And
vertical transport that efficiently moves people good between floor of a building. And
the lift door type is single speed centre opening

Components of elevator:
a) Major component
 Machine room
 Cabs
 Hoistway / Pits
b) Basic component
 lift door
 car lift
 counterweight
 rail guides
 break

pg. 10
Safety procedure in handling elevators

• Elevators are potential sources of serious injuries and deaths to the general public
and to workers installing, repairing, and maintaining them and fire and rescue
personnel.
• Common injuries are tripping, caught clothing, being hit by closing elevator doors,
or falling down an elevator shaft when trying to exit a stalled elevator car.
• Elevators are one of the safest forms of transportation, following simple guidelines
can help further improve passenger safety

pg. 11
Escalator (inclined moving walkway)

Econsave also used escalator for make sure their customer can cross floor to others
floor easily.

Advantages of escalator
 Moves at a constant speed at approximately 0.3-0.6m per second with a
standard rise up to about 18m
 Have the capacity to transport large number of people at shorter time.
 Faster mode of transportation for short vertical distances.
 Can be placed/substituted as normal staircase even during malfunction.
 No waiting internal except during heavy traffic.
Disadvantages of escalator
 Takes up space to install.
 Only convenient for short vertical distance, better to use lifts for lengthier
vertical distance.
 Higher risk of injuries.

pg. 12
Escalator Component

i. Landing platforms
ii. Truss
iii. Tracks
iv. Steps
v. Handrail

Safety procedure in handling escalator

• Incidents involving elevators and escalators kill about 30 and seriously injure about
17,100 people each year in the United States.
• Injuries to people working on or near escalator including those installing, repairing,
and maintaining, and working in or near shafts account for almost half of the deaths.
• The two major causes of death are falls and being caught in/between moving parts of
escalators.

pg. 13
For the safety when used the escalator follow by:
i. Wear Safe Clothes and Shoes
ii. Always Hold the Handrail
iii. Always Face Forward
iv. Keep Space
v. Don’t Put Children in Strollers, carts, or walkers
vi. Always Secure Children
vii. Avoid the Edges of Steps
viii. Know Emergency Shut-off Buttons

pg. 14
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Introduction

Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature
and humidity) to more favorable conditions.

The control of these conditions may be desirable to maintain the health and comfort of
the occupants, or to meet the requirements of industrial processes irrespective of the
external climatic conditions.

Air Conditioning is the process of treating air in an internal

environment to establish and maintain requirement standards

of temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and motion

Overview

The Basic Principle of Air Conditioning System

 The principle of this system must referring to the heat transfer at the two medium.
Heat is a form of energy. Every object on earth has some heat energy. The less
heat an object has, the colder we say it is.

 Cooling is the process of transferring heat from one object to another. When an
air conditioning system cools, it is actually removing heat and transferring it
somewhere else.

The Basic Principle of Air Conditioning

 Air conditioning is the process whereby the condition of air, as defined by its
temperature and moisture content, is changed. Note that in practice other factors
must also be taken into account especially cleanliness, odour, velocity &
distribution pattern.

Air Conditioning in a building primarily achieves five factor:

a) Equipment

b) Performance

pg. 15
 c) Ventilation

d) Health

e) Thermal comfort

Main component of air conditioning system

Condenser In the condenser, high pressure refrigerant vapor

releases and dispels heat through the condenser coils.
This happens as the vapor changes to a liquid

A great deal of heat is expelled while this state change

takes place

Evaporator The evaporator is a coil of pipe that has low pressure

liquid refrigerant inside of it. It provides a heat
absorbing surface as the refrigerant is vaporizing and
absorbing heat.

Air blown onto the surface of this pipe is cooled

Compressor Refrigerant is compressed and vapor from the

evaporator is pumped to the condenser.

Refrigerant vapor is condensed so that it will readily

change state during the next process.

When compressed, the vapor becomes very warm, as

high as 200°F, and is pumped to the condenser

Expansion Valve It is a valve that meter liquid refrigerant into the

evaporator

It removes pressure from the liquid to allow expansion

pg. 16
Air Conditioning Cycle

Cooling Cycle

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

 The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas. It is compressed

and them moves out of the compressor as a high pressure gas.

 The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenser to a liquid and gives
off its heat to the outside air.

 The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure.

 This valve restricts the flow of the fluid and lowers its pressure as it leaves the
expansion valve

pg. 17
 The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside
air is absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas

 As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the
entire cycle is repeated.

pg. 18
Ventilation

The process of changing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality.

