FINAL

We know why and when beautiful image of our respectable teachers,
rather in quick succession were being curved on our mental screen. The image we
are sure, will remain there even in future, as a constant source of inspiration for
molding our career.
It gives us a greater pleasure to represent this project in “Pneumatic lift”
We are sincerely thankful to project guide prof

…………………….and HODmar…………………….
Our gratitude are members if workshop for their precious co-operation.
Lastly, we express out thanks to the friends for valuable suggestion,

which encouraged us to complete the project successfully.
Date:
AISSMSPOLY/ME/2023-2024 Page 1
INDEX
Sr. No. Name of chapter Page No.

1 Introduction 3
2 Construction of pneumatic lift 7
3 Working of pneumatic lift 10
4 Design analysis 37
5 Manufacturing Process 49
6 Cost estimation 26
7 Maintenance 29
8 Application 31
9 Advantage & Disadvantage 34
10 Conclusion 37
11 Reference 39
CHAPTER :1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Our project is related to the part of the human safety. Due to multinational
collaboration of domestic companies with foreign countries mar about 40% such
organization have their production facilities in India. Hence after globalization
many clauses regarding factory act have been changed by the government of India,
Ministry of human resource department &Company &labor act 1957. For all such
companies domestic as well as multinational these rules & regulation are same in
the organization having rotating & moving machineries the employee safety is
given a first reference. As per the Japanese concepts- under ISO & procedure &
clauses there are different citizens about employee training & safety.
We are concentrating out of one very important clause it to maintain

the operating, working and movement height of the person inside & outside the
company campus. So no employee can work over 8 feet height measuring from the
shop floor. Or if any material has to move more than 8 feet height no employee is
allowed to move it manually. Not to allowing to do so, because of the certain
person health related issues.
1) For example, _if any material has to move upward 10 feet overhead from the
person working station &cycle time for each part movement is 5 sec &
suppose 300 parts has to move in shift of 8 hours. The operator has to suffer
for the fatigue stress & strain on his arm of hand he will be injured.
2) While working in the construction companies for overhead beam joining,
Fabrication and painting, person has to attain that much height, so for safety
working condition to that much height the lift can used.
3) MSEB Electricity pole work –The wiremen or the electric technician has to
go to top of the pole for fault finding & repairing work. Without safety it is
highly risky &chances to fall down, electricity shocks could be the reason of
the employee death till the equipment have been developed but that are too
costly & bulky. Hence to avoid these limitations of working at height more
than permitted & to send the material at height more than permission, we are
developing the cheapest product or the system pneumatic lift.
Cranes can be classified according to working principle into three types,
a. Mechanical lift
b. Hydraulic lift
c. Pneumatic lift
: Mechanical lift: -
In this ropes chains belts & an electric motor is used to lift the objects
: Hydraulic:
This Type of equipment consists of an electric motor or internal combustion

engine or hydraulic pack to drive a pump which feeds fluids into a hydraulic
operating cylinder through the lines with control valves. It provides for speed
control over a wise range. Ensures smooth operation of the mechanism without
impacts. Employs simple means of protection against overloads & is compact
Consequently the hydraulic drive enjoys ever increasing popularity in hoisting
installation, especially traveling cranes unfortunately high cost of certain
constituent components limits the application of the hydraulic drive on a large
scale.
C: Pneumatic lift:
Here compressed air is admitted into the direct acting power cylinders under
pressure. The piston rods of the cylinders are linked with the business end it
displays low efficiency in handling light loads & limits the radius of action of
movable machines by the length of the air hose.
CHAPTER :2
CONSTRUCTION OF PEUMATIC LIFT
CONSTRUCTION OF PEUMATIC LIFT
The pneumatic lift means air operated machine or mechanism. This is used for lift
the load. It consists the link and sliding bush type mechanism. The cylinder used
for operate the link in upward and downward direction. The pins are used to join
the link which are move over the pin.
Link – the link is made up of MS. At a one end the link is fixed and at another end
link is free to move the actuator (cylinder) is connect to the link to give movement
of cylinder to whole. Mechanism. At a middle point of two links the piston is
connect as shown in figure.
The 5/2 direction control valve is used to control over the direction of fluid(air).
Which have two positions and five port the double acting cylinder is used to create
the all movement of links. The air is supply by using hoists of pipes to system from
compressor. The lubrication is required to system for easy movement.
The figure shows all arrangement of the system where the cylinder is fixed
at v bottom and connect to link. Over the link the platform so created to raise the
load
Our machine consisting a link mechanism. The links are made with a sliding bush
pine type mechanism. The overall construction is supported on the platform table;
such that person can easily go up on it.
The link is made up of the flat MS cross section drilled at end & Fixed in the
sliding links. The bottom most links attached with the lifting cylinder end. The
cylinder is mounted on the base foundation of the table.
The cylinder is connected to the air compressor with intermediate hand operated
5/2-way direction control valve with the help of air supply pipes.
As the valve on the cylinder piston moves down. The air supply & movement of
piston is controlled by the valves connected at the input & out ports of the cylinder
piston moves down. The air supply & movement of piston is controlled by the flow
control valves connected at the input & out ports of the cylinder. As the piston rod
moves up & down the links moves up & down relatively the pallet moves up &
down which is carrying the person or the material which has to move from lower
height to the higher height
In the market the ordinary lifting stackers & lifters are available but the
height to be achieved is the selected cylinder piston height only. Eg. If we want to
lift a material up to 1o feet Height, we have to purchase a cylinder of 10 feet stroke
is a very cost. We are design such links. That can achieve a 4 to 5 feet height with
1-foot stroke cylinder.
The machine gives the large effort when we give the small effort to
machine.
The lift is related to the part of human safety.
By giving the stroke to the piston of 120mm lift can lifting up to 3-4 feet height.
We can Produced a model of the lift for making the employee safety in the
company, by reducing stress of the heavy work in the company. We have produced
the actual lift as by increasing the cylinder Bore diameter. For different proposes
we can select the different bore cylinder diameter. For Gating maximum capacity
of the cylinder we can take pressure of air flow is maximum i.e..10bar pressure
CHAPTER: - 3
WORKING OF PNEUMATIC LIFT
Gas laws
 Boyle/Marriot’s law
Boyle discovered that the pressure and the volume of a particular quantity of
gas was constant provided that the temperature did not vary.
PV = C
 Charles's Law
Charles's Law, or the law of volumes, was found in 1678. It says that, for an ideal
gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature (in Kelvin).
This can be found using the kinetic theory of gases or a heated container with a
variable volume (such as a conical flask with a balloon).
Where T is the absolute temperature of the gas (in Kelvin) and k2 (in m3·K−1) is the
constant produced.
 Lussac’s law
The pressure (or Gay-Lussac's) law was found by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in
1809. It states that the pressure exerted on a container's sides by an ideal gas is
proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas.
This follows from the kinetic theory—by increasing the temperature of the gas, the
molecules' speeds increase meaning an increased amount of collisions with the
container walls.
As a mathematical formula, this is:
Fluid Characteristics
When a fluid flows in a system, friction results and heat is produced. Some
of the energy
being transmitted is lost in the form of heat energy.
Friction cannot be eliminated in a system. It can be controlled. The four main areas
of
Excessive friction and excessive energy loss and consumption are:
 Length of fluid travel. Shorter is better.

