RESEARCH

ABOUT
THE HISTORY
OF THE 1ST AND 2ND
TRIUMVIRATE FALL
Submitted by: Jylian Amber S. Mendoza
Submitted to: Mr. Lander Victor Tejada
 ISIST
ABTRIUMVIRATE
EL MERCADO WAR
& leading to the emergence of Julius Caesar and his allies
Executive Secretary

SUMMARY
The First Triumvirate was an informal political alliance formed among three prominent politicians in the late
Roman Republic: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gaius Julius Caesar. They forged a
secret alliance to support each other's objectives and push through legislation. The alliance's success triggered a
significant political backlash and was reorganized to counterbalance the three men. Crassus died in 53 BC,
leaving Caesar and Pompey as the remaining allies, but deteriorating trust and alliances pushed Caesar into open
rebellion in January 49 BC.

INTRODUCTION: WHY DID THE 1ST TRIUMVIRATE FALL?

Who is Pompey Magnus?
Pompey Magnus, or Pompey the Great, was an
influential Roman general and statesman who played a
vital role in the late Roman Republic. He was an
essential member of the First Triumvirate, alongside
Julius Caesar and Marcus Licinius Crassus, and was
widely acknowledged as one of the greatest military
commanders of his time. Pompey's strategic abilities
were instrumental in Roman conquests of the eastern
Mediterranean.
Who is Julius Caesar?
Julius Caesar was a Roman statesman, general,
and dictator who played a key role in the
transformation of the Roman Republic into the
Roman Empire. He was born in 100 BC and is
widely regarded as a brilliant military commander
and skilled politician who championed the rights
of the people and implemented significant
political reforms. His conquests expanded the
Roman Empire to its greatest extent, and his
establishment of the Julian calendar became the
basis for the modern Gregorian calendar.
However, his assassination in 44 BC marked the
end of his ambitious plans and a significant
turning point in Roman history.
Who is Marcus Crassus?
Marcus Licinius Crassus was a wealthy and
influential Roman general, politician, and known
for his successful military campaigns, political
career, and immense fortune. He played a
significant role in quelling the Spartacus rebellion
and was a member of the First Triumvirate, a
political alliance with Julius Caesar and Pompey.
Crassus' wealth allowed him to finance his
political aspirations and military campaigns,
making him one of the most powerful men in
Roman history.
The First Triumvirate was an informal political alliance among three
prominent politicians in the late Roman Republic: Gnaeus Pompeius
Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gaius Julius Caesar. The
republican constitution had many veto points. In order to bypass
constitutional obstacles and force through the political goals of the
three men, they forged in secret an alliance where they promised to use
their respective influence to support each other. The "triumvirate" was
not a formal magistracy, nor did it achieve a lasting domination over
state affairs.
It was formed among the three men due to their mutual need to
overcome opposition in the senate against their proposals in the
previous years. Initially secret, it emerged publicly during Caesar's first
consulship in 59 BC to push through legislation for the three allies.
Caesar secured passage of an agrarian law which helped resettle
Pompey's veterans, a law ratifying Pompey's settlements after the Third
Mithridatic War, and legislation on provincial administration and tax
collection.
Caesar also was placed in a long-term governorship in Gaul. The early
success of the alliance, however, triggered substantial political backlash.
Political alliances at Rome reorganised to counterbalance the three men
in the coming years.
By 55 BC, the alliance was fraying. The three men, however, came
together in mutual interest to renew their pact. By force and with
political disruption aided by their allies, they delayed consular elections
into 55 BC and intimidated the comitia into electing Pompey and
Crassus again as consuls. Caesar's command in Gaul was then renewed
for another five years; plum provincial commands placed Pompey in
Spain and Crassus in Syria. Amid even stronger backlash at Rome
against the use of naked force and chaos to achieve political ends,
Crassus died in 53 BC during his failed invasion of Parthia.
Caesar and Pompey, the two remaining allies, maintained friendly
relations for a few years. They remained allies even after Pompey's
assumption of a sole consulship in 52 BC and the death of Julia (Caesar's
daughter and Pompey's wife). Pompey, however, moved to form alliances
to counterbalance Caesar's influence after Crassus' death.
These drew him slowly into a policy of confrontation with Caesar.
Deteriorating trust through 50 BC, along with the influence of Catonian
anti-Caesarian hardliners on Pompey, eventually pushed Caesar into
open rebellion in January 49 BC.
 IS2ND
ABETRIUMVIRATE
L MERCADOWAR
& leading to the emergence of Octavian and his allies
Executive Secretary