 To control temperature.

 Replenish oxygen.

 Remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, and carbon
dioxide.

Allows for the exchange of air from the outside and circulation of air within building.

A proportion of air within the enclosed space should be continuously withdrawn and
replaced by fresh air to maintaining acceptable air quality in buildings

Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation

pg. 19
Types of Air Conditioning Systems

There are many different kinds of Air Conditioning units that can be utilized in a
building.

These designs vary in order to fit the function and size of a variety of buildings.
Building users can choose according to whichever they see fit and whichever meet
their needs.

4 Examples of air conditioning Systems

1. Window Air Conditioning

2. Split Unit Air Conditioning

3. Packaged Air Conditioning System

4. Central Air Conditioner

Window Air Conditioning System

Window air conditioner is the most commonly used air conditioner for single rooms.
The Window air conditioner is the simplest form of an air conditioning system and is
mounted on windows or walls. It is a single unit that is assembled in a casing where
all the components are located. The compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil,
evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a single box.

This refrigeration unit has a double shaft fan motor with fans mounted on both sides
of the motor. One at the evaporator side and the other at the condenser side.

The evaporator side is located facing the room for cooling of the space and the
condenser side outdoor for heat rejection. There is an insulated partition separating
this two sides within the same casing.

pg. 20
The advantages of these units is less effort needed for installation, costs lesser in
comparison to other varieties, and single unit air conditioner. The disadvantages of
these are that they are less efficient, noisier due to absolute fans and motors and are
not aesthetic.

Split Unit Air Conditioning

A split system air conditioner consists of inner and outer components or units. These
two parts of the system are connected by piping and electric cable, which allows the
refrigerant, a cooling agent used in refrigeration products, to flow to and from each
unit. The largest part of the air conditioning system, which is also the loudest, is
situated outside, while the lighter and quieter unit can be placed almost anywhere
inside a building.

pg. 21
Indoor Unit

It is the indoor unit that produces the cooling effect inside the room

or the office. The indoor unit houses the evaporator coil or the cooling coil, a long
blower and the filter. The temperature inside the space can be maintained by
thermostat setting. The setting should be such that comfortable conditions are
maintained inside the room, and there is also chance for the

compressor to trip at regular intervals.

Outdoor Unit

This unit houses important components of the air conditioner like the compressor,
condenser coil and also the expansion coil or capillary tubing. This unit is installed
outside the room or office space which is to be cooled.

In the outdoor unit there is a fan that blows air over the condenser thus cooling

the compressed Freon gas in it.

This gas passes through the expansion coil and gets converted into low pressure, low
temperature partial gas and partial liquid Freon fluid.

pg. 22
Packaged Air Conditioning System

Package air conditioner is a bigger version of the window air conditioner. However,
unlike window air conditioner or PTAC units, it has a higher cooling or heating
capacity and is usually able to cool an entire house or a commercial building. The
nominal capacities ranges from 3 tonne to 15 tonne.

The conditioned air are transferred to the space to be conditioned through ducting
which is usually hidden in the ceiling and wall of the building. The unit is placed
outside the house, a special room in a building or even on top of a roof. This unit is
factory assembled and skilled technicians are needed to install this type of unit.

The condenser used in a package air conditioner can be air-cooled or water-cooled

type.

The water-cooled type can be completely factory assembled, tested and charged with
refrigerant before being installed in the field. This is advantages because less man
power is needed in the field to do the installation hence cost saving.

pg. 23
The air-cooled type cannot be factory assembled or charged as the laying of
refrigerant piping, pressure testing, charging and evacuation have to be carried out in
the field.

Centralized Air Conditioning System

Central air conditioning is used for cooling big buildings, houses, offices, entire
hotels, gyms, movie theaters, factories and

If the whole building is to be air conditioned, HVAC engineers find that putting
individual units in each of the rooms is very expensive making this a better option.

pg. 24
A central air conditioning system is comprised of a huge compressor that has the
capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning. Cooling big halls, malls,
huge spaces, and galleries is usually only feasible with central conditioning units.

pg. 25
Air Conditioning System at the Econsave Supermarket

Types of air conditioning used in the building

The Econsave Supermarket use a centralized air conditioning system which located at
each floors of the supermarket. The system comprises of a plant room where large
compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator are stored, cooling tower,
ducting and diffuser. Diffuser had been installed namely square diffuser and double
deflection.