 Number of turns and fittings. Less is better.
 Undersized lines cause high fluid velocity.
 Larger lines are better.
 Fluid viscosity too high. Lower is better.
 In a hydraulic or pneumatic system, fluid flowing through a pipe is traveling
at a certain speed, or velocity, which is measured in feet per second (f/s) or
meters per second (m/s).
 The volume of fluid flowing through a pipe in a given period of time is flow
rate, which is
 Measured in gallons per minute (gpm) or liters per minute (lpm).
 To achieve equal flow rates through pipes of different diameters, fluid
velocity would need to change.
 Flow through a small diameter pipe would have to travel at a higher velocity
than it would through a larger diameter pipe to achieve the same flow rate.
Pneumatic systems are extensively used in industry, where factories are commonly
plumbed with compressed air or other compressed inert gases. This is because a
centrally-located and electrically-powered compressor that powers cylinders and
other pneumatic devices through solenoid valves is often able to provide motive
power in a cheaper, safer, more flexible, and more reliable way than a large
number of electric motors and actuators
Gases used n pneumatic systems
Pneumatic systems in fixed installations such as factories use compressed air

because a sustainable supply can be made by compressing atmospheric air. The air
usually has moisture removed and a small quantity of oil added at the compressor,
to avoid corrosion of mechanical components and to lubricate them.
Factory-plumbed, pneumatic-power users need not worry about poisonous

leakages as the gas is commonly just air. Smaller or stand-alone systems can use
other compressed gases which are an asphyxiation hazard, such as nitrogen - often
referred to as OFN (oxygen-free nitrogen), when supplied in cylinders.
Any compressed gas other than air is an asphyxiation hazard - including nitrogen,
which makes up 77% of air. Compressed oxygen (approx. 23% of air) would not
asphyxiate, but it would be an extreme fire hazard, so is never used in
pneumatically powered devices.
Portable pneumatic tools and small vehicles such as Robot Wars machines and
other hobbyist applications are often powered by compressed carbon dioxide
because containers designed to hold it such as soda stream canisters and fire
extinguishers are readily available, and the phase change between liquid and gas
makes it possible to obtain a larger volume of compressed gas from a lighter
container than compressed air would allow. Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant and
can also be a freezing hazard when vented inappropriately
COMPONENTS USED IN PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
1) The Cylinder
The cylinder converts the energy of compressed air into the linear motion. The air
enters the cylinder and pushes the piston from one end of the cylinder to the other.
There are two main types of cylinders-single acting and double acting. A single
acting cylinder has only one air connection while a double acting has two.
In single acting cylinder, the piston is forced out by the pressure of air.
When the air supply is removed and air inside the cylinder is allowed to piston
moves back, driven by the force of spring. By restricting the escaping air (exhaust),
it is possible to slow down the return movement of the piston. The double acting
cylinder has two air connections. When compressed air is supplied to one
connector and the end is allowed to exhaust to atmosphere (i.e. the air is allowed to
escape freely), the piston is driven to the other end of the cylinder. When air is then
applied to second connector and first is allowed to exhaust to the atmosphere, the
piston returns back. This type of cylinder gives more power on return stroke than
single acting cylinder. Also ensures that piston is effectively locked in the position
at both ends of its stroke.Pneumatic cylinders (sometimes known as air cylinders)
are mechanical devices which produce force, often in combination with movement,
and are powered by compressed gas (typically air).
To perform their function, pneumatic cylinders impart a force by converting