SUMMARY
Lepidus was part of the Second Triumvirate, formed in 43 BC with Mark Antony and Octavian to consolidate power in
Rome. After the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Octavian emerged as the sole ruler and stripped Lepidus of his power. The
Triumvirate aimed to reassert Caesarian control over the western provinces and divided the Roman world into three sets of
provinces. Octavian expelled Lepidus from the Triumvirate in 36 BC after his victory over the remaining Pompeians in
Sicily.

INTRODUCTION: WHY DID THE 2ND TRIUMVIRATE FALL?

Who is Octavian?
Octavian was a Roman statesman and military leader
who was born in Rome on September 23, 63 BC. He
was the son of Gaius Octavius, a senator, and Atia, the
niece of Julius Caesar. At the age of 18, Octavian was
sent to Spain to join Caesar's army and he later served
as Caesar's master of horses during the Civil War.
After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, Octavian was
adopted as his heir and he later defeated Mark Antony
and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.
Octavian became the first emperor of Rome and was
given the title of Augustus, ruling from 27 BC until he
died in 14 AD. His reign was marked by significant
social, cultural, and political reforms, and he is
considered one of the most important figures in
Roman history.
Lepidus was a prominent statesman in Ancient Rome and was part of
the Second Triumvirate, along with Mark Antony and Octavian. The
Triumvirate was formed in 43 BC to consolidate power and bring order
back to Rome. Lepidus was chosen as one of the Triumvirs because of
his military experience and loyalty to Julius Caesar.
In the early years of the Triumvirate, Lepidus was responsible for
securing the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, and he was
successful in his endeavors. However, Lepidus was not as ambitious as
his fellow Triumvirs, and he was content to remain in the background
while Antony and Octavian competed for power.
Over time, tensions between the Triumvirs began to rise, particularly
due to Antony's relationship with Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt.
Octavian turned public opinion against Antony, leading to the famous
Battle of Actium in 31 BC, where Octavian emerged victorious and
became the sole ruler of Rome.

Who is Marcus Antonius?
Marcus Antonius, also known as Mark Antony, was a
Roman politician and general who played a critical
role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into
the Roman Empire. He was a close ally of Julius
Caesar, and after Caesar's assassination, he formed a
political alliance with Caesar's heir, Octavian, and
Lepidus. Together, they formed the Second
Triumvirate and defeated the forces of Caesar's
assassins. However, Antony's relationship with
Octavian soon deteriorated, leading to a civil war and
Antony's defeat at the Battle of Actium.
Who is Lepidus?
Lepidus was a Roman statesman and one of the
members of the Second Triumvirate, along with Mark
Antony and Octavian. He was a trusted ally of Julius
Caesar and played a significant role in the civil war
that followed Caesar's assassination. However, he was
eventually stripped of his power by Octavian and
retired to private life until his death.
After the Battle of Actium, Octavian stripped Lepidus of his power and
forced him to retire from public life. Lepidus lived in obscurity until his
death, but he remained a respected figure in Rome. The Second
Triumvirate was created to give the three men - Antony, Lepidus, and
Octavian - practically absolute power, with broad powers to make or
repeal legislation, issue judicial punishments without due process or
right of appeal, and appoint all other magistrates. The triumvirs split
the Roman world into three sets of provinces.
The triumvirate emerged as a force to reassert Caesarian control over
the western provinces and wage war on the liberators who assassinated
Julius Caesar. After prescriptions purging the senatorial and equestrian
orders, and a brutal civil war, the liberators were defeated at the Battle
of Philippi. After Philippi, Antony and Octavian took the east and west,
respectively, with Lepidus confined to Africa.
Octavian and Antony had their legal arrangement renewed for another
five years in 37 BC. However, Octavian forced Lepidus from the
triumvirate in 36 BC after Antony's defeat in Parthia and Octavian's
victory over the remaining Pompeians in Sicily. Relations between the
two remaining triumvirs broke down in the late 30s BC before they
fought a final war, from which Octavian emerged victorious.