Centralized Air Conditioning System

Advantages

 Consistent temperature - The temperature is maintained same throughout

building.

pg. 26
 Filtered Air - Ducting in the system filters the air before diffusing cooled air out.

Square diffuser Double Deflection

Cooling Tower

The function of the cooling tower is to cool the warm water from the chiller
condenser. Following the central air conditioning system cycle, the heat from the
rooms in a building is transferred to chilled water, which is then transferred into the
refrigerant, and finally to the cooling water.

pg. 27
 Cooling Tower Diagram Econsave’s Cooling Tower

Plant Room

At the Econsave supermarket, the plant room located near to the parking which is at
the ground level. In the plant room there is Air Handling Unit (AHU), compressor,
condenser, expansion valve and chiller.

pg. 28
 Plant Room (AHU inside the plant room)

Air Handling Unit (AHU)

The AHU is used to control the following parameters of the space.

 Temperature

 Humidity

 Air Movement

 Air Cleanliness

Component in AHU

 Housing

 Fan

 Cooling Coil

 Filters

 Humidifiers

 Mixing Box

Refrigeration Cycle

Refrigeration is the process of removing thermal energy from lower temperature heat
source, substance, or cooling medium and transferring it to higher temperature region.
A combination of components and equipment connected in a sequential order makes
up and refrigeration cycle that is used to produce refrigeration effect.

Compressor

The compressor in a refrigeration system functions to raise the pressure of the

refrigerant vapor by compressing it, thus causing to heat up to as high as 200°F, then
pumps it to the condenser.

pg. 29
Condenser

Based on the external fluid, condensers can be classified as air cooled condensers,
water cooled condensers and evaporative condensers. The condenser used in
Econsave supermarket are water cooled horizontal shell and tube types where
refrigerant flows through the shell while water flows through the tubes in two passes

Tubes in two passes

Valve

Valves used in chillers can be categorised into fixed opening types where the flow
area remains fixed and into variable opening types where the flow area changing mass
flow rates.

Evaporator

An evaporator, like condenser is also a heat exchanger. In an evaporator, the

refrigerant evaporates changing from liquid to vapor and in doing so absorbs great

pg. 30
amounts of heat from the passing water through indirect contact. Evaporators are
classified depending upon the heat transfer process or refrigerant flow.

Chiller

Chiller are usually the largest electricity consumers in a building. They can be water
cooled, air cooled or evaporatively cooled, typically classified according to their
methods of compressing refrigerants. Common compressors are reciprocating, screw,
scroll and centrifugal types. Reciprocating compressors are usually for small
applications up to 150 tons, whereas centrifugal compressors are generally for large
applications up to 2000 tons.

Ductwork System

Ductwork serves to channel conditioned air to vent, takes return air back into the
system and transport exhaust air and waste thermal energy to exterior of a building.
Ductwork system is installed to provide ventilation for a better indoor environment.

There are two types of ductwork system, concealed ductwork system and exposed
ductwork system. At Econsave supermarket, exposed ductwork system are installed to
enhance the centralized air conditioning system to ensure an optimum indoor
ventilation.

pg. 31
 Ductwork system at Parking Ductwork system in the building

For exposed ductwork system, they are installed at the ground floor which at the
carparks and also in the Econsave supermarket. This help to get rid of the smelly
things in the building especially at the groceries section. Other than that, the clean
ventilation in the building will maintaned and it is safe for everyone.

pg. 32
Split and Multiple Unit Air conditioning System

The split and multiple air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the
indoor unit. Split and multiple unit in Econsave supermarket are used for small room
in the building. Split and multiple air conditioners are used for small rooms and halls,
usually in places where window air conditioners cannot be installed.

Indoor unit

 It is the indoor unit that produces the cooling effect inside the room or the office.

 The indoor unit houses the evaporator coil or the cooling coil, a long blower and
the filter.

 The temperature inside the space can be maintained by thermostat setting. The
setting should be such that comfortable conditions are maintained inside the
room, and there is also chance for the compressor to trip at regular intervals.

 The cool and dry air enters the room and maintains comfortable

conditions of around 25-27 degree Celsius as per the requirements.

Outdoor unit

 This unit houses important components of the air conditioner like the compressor,
condenser coil and also the expansion coil or capillary tubing. This unit is
installed outside the room or office space which is to be cooled.

 In the outdoor unit there is a fan that blows air over the condenser thus cooling
the compressed Freon gas in it.