the potential energy of compressed gas into kinetic energy. This is achieved by the
compressed gas being able to expand, without external energy input, which itself
occurs due to the pressure gradient established by the compressed gas being at a
greater pressure than the atmospheric pressure. This air expansion forces a piston
to move in the desired direction. The piston is a disc or cylinder, and the piston rod
transfers the force it develops to the object to be moved.
Once actuated, compressed air enters into the tube at one end of the piston and,
hence, imparts force on the piston. Consequently, the piston becomes displaced
(moved) by the compressed air expanding in an attempt to reach atmospheric
pressure.
Pneumatic systems are often found in settings where even rare and brief system
failure is unacceptable. In such situations locks can sometimes serve as a safety
mechanism in case of loss of air supply (or its pressure falling) and, thus, remedy
or abate any damage arising in such a situation. Due to the leakage of air from
input or output reduces the pressure and so the desired output
Types
Although pneumatic cylinders will vary in appearance, size and function, they
generally fall into one of the specific categories shown below. However, there are
also numerous other types of pneumatic cylinder available, many of which are
designed to fulfill specific and specialized functions.
Single acting cylinders
Single acting cylinders (SAC) use the pressure imparted by compressed air to
create a driving force in one direction (usually out), and a spring to return to the
"home" position.
Double acting cylinders
Double Acting Cylinders (DAC) use the force of air to move in both extends and
retract strokes. They have two ports to allow air in, one for outstroke and one for in
stroke.
Other types
Although SACs and DACs are the most common types of pneumatic cylinder, the
following types are not particularly rare:
 Rotary air cylinders: actuators that use air to impart a rotary motion
 Rod less air cylinders: These have no piston rod. They are actuators that use
a mechanical or magnetic coupling to impart force, typically to a table or
other body that moves along the length of the cylinder body, but does not
extend beyond it.
For our project we have chosen the double acting cylinder. The purpose is
to get more cutting power at both these strokes I. e. for to and fro motion.
Sizes
Air cylinders are available in a variety of sizes and can typically range from a
small 2.5 mm air cylinder, which might be used for picking up a small transistor or
other electronic component, to 400 mm diameter air cylinders which would impart
enough force to lift a car. Some pneumatic cylinders reach 1000 mm in diameter,
and are used in place of hydraulic cylinders for special circumstances where
leaking hydraulic oil could impose an extreme hazard.
Pressure, radius, area and force relationships
Although the diameter of the piston and the force exerted by a cylinder are
related, they are not directly proportional to one another. Additionally, the typical
mathematical relationship between the two assumes that the air supply does not
become saturated. Due to the effective cross sectional area reduced by the area of
the piston rod, the in stroke force is less than the outstroke force when both are
powered pneumatically and by same supply of compressed gas.
The relationship, between force on outstroke, pressure and radius, is as follows:
This is derived from the relationship, between force, pressure and effectivecross-
sectional area, which is:
F = p A\,
With the same symbolic notation of variables as above, but also A represents
the effective cross sectional area.
On in stroke, the same relationship between force exerted, pressure and

effective cross sectional area applies as discussed above for outstroke. However,
since the cross sectional area is less than the piston area the relationship between
force, pressure and radius is different. The calculation isn't more complicated
though, since the effective cross sectional area is merely that of the piston less that
of the piston rod.
For in stroke, therefore, the relationship between force exerted, pressure, radius of
the piston, and radius of the piston rod, is as follows:
Where:
F represents the force exerted
r1 represents the radius of the piston
r2 represents the radius of the piston rod
π is pi, approximately equal to 3.14159.
2) Sealing
Compared to hydraulic system, pneumatic system requires greater care

and attention with regard to the leakage prevention. Sealing rings and various
kinds of packing are used to prevent these leakages.
Hot packing, a type of sealing for the piston rod, comprises a circular disc
with a lip formed around the edge of the hole in the center.
Materials generally used for the sealing are leather and synthetic
rubber. Leather is very suitable for positional sealing as it can be soaked in a
mixture of castor oil and colloidal graphite before being out in use, it gives
trouble free service for fairly long time. Synthetic rubber (Neoprene) is used for
oil rings as it can be produced within close limits of accuracy with the required
hardness.
3) Cushioning
Cushioning is imperative to absorb the kinetic energy of the piston as it

reaches the end of the stroke and prevent harmful shocks. It is achieved by
some form of damping or retarding device.
Spring can be used to provide the cushioning effect but different cylinder
operating speeds necessitate different spring designs. Moreover, when the
springs are used; accommodation becomes a problem as cylinder length gets
increased.
Back pressure also provides a cushioning effect in pneumatic cylinder.

When the boss reaches the recess at the cylinder and the cushion chamber is
formed and the back pressure consequently provides the damping action. Here
the length of the stroke through which the damping takes place at the peak to
which the pressure is to be allowed to rise during the damping period, they are
important factors.
It may be noted that too long and short clamping period, which with
respect to the stroke time, are both not favorable. Further the cushioning action
may be achieved either internal or external means. In the former type, air is
trapped by the nose section of the piston to form the cushion chamber at the
cylinder and whereby kinetic energy is converted into heat. However, internal
cushioning is not advisable for high piston speed as the operation becomes
sluggish and general service conditions.
4) Cylinder diameter
Brass and copper are the materials for the pneumatic cylinder they are
reduce frictional losses considerably. However, their drawbacks lie in fact that
they possess lesser strength compared to steel materials. Mild steel and gained
cast iron are usually used as cylinder head material. Barrel are normally made
from honed hard chrome platted, seamless heavy wall mild steel tubes.
5) Cylinder
The two important criteria for determining the cylinder diameter are
 The load to be moved

 The operating speed
The calculated forces are the theoretical static thrusts. It is effective to select
cylinder having 15 to 20% higher rating of alloy for internal friction, other
mechanical losses in the system and loss of line pressure. If high piston speed and
acceleration loads are called for cylinder are still ineffective.
In the case of external type cushioning exhaust flow control buffer cylinder are
employed to restrict the air path and to provide the necessary cushioning effect.
Here the piston can work effectively at high speeds.
6) The Piston
Aluminum, brass, copper, cast iron and steel are some of the materials used for
piston depending on whether the application involved light or heavy duty. Further,
piston may be one piece in consideration to the type of packing used. For
example,” U” ring requires one-piece construction where cup packing requires
three-piece construction. The various types of packing are generally used include
the cup type.” U” rings,” O” rings and synthetic packing depending on the service
condition.
7) Piston Rod
Piston rod material should be ground and polished steel possessing the
required tensile strength for the application intended. Standard rod ends may be
anyone of the following type namely male threaded, female threaded and plane
end and bored. Commercially piston rods are made of high tensile steel and are
hard chrome plated. Piston rods for cylinders with large stroke length should be
resistance to buckling effects.
Further piston rod may be single ended (rod projecting from one cover)
or double ended (rod projected from both covers). Double ended piston rods are
more advantageous as they provide better alignment and one end may transmit
the force while other end operates limit switches.
2)Pneumatic valve
Value mechanism: -
The connection from pressure regulator connect to 5/2 DC valve hand lever
operated. Be car of hand lever we give easily motion to sliding mechanism.
 Pipe size: ¼”, 3/8”, and ½” BSP

 Media: Steam
 No. of ways: 5 And 2 ways
 Actuation: Hand lever
 Pressure range: 0-10 kg 1cm2
 Valve Body: Aluminum
 Rubber parts: Nitrile(Buna -N) Elastomer.
 Air pressure regulator

The pressure regulator is used to adjust the desired pressure for the
pneumatic system.
This use a piston to sense downstream pressure fluctuations. The piston, in turn,
works
Against a set spring pressure. As the pressure downstream drops it is sensed by the
Diaphragm and the popper valve opens. This adjusts the position of the poppet
valve,
Which limits the downstream pressure to the pre-set valve?
 Air Compressor
A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas

by reducing its volume.
Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and
both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the
compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively
incompressible, while some can be compressed, the main action of a pump is to
pressurize and transport liquids.
Types of compressors
The main types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below:
(Hermetically sealed, open, or semi-hermetic)

A small hermetically sealed compressor in a common consumer refrigerator or
freezer; it typically has a rounded steel outer shell that is permanently welded shut,
and which seals operating gases inside the system. There is no route for gases to
leak, such as around motor shaft seals. On this model, the plastic top section is part
of an auto-defrost system which uses motor heat to evaporate the water.
Compressors are often described as being either open, hermetic, or semi-
hermetic, to describe how the compressor and motor drive is situated in relation to
the gas or vapors being compressed. The industry name for a hermetic is
hermetically sealed compressor, while a semi- is commonly called a semi-hermetic
compressor.
In hermetic and most semi-hermetic compressors, the compressor and motor

driving the compressor are integrated, and operate within the pressurized gas
envelope of the system. The motor is designed to operate and be cooled by the gas
or vapors being compressed.
The difference between the hermetic and semi-hermetic, is that the hermetic
uses a one-piece welded steel casing that cannot be opened for repair; if the
hermetic fails it is simply replaced with an entire new unit. A semi-hermetic uses a
large cast metal shell with casketed covers that can be opened to replace motor and
pump components.
The primary advantage of a hermetic and semi-hermetic is that there is no route

for the gas to leak out of the system. Open compressors rely on either natural
leather or synthetic rubber seals to retain the internal pressure, and these seals
require a lubricant such as oil to retain their sealing properties.
An open pressurized system such as an automobile air conditioner can leak its
operating gases, if it is not operated frequently enough. Open systems rely on
lubricant in the system to splash on pump components and seals. If it is not
operated frequently enough, the lubricant on the seals slowly evaporates, and then
the seals begin to leak until the system is no longer functional and must be
recharged.
By comparison, a hermetic system can sit unused for years, and can usually be
started up again at any time without requiring maintenance or experiencing any
loss of system pressure.
The disadvantage of hermetic compressors is that the motor drive cannot be

repaired or maintained, and the entire compressor must be removed if a motor fails.
A further disadvantage is that burnt out windings can contaminate whole systems
requiring the system to be entirely pumped down and the gas replaced. Typically,
hermetic compressors are used in low-cost factory-assembled consumer goods
where the cost of repair is high compared to the value of the device, and it would
be more economical to just purchase a new device.
An advantage of open compressors is that they can be driven by non-electric power

sources, such as an internal combustion engine or turbine. However, open
compressors that drive refrigeration systems are generally not totally maintenance
free throughout the life of the system, since some gas leakage will occur over time.
Centrifugal compressors
Centrifugal compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing

to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas. A
diffuser (divergent duct) section converts the velocity energy to pressure energy.
They are primarily used for continuous, stationary service in industries such as oil
refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and natural gas processing plant. ]
Their application can be from 100 horsepower (75 kW) to thousands of
horsepower. With multiple staging, they can achieve extremely high output
pressures greater than 10,000 psi (69 MPa).
Many large snowmaking operations (like ski resorts) use this type of
compressor. They are also used in internal combustion engines as superchargers
and turbochargers. Centrifugal compressors are used in small gas turbine engines
or as the final compression stage of medium sized gas turbines. Sometimes the
capacity of the compressors is written in NM3/hr. Here 'N' stands for normal
temperature pressure (20°C and 1 tam) for example 5500 NM3/hr.
Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors
Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors are similar to centrifugal compressors, but

have a radial and axial velocity component at the exit from the rotor. The diffuser
is often used to turn diagonal flow to an axial rather than radial direction.
Axial-flow compressors
Axial-flow compressors are dynamic rotating compressors that use arrays of
fan-like airfoils to progressively compress the working fluid. They are used where
there is a requirement for a high flow rate or a compact design.
The arrays of airfoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one
stationary. The rotating airfoils, also known as blades or rotors, accelerate the
fluid. The stationary airfoils, also known as stators or vanes, decelerate and
redirect the flow direction of the fluid, preparing it for the rotor blades of the next
stage.[1] Axial compressors are almost always multi-staged, with the cross-sectional
area of the gas passage diminishing along the compressor to maintain an optimum
axial Mach number. Beyond about 5 stages or a 4:1 design pressure ratio, variable
geometry is normally used to improve operation.
Axial compressors can have high efficiencies; around 90% polytrophic at their
design conditions. However, they are relatively expensive, requiring a large
number of components, tight tolerances and high quality materials. Axial-flow
compressors can be found in medium to large gas turbine engines, in natural gas
pumping stations, and within certain chemical plants.
Reciprocating compressor
Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. They can be either
stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric
motors or internal combustion engines . Small reciprocating compressors from 5 to
30 horsepower (hp) are commonly seen in automotive applications and are
typically for intermittent duty. Larger reciprocating compressors well over
1,000 hp (750 kW) are commonly found in large industrial and petroleum
applications. Discharge pressures can range from low pressure to very high
pressure (>18000 psi or 180 MPa). In certain applications, such as air compression,
multi-stage double-acting compressors are said to be the most efficient
compressors available, and are typically larger, and costlier than comparable rotary
units. Another type of reciprocating compressor is the swash plate compressor,
which uses pistons which are moved by a swash plate mounted on a shaft - see
Axial Piston Pump.
Household, home workshop, and smaller job site compressors are typically
reciprocating compressors 1½ hp or less with an attached receiver tank. Rotary
screw compressors use two meshed rotating positive-displacement helical screws
to force the gas into a smaller space. These are usually used for continuous
operation in commercial and industrial applications and may be either stationary or
portable. Their application can be from 3 horsepower (2.2 kW) to over
1,200 horsepower (890 kW) and from low pressure to moderately high pressure
(>1,200 psi or 8.3 MPa).
Rotary vane compressors
Rotary vane compressors consist of a rotor with a number of blades inserted in