 This gas passes through the expansion coil and gets converted into low pressure,
low temperature partial gas and partial liquid Freon fluid.

pg. 33
 Outdoor Unit

Indoor Unit

The advantages:

Internal unit takes up less space for installation

Usually more silent

Minimally affect building. Can be installed in room with no window

pg. 34
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 41

Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning.

1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the

relevant building bylaws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and
heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if
in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative
approved means of ventilating the air conditioned enclosure, such that within half
an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume
of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the
period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.

3) The provisions of Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which
are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets,

bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the
requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-
laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such
lavatory, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

Air Conditioning Safety Tips

 Change your air filter to keep it clean and reducing strain on the unit.

 Ensure an adequate and safe power supply to your unit.

 Avoid using an extension cord, which can become overheated and cause a fire
hazard.

 Make sure the space around your HVAC unit is clear of any flammable and
combustible items.

 Have your HVAC system inspected by a professional at least once a year, or

ideally in both spring and autumn.

pg. 35
 Make sure your window unit is properly anchored into your window so that if a
fire were to start, the seal between the bracket and the opening will prevent the
flames from coming into your home

 Check your fan and cooling unit occasionally to make sure cords and plugs are in
good condition.Make sure your air conditioner has a label showing that it is listed
by a recognized testing laboratory, such as Underwriters Laboratories Inc., MET
Laboratories Inc. or NSF International.

 Other than visual safety inspections, you should have all HVAC work done by a
trained professional.

Important of Maintenance

Protects Important Equipment

 It can be expensive to replace an air conditioner, especially if you’re having to do

so every few years. Keeping on top of maintenance extends the life of your
equipment. In fact, HVAC professionals say many A/C replacements could have
been prevented with regular maintenance.

 In addition, scheduled checkups reduce the possibility of unexpected and costly

repairs. The need for emergency service is also greatly reduced. While servicing
your A/C unit, a skilled and qualified technician will notify you of any worn
equipment or need for repair and parts replacement. This helps you prevent
damage and avoid an emergency call.

 Maintenance also reduces the stress on air conditioners. When ducts are clogged
and filters are dirty, A/C units must work harder to maintain air output. This
places increased stress on the motor and cooling units and can soon result in a
breakdown.

Energy Savings Add Up

 Preventative maintenance keeps air conditioners working at optimum capacity. It

helps this important equipment conserve energy. Regular A/C “checkups” include

pg. 36
 thorough cleaning of blades, cooling coils, and other components. This
maximizes energy efficiency.

 Your air conditioner tune-up will include many important checkpoints such as
duct cleaning, monitoring/replacement of coolant, thorough inspection of
equipment and seals, thermostat check, and more.

 In addition to scheduled maintenance, you can help ensure a long life of your A/C
unit by changing your air filter every one or two months. During times of heavy
use (such as the summer months), you might have to change the filter every
month. Filters are available in home improvement stores, and installation is quick
and easy.

pg. 37
INTRODUCTION/HISTORY/FUNCTION FOR BUILDING

DIAGRAM OF KPJ TAWAKKAL SPECIALIST HOSPITAL

KPJ Tawakkal Specialist Hospital is one of the most well-known hospital that is
located in the centre of Kuala Lumpur city. It is placed at a very strategic location as it
is nearby to places like malls and hotels. It makes it easier for people in terms of
visitors or patients that have been discharged, to have a stay or entertainment. it i also
closed to National Heart Institute, National Blood Bank and the national Library. The
hospital has a view of The Twin Tower and the Kuala Lumpur Tower which makes it
one of the speciality in the hospital.

Tawakkal Hospital was officially established in 1984 by doctors from different

background. It started with only 66 beds and grew into one of the most largest chain
of private hospital. The growth of the hospital includes the increasing amount of
manpower and employees. This is due to the income of residents that have been
increasing throughout the year. Luckily, the hospital is supported by strong willed
staffs and employees. The hospital is under the responsibility of KPJ Healthcare Bhd.
This gives the hospital the benefits of things like insurance and casual atmosphere.
Other than that, the hospital also provides services such as Wellness Clinic,
Haemodialysis Centre and Physiotherapy Department.

pg. 38
INTRODUCTION AND AN OVERVIEW

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Air condition is something that is common nowadays as most of the households have
at least one unit of air condition. Air condition is something that brings the meaning
of process of removing heat and moisture from the inside parts to provide comfort for
the occupants. It is also used to cool and dehumidify rooms that are usually packed
with heat-producing gadgets such as computers and amplifiers. Other than that, air
condition is common in domestic usage. The statistics stated that the percentage of
people using air condition increased throughout the year. The principle of air
conditioning gives the meaning of the changes of condition of air, in terms of
temperature and moisture content. The system includes temperature control of heating
or cooling, humidity-controlled humidification or dehumidification, hygiene control
in filtration, purification and diffusion to remove impurities and also the types of
ventilation of air distribution and flow way.

pg. 39
TYPE OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

HVAC systems is a system that helps in maintaining comfortable climate conditions

of temperature and humidity control. It also helps in maintaining a clean, germ-free
environment. HVAC systems are usually located in hospitals as it plays it part to help
in well-being of patients as well as preventing the spread of disease.