radial slots in the rotor. The rotor is mounted offset in a larger housing which can
be circular or a more complex shape. As the rotor turns, blades slide in and out of
the slots keeping contact with the outer wall of the housing. Thus, a series of
decreasing volumes is created by the rotating blades. Rotary Vane compressors are,
with piston compressors one of the oldest of compressor technologies.
With suitable port connections, the devices may be either a compressor or a

vacuum pump. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-
staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. Dry
vane machines are used at relatively low pressures (e.g., 2 bar or 200 kPa; 29 psi)
for bulk material movement while oil-injected machines have the necessary
volumetric efficiency to achieve pressures up to about 13 bar (1,300 kPa; 190 psi)
in a single stage. A rotary vane compressor is well suited to electric motor drive
and is significantly quieter in operation than the equivalent piston compressor.
Rotary vane compressors can have mechanical efficiencies of about 90%.
Scroll compressors
A scroll compressor, also known as scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump, uses
two interleaved spiral-like vanes to pump or compress fluids such as liquids and
gases. The vane geometry may be involutes, Archimedean spiral, or hybrid curves.
They operate more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than other types of compressors
in the lower volume range Often, one of the scrolls is fixed, while the other orbits
eccentrically without rotating, thereby trapping and pumping or compressing
pockets of fluid or gas between the scrolls.
This type of compressor was used as the supercharger on Volkswagen G60 and
G40 engines in the early 1990s
Rotary screw compressors
Rotary screw compressors use two meshed rotating positive-displacement helical

screws to force the gas into a smaller space. These are usually used for continuous
operation in commercial and industrial applications and may be either stationary or
portable. Their application can be from 3 horsepower (2.2 kW) to over
1,200 horsepower (890 kW) and from low pressure to moderately high pressure
(>1,200 psi or 8.3 MPa).
Diaphragm compressors
A diaphragm compressor (also known as a membrane compressor) is a

variant of the conventional reciprocating compressor. The compression of gas
occurs by the movement of a flexible membrane, instead of an intake element. The
back and forth movement of the membrane is driven by a rod and a crankshaft
mechanism. Only the membrane and the compressor box come in contact with the
gas being compressed.
Diaphragm compressors are used for hydrogen and compressed natural gas
(CNG) as well as in a number of other applications.
The photograph included in this section depicts a three-stage diaphragm

compressor used to compress hydrogen gas to 6,000 psi (41 MPa) for use in a
prototype compressed hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling station
built in downtown Phoenix, Arizona by the Arizona Public Service company (an
electric utility company). Reciprocating compressors were used to compress the
natural gas.
The prototype alternative fueling station was built in compliance with all of
the prevailing safety, environmental and building codes in Phoenix to demonstrate
that such fueling stations could be built in urban areas.
Air bubble compressor
A mixture of air and water generated through turbulence is allowed to fall

into a subterranean chamber where the air separates from the water. The weight of
falling water compresses the air in the top of the chamber. A submerged outlet
from the chamber allows water to flow to the surface at a lower height than the
intake. An outlet in the roof of the chamber supplies the compressed air to the
surface. A facility on this principal was built on the Montreal River at Ragged
ShutsNearly Cobalt, Ontario in 1910 and supplied 5,000 horsepower to nearby
mines.
Multiple compressor configurations
It is possible to connect two or more compressors in tandem, effectively doubling

their CFM output and air storage capacity. The advantages of such a configuration
are portability and cost savings. It is significantly less expensive to purchase
smaller compressors and rig them together than it would be to purchase one large
compressor with the same output.
Among the all types of compressors we have chosen the reciprocating single
stage air cooled compressor. The reasons are its cost, availability and simple
construction.
This compressor is having following specifications:
1. Model : SI-6
2. Capacity : Reciprocating, Single stage, air cooled
3. Max. Working Pressure : 7 kg/cm2
4. No. of Cylinders : One
5. No. of Stages : Single
6. Piston stroke length : 80 mm.
7. Piston diameter : 70 mm
8. Air receiver capacity : 104 liters.
9. Type of valve : Suction and delivery non return valve
10.Type of drive : V-belt drive
11.Electric motor power : 1 H.P.
Comparison to hydraulics
Both pneumatics and hydraulics are applications of fluid power. Pneumatics

uses an easily compressible gas such as air or a suitable pure gas, while hydraulics
uses relatively incompressible liquid media such as oil. Most industrial pneumatic
applications use pressures of about 80 to 100 pounds per square inch (550 to 690
kPa). Hydraulics applications commonly use from 1,000 to 5,000 psi (6.9 to 34
MPa), but specialized applications may exceed 10,000 psi (69 MPa).
Advantages of pneumatics
 Simplicity of Design and Control

o Machines are easily designed using standard cylinders & other
components. Control is as easy as it is simple ON - OFF type control.
 Reliability
o Pneumatic systems tend to have long operating lives and require very
little maintenance.
o Because gas is compressible, the equipment is less likely to be
damaged by shock. The gas in pneumatics absorbs excessive force,
whereas the fluid of hydraulics directly transfers force.
 Storage
o Compressed Gas can be stored, allowing the use of machines when
electrical power is lost.
 Safety
o Very low chance of fire (compared to hydraulic oil).
o Machines can be designed to be overload safe.
Advantages of hydraulics
 Liquid (as a gas is also a 'fluid') does not absorb any of the supplied energy.
 Capable of moving much higher loads and providing much higher forces due
to the incompressibility.
 The hydraulic working fluid is basically incompressible, leading to a
minimum of spring action. When hydraulic fluid flow is stopped, the
slightest motion of the load releases the pressure on the load; there is no
need to "bleed off" pressurized air to release the pressure on the load.
CHAPTER: -4
DESIGN ANALYSIS
PISTON ROD DESIGN:
As the slenderness ratio (l/k) is less than 40 (As length is very small), we
can use the following relations:
d = D√ p / at
d = 25 x √ 3 / 200
d = 3.06 mm
d ≈ 5 mm
r (at (1 - 2µ) p
T= ----------------------- - 1
(at – (1+ µ) p
Material is Aluminum.
r = 25 mm
(200 + (1- 2 x 0.36)3
t= 25 x ---------------------------
200 – (1 + 0.36)3
t= 0.031 mm
By considering F.O.S = 1.5
t = 0.031 x 1.5
= 0.046 mm
Standard piston with t = 0.5 mm is available in the market.
Rankine’s formula
150 = .
σu =225 N/mm2
F.O.S.
σu
150 = ------
1.5
σu = 225 N/mm2
F F
σt = ----- = --------
A bxd
10 x 9.81
150 = -------------
25 x d
d = 0.0262/mm
d = 5mm available
DESIGN OF THE MECHANICAL CRANE
A) Design of gearbox
B) Design of power required developing the torque of 15 kg. = 147.15 N
C) Deign of vertical hanging arm.

D) Design of the foundation.
A) DESIGN OF GEAR BOX :-

1. Selection of gear diameters for speed reduction.
 t1=no. of teeths on it = 13
 t2=no. of teeths on it. =34
 t3= no.of teeths on it =55
 t4 =no. of teeths on it =16
 t5=no. of teeths on it. = 68
 t6 =no. of teeths on it. = 20
 t7 = no. of teeths on it. = 100
DESIGN OF GEAR BOX
DESIGN OF SPEED AT VARIOUS STAGES
Since formula given------------
1) N1 X N2=T1 X T2
N1/N2 = T2/T1
120/N2 = 13 /34
= 313 ~ 290 R.P.M.

N2 = 290 R.P.M.
N2 = N3/N4 =T4/T3
290/N3 = 16/55
N3 = 996.8 = 990 R.P.M.
N3 = 990 R.P.M.
N4/N5 = T5/T4
990/N5 = 68 /16
= 232 R.P.M.
N4 = 230 R.P.M.
N5=N6 /N7 = T7/T6
230/37 = 100/20
=46 R.P.M.
N5 = 45 R.P.M.
HENCE THE R.P.M. AT THE END SHAFT = 45
DESIGN OF POWER:-
Let F = Let force required to drive the shaft, chain & sprocket = 50 N
DIA. OF SPROCKET = 200 mm
Hence ‘r’ = 100mm = 0.1 m
Hence torque at the at N1, T1 i.e. shaft no. 1
T = 50 X 0.1
T = 5 Nm
1) Power required driving the sprocket & chain drive
P = 2 X 3.14 X 120 / 60
= 2 X 3.14 X 120 X 5 /60
= 62.8 W
P= 65 W
2) Torque developed at small sprocket i.e. at N2, T2 & shaft no. 2
65 = 2 x 3.14 x 290 x T / 60
= 2.14 Nm
Torque at shaft No. 2 = 2.14 Nm
1) Torque at gear No. 4 & shaft No. 3.

65 = 2 x 3.14 x 990 x T/60
= 0.627 Nm
Torque at gear No. 4 & shaft No. 3 = 0.627 Nm
2) Torque at gear No. 5 & shaft No.4

65 = 2 x 3.14 x 230 x T/60
= 2.7 Nm.
Torque at gear No. 5 & shaft No. 4 = 2.7Nm.
3) Torque at gear No. 6& shaft No.4
Torque at gear No. 6 & shaft No. 5 = 2.7Nm.
4) Torque at gear No. 7& shaft No.5

65 = 2 x 3.14 x 45 x T / 60
= 13.800 Nm.
Torque at gear No. 7& shaft No.5 = 14 Nm.

Now Dia. Of last big gear is = 161.8 ~ 162 mm
Hence ‘r’ = 81 mm
= 0.08 m
Hence,
T=Fxr
14 = F x 0.08
F = 14 / 0.081
= 175N
Hence we have 15 Kg. weight to be lift, hence force required to lift the load of 15 Kg
= 147.15N is less than the force available at the O.P. end shaft = 175 N.
So our machine will lift the load easily by the input power of 65W.
B) DESIGN OF VERTICAL HANGING ARM.
1) L = length of the arm – 300 mm.