HVAC system includes the use of filtration and ventilation system. Filtration is a
process that is used to maintain air quality control at appropriate standards. It is
divided into two levels which are class I premises and class II premises. Class I
premises has very high aseptic requirements while class II premises is the one with
usual requirements. As HVAC system is very important in hospital, it is important to
maintain the installation in perfect condition. This is because, in the room of sick
people, the immunity system is usually at the lowest. This leads to vulnerability of the
persons body. It could be infections of bacteria, viruses or other impurities. HVAC
system that includes filtration will help in combating this matter. It can be used to
capture infectious particles and control bacteria. It can also prevent the spreading of
airborne diseases before it could get to the patient. Hence, continuous monitoring and
maintenance is very important to ensure the credibility of the filter. Maintenance
includes the replacement of filter and the cleaning procedures of heat exchangers.
Even the most precise system need maintenance that is in adequate amount and in
continuous state.

Another important thing that is required in HVAC system is ventilation. It is

fundamental to ensure the design of air conditioning installations in hospitals. It helps
in controlling air quality and contribute more in the design of operating theatres.
Ventilation consume the highest energy used which made the operating rooms has
lower set point temperature than other rooms. This is to ensure the energy cost of
ventilation in outdoor condition high. In operating rooms, the most important element
that has to be included is the type of ventilation which is undirectional or tubular. This
type of ventilation has a minimum number of renewals per hour. This can help in
minimizing infections. A minimum of 2400 mc/h should be used in operating theatres
with high requirements. This should be taken into consideration as it is important to
handle unit systems that are designed for specific spaces.

pg. 40
THE SAFETY PROCEDURES AND RULES RELATED TO AIR
CONDITIONING SYSTEM

First thing first, there are several safety procedures to handle an air conditioning
system. Firstly, the air filter need to change to keep it clean and reducing some strain
on the unit. Ensure an adequate and safe power supply to your unit. Other than that, to
overcome the overheated and cause a fire hazard, extension cord must be avoided.
Next, space around the HVAC unit must be cleared from any flammable and
combustible items. Moreover, make sure the HVAC system inspected by a
professional at least once a year. Plus, the window unit must properly anchored into
the window so that if a fire were to start, the seal between the bracket and the opening
will prevent the flames from coming into hospital. Furthermore, always check the fan
and cooling unit occasionally to ensure cords and plugs are in good condition. Each
air conditioner should have label showing that it is listed by a recognized testing
laboratory, such as underwriters laboratories inc., MET Laboratories Inc. or NSF
international. Last but not least, all HVAC must work done by a trained professional.

pg. 41
THE IMPORTANCE OF MAINTENANCE SERVICE AND AIR
CONDITIONING SYSTEM

First thing first, why maintenance service are importance to air conditioner because to
make patient in the hospital stay healthy. This is can make all patient stay healthy as
well as breathing clean air. If the air conditioner is clogged with bacteria, dirt and
dust. It can lead the patient to various health issues such as asthma or allergies. Thus,
after air conditioner servicing, it will remove all of the bacteria and dirt effectively.
Next, air conditioner are similar to motorcycles where servicing is required to ensure
the units is working in top-notch condition. A good technicians will help to service all
the parts and ensure in good condition. So that it can extend the lifespan of the units in
the long run. Moreover, maintenance service can reduce major breakdowns that can
disrupts the whole schedule and even frustrating due to the heat. This is so importance
to get the units serviced regularly to prevent any major breakdown or malfunction
issues. Furthermore, a unit without regular maintenance can cost more such as higher
electricity bills, as well as high repair bills if there are major repair required due to
poor maintenance. Last but not least, it can save the world by preventing the problem
such as refrigerant leakage. It can release HFCs, or man-made greenhouse gases.
Technicians could help to recycle such gases from the machine but not all does that.
However, people are not so aware they are facing refrigerant leakage if they did not
engage regular air conditioner servicing.