2) Material of the arm – L – shape angle =0.75”
3) No. of angles = 2 nos.
4) No. of supporting strips =6 nos.
5) Dimensions of strips =20mm x 5mm x L
Weight of the pulley. = 25 Gram.
Now, we will calculate the weight of the single channel---
As per Indian standard equal angle designation:
Indian standard equal angle of size A = 20mm &B =200 mm may be desiganted
as
ISA 2020
SIZE A X B (mm x mm)
=20 x20
Thickness t = 3mm.
Sectional area (a) = cm2
Hence weight per meter (w) 0.9 kgf /m.
Now we will calculate the weight of the channel by another method.
L = length of channel = 700mm.
T= thickness of the channel = 3mm
W = width of the channel. =20 mm.
W = 2{ 20 x 3 x 700 x7.86 }/ 1000000
= ( 0.330 ) x 2
= 0.660 kgf.
=o.660 =1 kg.
Hence the weight of the two channels. = 2 kg.
5) In this way now we can calculate the weight of the pulley & the flat strips.
The weight of pulley & flat bar are = near @ 1 kg.
Hence , the total hanging weight over the arm = 3kg + ( deadweight) 15 kg.
= 16 Kg.
2) DESIGN OF THE FOUNDATION ___-------
i) The length of the channel for foundation

= 60” + 32”
= 92”
=2336.8 mm.
Hence W = 20 X 3 X2336.8 X7.86/ 10 x 105
=1.10 KG
ii)The weight of plate welded over the foundation
= 380 x 80 x 6 x 7.86 / 1000000
=1.50 Kg.
iii) The weight of bearing pin &bearing considered =@ 1kg.

Iv) The weight of the gear box plates .
= ( 12 x 340 x 192 x 7.86) x 2 / 1000000
=6.157 x 2
=12.300 Kg.
v) The total weight of bearings , gears , gear shafts & revolving plates
= @ 2kg.
vi) the weight of motor
= (standard ) = 0.5 kg.
vi) the weight of plates over the G.B. & side plates of G.B. = 2.0 Kg
Hence , the total weight over the foundation, including foundation
= 1.100 + 1.500 + 12.300 + 2.0 + 0.500 + 2
= 19.400 ~ 20 Kg.
Hence ,the weight to be lifted will be of 15 kg & the weight hanging arm over the
foundation = 1.100 Kg.
= 16.100
~ 16 Kg & the weight of the foundation =14 Kg.
Here the balance of the m/c is done .
CHAPTER :5
MANFACTURING PROCESS
Manufacturing process
1. PART NAME: SHAFT
Part weight – 3 kg
Part material – C30
Part quantity – 4
Part size – Φ10 x 300 mm.
SR. OPERATION MACHINE TOOL TIME
NO.
1 Cutting the material as per our Power Hacksaw Hacksaw Blade 10 min
required size.
2 facing both side Lathe machine facing tool 10 min
2. PART NAME: BEARING MOUNTER-2

Part weight – 1 kg
Part material – M.S
Part quantity – 10
Part size – 40 x 10 x 40 mm.
Sr. No. Operation Machine Tool Time
1 Cutting the material as per our Power Hacksaw Blade 10 min

required size. Hacksaw
2 Drilling 10mm hole Lathe machine Drilling Bit 10 min

10mm
3 Make Φ26mm Lathe machine Boring tool 15 min
3. PART NAME: SLIDER BUSH
Part quantity – 2
Part size – Φ25 x 25 mm.
Sr. Operation Machine Tool Time
No.
1 Cutting the material as per our Power Hacksaw 10 min

required size. Hacksaw Blade
2 Drilling at center 10mm hole Lathe Drilling Bit 10 in

machine 10mm
4. PART NAME: LOWER FRAME
Part quantity – 1
Part size –
1. Upper Part - 450 x 300 x 450 mm, t = 4 mm
Sr. No. Operation Machine Tool Time
1 Cutting the material as per our Power Hacksaw 40 min

required size. Hacksaw Blade
2 Welding of frame Arc welding 40 min

weilding
USED MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
The materials used in this project are detailed as follows
 FERROUS MATERIALS
A ) Mild steel – EN – 4 to EN – 6
Carbon – 0.15% to 0.35%
Tensile strength –1200/1420MPA
Yield strength – 750/1170 MPA
B) C30 Carbon – 0.25% to 0.35%
Tensile strength – 620 MPA
Yield strength – 400 MPA
Izadi Impact Value – 55 Nm
% Minimum Elongation – 21
Typical composition –– Carbon – 0.25% to 0.35%
Manganese – 0.60% to 0.90%
BHN – 207
C30 material is generally used for cold formed levers, hardened and tempered tie rods, Cables,
Sprockets, Hubs and Bushes –Steel Tubes.
C) 40C8 Carbon – 0.25% to 0.35%
Tensile strength – 620 MPA
Yield strength – 400 MPA
Izadi Impact Value – 55 Nm
 NON METALLIC MATERIALS
The non-metallic materials are used in engineering practice due to their low density, low
cost, flexibility, resistance to heat and electricity. Though there are many non-metallic materials,
important materials used in our project are listed below:
A) PLASTIC (NYLON): Tensile strength – 82 N/mm2
Compressive strength – 35 N/mm2
Yield strength – 8500 psi
Rockwell Hardness Number – R112-120
The plastics are synthetic materials which are molded into shape under pressure with or without the
application of heat. These can also be cast, rolled, extruded, laminated, and machined. Following are the
two types of plastics;
(a) Thermosetting plastics
(b) Thermoplastics.
The thermosetting plastics are those which are formed into shape under heat and pressure
is applied, it becomes hard by a chemical change known as phenol formaldehyde(Bakelite), phenol-
furfural(Dugite), urea-formaldehyde(Plasmon), etc.
The thermoplastic materials do not become hard with the application of heat and pressure
and no chemical change occurs. They remain soft at elevated temperatures until they are hardened by
cooling. These can be remitted repeatedly by successive application of heat. Some of the common
thermoplastics are cellulose nitrate (Celluloid), polythene, NYLON, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl
chloride(P.V.C.), etc.
The plastics are extremely resistant to corrosion and have high dimensional stability.
They are mostly used in manufacture of aero plane and automobile parts. They are also used for making
safety glasses, laminated gears, pulleys, self-lubricating bearings, etc. due to their resilience and strength.
2. RUBBER:
It is one of the most important natural plastics. It resists abrasion, heat, strong alkalis, and
fairly strong acids. Soft rubber is used for electrical insulations. It is also used for power transmission
belting, being applied to woven cotton as a base. The hard rubber is used for piping and as lining for
pickling tanks
CHAPTER :6
COST ESTIMATION
COST ESTIMATION
COST OF MATERIAL
PART NAME MATERIAL WT RATE / KG
Bearing mounter MS 8 60
angle - 25 65
Shaft - 3 60
COST OF MACHINE
MACHINE NAME USING RATE /HR
TIME
Gas cutting ml 30 300
Lath m/c 45 350
Power Hacksaw 15 375
Welding 60 350
COST OF STD PART
Sir no Part name Qty Total rate
1 rack 1 1000
2 pinion 1 400
3 piston 1 1800
4 Nut & Bolt 2 40
5 Pulley I 1 80
6 Pulley II 1 80
7 5 by 2 valve 1 1000
8 Pu fitting 4 150
9 pipe 2mts 200
10 spur gear (big) 2 2200
11 spur gear (small) 3 2000
12 Bearing 8 800
Total = 10,560 RS
CHAPTER :7
MAINTENANCE
MAINTENANCE
The pneumatically lift system requires the periodical maintained. The