Air conditioning system is importance as it help to removing pollutants and mold

from the air. This is importance for people who are having allergies and asthma
because it minimizes the irritants that trigger an attack. Other than that, it can
improves work force efficiency because people are able to work better and make
better decisions. Next, it can make someone easier to sleep. This is because someone
not in the hot condition that can make them easier to sleep. Last but not least, can
protect furniture especially the humidity that often accompanies it. Wood gains and
loses moisture with the air around it which over time leads to warping.

pg. 42
TRANSPORTATION IN HOSPITAL

INTRODUCTION

In general terms transport or transportation is the movement of people,animals and

good from one location to another. In hospital term is actually refers to the aids that
help the patients in the hospital in course of their treatment. It is very essential in the
emergency cases to shift the patient within the hospital to another hospital. It ensures
stress-free and reliable procedures for patients and personnel alike with a modern
hospital logistics system. Patient transport between visits, treatment and operations
represent a logistical challenge for hospital.

TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION IN HOSPITAL

EVELATORS

An elevator of lift is a transport device used to move goods or people vertically, from
one floor to another. They usually handle any types of traffic including Patient,
visitors, personnel, and service. Under emergency situation the patient has to be
moved quickly for which the evaluator is amust in all hospitals. Passenger evaluator
capacity : Capacities from 1500 to 5000 lb (680 to 2300)in 500 lb (230kg ). Speed up
is to 3000ft/min (1.5m/s).

HOSPITAL/BED LIFTS

Usually the word evelators and lifts are used interchangeably primarily both of them
mean the same thing and is used to move materials from one floor to the other.The lift
control system can be Car Switch or Automatic Type. Each lift is fully equipped with
the latest safety devices. This elevators are distinguished by wider doors and larger
platform sizes to allow faster, more secure of people and equipment. Commonly used
at hospital.

pg. 43
STAIRWAYS AND RAMPS

In case where there is breakdown of the lifts, the stairs will be of much help. The
minimum width of 1.11 meters and landings are necessary for handling stretches in
emergency, when patients have to be excavated during a fire. Continuous hand railing
on both sides at height of approximately 0.9 metre (3ft) are necessary for ease as well
as safety of patient and personnel due consideration should also be taken to have a
non-slippery surface.

RAMPS

pg. 44
They are used in case of transporting stretcher patient. It must have agradient of 1:10;
witdh – 2.5 metres. Withd at landing at the U turn 3.0 metres (10ft). Concrete railings
at a height of 9.0 metres (3ft). The floor of the ramp should have grooves
perpendicular to the slope to avoid skidding the floor may be titles, stone slabs.

ESCALATORS

Escalators can ensure the smooth flow of people in large hospital building complexes
and, for example, serve underground floors or car parks. Dedicated product range to
match the anticipated traffic intensity. Energy saving features like effi cient drives,
LED lighting and stand-by solutions. Lubrication free chain is oil and odor free, easier
to clean and maintain. The possibility to connect escalators to central monitoring
systems so they can be controlled and managed remotely from a single location even
over a large hospital complex.

pg. 45
THE SAFETY PROCEDURES AND RULES RELATED TO
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Transportation safety is concerned with the protection of life and property through
regulation, management and technology development of all forms of transportation.

Excavator Safety Tips: Before Operation

 Seat belts are provided for comfort and security.

 Before going to work, be sure the mirrors are clean and set properly.
 Make a quick check of the controls. Be sure the control levers are operating
properly.
 Check the propel system. It’s better to do this before operating so you can
prevent accidents on the job.
 Call the area’s utility services to have the job site marked for underground
lines or structures.

Excavator Safety Tips: During Operation

 Never permit riders in the bucket, cab, or anywhere else on the machine.
Excavators only have one seat, which is meant for the operator.
 Never attempt to operate the excavator unless you are sitting in the seat and in
full control.