maintain is of two types.
- Corrective maintenance
- Preventive maintenance
The maintenance, which is done against the break down is the

corrective maintenance & the maintenance is done regularly &
periodically in order to avoid the break down is the preventive
maintenance.
CHAPTER : 8
ADVANTAGE &DISADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGES
1. Easy Construction.
2. Easy Manufacturing.
3. Economical One.
4. Can be built up to various capacities easily.
5. For grinding less time required.
6. Low maintenance cost.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Large Storage Space.

2. Necessity of Compressor.
CHAPTER : 9
APPLICATION
APPLICATIONS
In big industries.
Multistage parking
Hospital
mall
CHAPTER :10
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
While concluding this part, we fill quite contended in having
completed the project assignment well on time. We had enormous practical
experience on the manufacturing schedules of the working project model.
We are therefore, happy to state that the inculcation of mechanical aptitude
proved to be a very useful purpose. We are as such overwhelmingly elated
in the arriving at the targeted mission.
Undoubtedly the joint venture has had all the merits of interest
and zeal shown by all of us the credit goes to the healthy co-ordination of
our batch colleague in bringing out a resourceful fulfillment of our
assignment described by the university.
Although the design criterion imposed challenging problems
which however were welcome by us due to availability of good reference
books. The selection of choice of raw materials helped us in machining of
the various components to very close tolerances and thereby minimizing
the level of wear and tear.
The design of control architecture was an important aspect of
study because a strong interaction between the many different parts was
needed... So we are satisfied with our project.
CHAPTER :5
REFERENCE
REFERENCES
BOOKS: -
Tools Design-design Guides-Tata-Megra-hill
Machine design – By R. S. Khurmi
Theory of machine – By khurmi gupta
Workshop shop Technology - By hajra chaudhary.
Industrial machine data book
Websites: -
www.google.com
www.rediffmail.com

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We know why and when beautiful image of our respectable teachers,

It gives us a greater pleasure to represent this project in “Pneumatic lift”

We are sincerely thankful to project guide prof

Our gratitude are members if workshop for their precious co-operation.

Lastly, we express out thanks to the friends for valuable suggestion,

Sr. No. Name of chapter Page No.

2 Construction of pneumatic lift 7

3 Working of pneumatic lift 10

9 Advantage & Disadvantage 34

We are concentrating out of one very important clause it to maintain

Cranes can be classified according to working principle into three types,

This Type of equipment consists of an electric motor or internal combustion

CONSTRUCTION OF PEUMATIC LIFT

The lift is related to the part of human safety.

WORKING OF PNEUMATIC LIFT

As a mathematical formula, this is:

 Length of fluid travel. Shorter is better.

Gases used n pneumatic systems

Pneumatic systems in fixed installations such as factories use compressed air

Factory-plumbed, pneumatic-power users need not worry about poisonous

COMPONENTS USED IN PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

To perform their function, pneumatic cylinders impart a force by converting

Single acting cylinders

Double acting cylinders

Pressure, radius, area and force relationships

The relationship, between force on outstroke, pressure and radius, is as follows:

On in stroke, the same relationship between force exerted, pressure and

F represents the force exerted

r1 represents the radius of the piston

r2 represents the radius of the piston rod

π is pi, approximately equal to 3.14159.

Compared to hydraulic system, pneumatic system requires greater care

Cushioning is imperative to absorb the kinetic energy of the piston as it

Back pressure also provides a cushioning effect in pneumatic cylinder.

 The load to be moved

 Pipe size: ¼”, 3/8”, and ½” BSP

 Air pressure regulator

Which limits the downstream pressure to the pre-set valve?

A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas

(Hermetically sealed, open, or semi-hermetic)

In hermetic and most semi-hermetic compressors, the compressor and motor

The primary advantage of a hermetic and semi-hermetic is that there is no route

The disadvantage of hermetic compressors is that the motor drive cannot be

An advantage of open compressors is that they can be driven by non-electric power

Centrifugal compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing

Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors

Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors are similar to centrifugal compressors, but

Rotary vane compressors

Rotary vane compressors consist of a rotor with a number of blades inserted in

With suitable port connections, the devices may be either a compressor or a

Rotary vane compressors can have mechanical efficiencies of about 90%.

Rotary screw compressors

Rotary screw compressors use two meshed rotating positive-displacement helical

A diaphragm compressor (also known as a membrane compressor) is a

The photograph included in this section depicts a three-stage diaphragm

Air bubble compressor

A mixture of air and water generated through turbulence is allowed to fall

Multiple compressor configurations

It is possible to connect two or more compressors in tandem, effectively doubling

This compressor is having following specifications:

Both pneumatics and hydraulics are applications of fluid power. Pneumatics

 Simplicity of Design and Control

can use the following relations:

(200 + (1- 2 x 0.36)3