pg. 46
  Reduce the excavator’s speed when working on rough terrain or within
congested areas.
 Carry the bucket low to the ground during transport. This will increase
visibility and machine stability.
 When moving the excavator around the job site, select a route that is as flat as
possible.
 Steer the machine as straight as possible and only make small gradual changes
in direction when turning is needed.
 Travel directly up slopes vertically instead of diagonally.
 When propelling up slopes, the boom and the arm should be extended with the
bucket carried low and rolled out. This will allow you to drop the bucket and
prevent the equipment from sliding if necessary.
 When propelling down a slope, the bucket bottom should be low and parallel
to the ground.
 In very steep or slippery conditions, you can use the boom and arm to help
move up and down the slope. When going up a steep slope, extend the boom
and arm, and when needed, lower the bucket and retract the arm to help pull
the machine up. When traveling down a steep slope, position the bucket with
the flat surface resting on the ground. While retracting the arm, raise the boom
and propel the machine until the front of the tracks reach ground level.
 When using the excavator for trenching, make sure the machine is level by
placing dirt underneath the tracks. Being level will make the trench vertical
and will help to avoid cave-ins.
 For better stability, work with the propel motors to the rear of the machine.
 Dump spoil piles as far away from the excavation as possible to avoid cave-
ins.
 When doing excavation jobs on slopes, level the machine by digging a shelf
(or bench cut). Material removed from the upper slope can be used to build up
the lower slope and create a level surface.
 On steep bench cuts, cut enough away from the upper bank to allow for
adequate swing clearance when casting downslope.
 Never dig underneath the excavator.

pg. 47
  When backfilling a cave-in, the excavator’s tracks should be at a 90-degree
angle to the excavation with the propel motors to the rear of the machine.
 When loading trucks, never swing the excavator bucket or the truck cab. By
swinging over the rear of the truck, any loose materials will fall on the ground
or in the bed, rather than on the cab.
 Never attempt the clean the excavator’s bucket by striking it on the ground or
against another object.

Excavator Safety Tips: After Operation

 When shutting down the unit, be sure it’s parked on a level surface with the
bucket attachment lowered to the ground.
 Turn off the auto-idle switch and run the engine at half throttle without load
for a few minutes to help cool the turbocharger down.
 Set the RPM to low idle before shutting the engine off with the key switch.
 Don’t forget to lock up the cab when exiting the equipment.

Elevator Safety Tips

When you approach the elevator:

• Know your destination. Push elevator CALL button for the direction you want to go.

• Stand aside for exiting passengers.

• Wait for the next car, if the elevator is full.

• Take the stairs if there is a fire.

• Don't try to stop a closing door. Wait for the next elevator.

When you enter and leave the elevator:

• Enter and exit carefully. Step up or down if the elevator floor and hall floor are not
level.

• Hold children and pets firmly.

• Stand clear of the doors - keep clothes and carry-ons away from the opening.

pg. 48
• Push and hold the DOOR OPEN button if doors need to be held open, or ask
someone to

push the button for you.

When riding on the elevator:

• Stand next to the elevator wall.

• Hold the handrail, if available.

• Pay attention to the floor indications.

• If the doors do not open when the elevator stops, push the DOOR OPEN button.

Safer Work Stairs and Steps

Our 30 minute Safer Stairs and Steps online course provides advice on the key
hazards, including four types of hazardous step and provides advice on the four
holistic elements of safer stairs and steps. It provides practical checks for the
workplace like the crouch-and-sight test, the foot fit test, visual contrast checks and
the step check.

The Safer Work Stairs and Steps Information Sheet provides practical advice on four
interdependent elements of safer stairs and steps - no one element should be
considered in isolation.

Safer Steps Elements

 Every working day one person is hurt in a slip, trip or fall on work stairs or
steps
 Descending is associated with many accidents
 Slips are more common (than trips or falls)

pg. 49
1. Operational Controls

Operational Controls are the rules and policies around the use of stairs and steps.
Operational controls are important because "people have a low risk-perception of
using the stairs, which causes people to ...perform unsafe behaviours".

2. Environmental Controls

 Environmental Controls refer to the visual cues around stairs and steps
 See the Safer Work Stairs and Steps Information Sheet for advice
 Provide lighting of at least 100 lux at the tread
 Consider photoluminescent step edges/ nosings and handrails for emergency
stairs/ step(s)
 Consider a different-coloured step edge/ nosing at the top and bottom steps for
last step confirmation

3. Hazardous Steps

There are 4 types of hazardous steps – Slippery, Surprise, Short and Irregular.

a) Slippery Step
A slippery step does not have enough grip, especially at the step edge/nosing
 Signs should only be used where hazards cannot be avoided or reduced
 On level surfaces, people generally slip on wet surfaces or wet shoes
 On stairs or steps, people could slip if there in inadequate support for the ball
of the foot - see Short Steps

pg. 50
b) Surprise Step

A surprise step is not clearly visible or expected. It could be at the bottom of a flight
or a single unexpected step.

 Signs should only be used where hazards cannot be avoided or reduced

 Marking more than one step with warning stripes could be visually confusing
and ineffective
 Warning stripes

c) Short Step

A short step does not provide adequate support for the ball of the foot for safe
forward-facing descent.

 See the Safer Work Stairs and Steps Information Sheet for advice
 Signs should only be used where hazards cannot be avoided or reduced

pg. 51
  Building Control Authorities, not the Health and Safety Authority, enforce
Building Regulations (including going lengths)

d) Irregular Step

An irregular step is longer or shorter than the other steps in a flight.

 See the Safer Work Stairs and Steps Information Sheet for advice
 Signs should only be used where hazards cannot be avoided or reduced
 On 250mm goings, a large overstep occurs every 10 days
 With one 250mm going reduced by 15mm (less than a one cent coin), a large
overstep occurs every 2 days
 On 300mm goings, a large overstep occurs every 73 years
 With one 300mm going reduced by 15mm (less than a one cent coin), a large
overstep occurs every 3 years
 Marking more than one step with warning stripes could be visually confusing
and ineffective

4. Handrails

Consider a handrail on the right-hand-side for descent

 Descending is associated with many accidents

 Most people are right-handed

When Considering Changes

When considering changes, it may be helpful to edit an image to illustrate proposed

changes beforehand

pg. 52
THE IMPORTANCE OF MAINTENANCE SERVICE AND
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Maintenance is an important factor in quality assurance and in some cases determines

the long-term success of a company. Poorly maintained resources can cause instability
and partially or completely pause the production. Malfunctioning machines or
complete breakdowns can become a costly process for most companies. The function
of maintenance is maintenance is the act of maintaining. The basis for maintaining is
to keep, preserve, and protect. That is to keep in an existing state or preserve from
failure or decline.

LIFT MAINTENANACE

Maintenance includes the inspecting, cleaning oiling and adjusting of a lift or an

escalator in order to keep the equipment and their accessories in good working order
and prevent faults from occurring. Some overhaul/repair works in the industry such as
the replacement of main hoisting ropes in traction drive lift, the replacement of
hydraulic jack in hydraulic lift, the replacement of safety gear etc. require special
attention on the employees’ safety and health at work.

pg. 53
DISCUSSION

In this report there are two building which is econsave located at Slim River, Perak
and KPJ Tawakkal KL specialist Hospital. This two building very useful for
everyone. For hospital, it very useful for people who are need a treatment while for
econsave it very useful for people to buy their stuff. Both of this building have their
own function. Every day people go into this building for their own purposes.

Nowadays, every building have air conditioning system that can give more comfort to
employee because of weather in Malaysia quite hot. By refer to the cooling cycle,
there are several important component which are compressor, condenser, expansion
valve and evaporator that shows how the air conditioner works. But by using air
conditioner, it can effects the environment especially to global warming

Plus, every building needs transportation system to ease them to move one point to
another point. For example by using elevator or escalator. In shopping mall, there two
types of transportation system which are elevator and escalator. And in hospital
usually used one transportation which is elevator. Because there too many patient who
are needs to use the elevator compared to people in shopping mall.

Last but not least, every building needs to have their own maintenance work to make
sure the building in a good condition in future. Each type of maintenance have their
own advantage and disadvantage. For example of advantage is can reduces emergency
breakdown. So that it can avoid from emergency breakdown. The most importance is
a table of maintenance work because it can help to maintain the property and how
maintenance is done.

pg. 54
CONCLUSION

The conclusion is every building should have a air conditioning and transportation
system to ease people and to give more comfort for them. Especially for the elderly in
need. Plus, every system should have their safety note to remind people who use the
all facilities. All facilities have their own function to people. Other than that, every
system that have in the building should service to ensure the system can be used for a
long time.

REFERENCES

 Benefits of Good Air Conditioning retrieved from;

https://armstrongairinc.com/10-benefits-of-good-air-conditioning/
 KPJ Tawakkal Specialist Hospital retrieved from;
http://www.malaysiacentral.com/information-directory/kpj-tawakkal-
specialist-hospital-private-hospital-and-medical-facilities-in-kuala-lumpur-
malaysia/#:~:text=Tawakkal%20Hospital%20was%20established%20in,terms
%20of%20size%20and%20manpower.
 FOURTH SCHEDULED (section 64(8), 66 and 67), BUILDING BYLAWS,
ARRANGEMENT OF BYLAWS
 Types of HVAC Systems By Shaimaa Seyam, published on November 5th
2018
 Econsave retrieved from; http://setapakcentral.com.my/econsave/

pg. 55