1학기 중간고사 범위

0
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

1.
The layouts of shopping malls tend to be complicated.

S V ~하는 경향이 있다
There are many different levels, escalators and passageways.

층
This is no accident.
It takes a lot of walking to go from store to store.

0
1.
If shoppers were walking in straight lines,

가정법 과거
they would realize how far apart everything is.

간접의문문
Because the distance is broken up into short sections,
however, it seems much shorter.

0
1.
This psychological trick can be useful
for people struggling with procrastination.

미루는 버릇, 꾸물거림
Working on large projects can seem endless and impossible.

S V
This is why people spend much of their time trying to avoid them.
+결과 ~하느라 시간을 보내다
0
1.
But if you break up a large project into smaller tasks,
it suddenly seems much easier to deal with.

비교급 수식
As a result, it won’t be so hard to get started on it.

0
1.
① what kinds of projects are the best
② why people like big shopping malls
③ what causes people to work too hard
④ how to make difficult

ㄴ tasks seem easier
⑤ where to go to avoid walking too much

02. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 알맞은 것은?
Despite the contrary opinions of most scientists of the time,

~에도 불구하고 당대의, 동시대의
Jonas Salk believed that injecting patients with polio virus

선행사
that had been “killed” would immunize them
from the disease without infecting them.

He tested his vaccine on volunteers,
including himself and his family,
and found that they all developed anti-polio antibodies
without contracting polio or experiencing any negative side effects.

걸리다
In 1954, a national test of the vaccine
was conducted on one million children,
and the vaccine was declared safe and effective the next year.
Before the vaccine was made available to the general public,
the annual number of polio cases in the USA

S
averaged more than 45,000.

V
But by 1962, that number had dropped below 1,000.

Interestingly, Salk never patented his vaccine,
as he was more concerned with making it safe and effective

때문에 o oc1 oc2
than with earning profits.

① The Mistake that Led to a Vaccine
② The Tragic Sacrifices of Jonas Salk
③ The History of Vaccine Development
④ The Polio Vaccine: Jonas Salk’s Miracle
⑤ The Impact of Vaccines on Preventive Medicine

03. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
For many years,
conservationists have worried about the loss of biodiversity in the wild.
However, diversity loss is also occurring
under the watchful eyes of farmers.

지켜보는, 신경쓰는
One problem is that certain breeds of livestock
are growing less popular
due to the fact that they offer less milk or meat.
The same thing is true with crops.

Over the past century,
three fourths of the genetic diversity of crops has been lost.

3/4
Many farmers have switched to plant varieties

선행사
that grow faster and produce more food.

Of the 30,000 edible species of plants on our planet,

중에서
a mere 30, including rice, wheat and corn,

S
account for 95 percent of what we eat.

V
Unfortunately, there is currently a need
to increase world food production to deal with the growing population.

The loss of diversity due to this situation

S
could make it harder to grow crops

V 가o oc 진o
in new places with different environmental conditions.

① the effects of climate change on biodiversity
② the wide variety of plants and animals on Earth
③ agricultural problems caused by the loss of biodiversity
④ the decline of biodiversity due to artificial manipulation
⑤ the usefulness of genetically modified creatures in the wild

04. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 알맞은 것은?
Scientists have long considered the Moon

V O
to be a promising location for colonization.

OC 유망한, 촉망되는 식민지화
<1>
Compared to other potential destinations in space,

목적지, 도착지
the Moon is much closer to Earth, and thanks to this close proximity,
비교급 강조 ~ 덕분에
the time it would take to transport people and equipment there

S ~하는데 (-만큼의) 시간이 걸린다
would be relatively short.

V
The Moon’s proximity to Earth would even make it possible

S V 가O
to develop a tourist industry

진O
that could bring visitors there for a short period of time.

<2>
In addition, the Moon has many local resources

선행사
that could be extracted and then used to build settlements,
radiation blockers, and much more.ㅍ

<3>
Finally, the possibility of ice existing at the Moon’s poles

S
gives hope that colonists could have a reliable source of water.

V
① various technologies required for space travel
② debates about the existence of resources on the Moon
③ the multiple advantages of using the Moon as a colony
④ the difficulties associated with colonizing other planets
⑤ why living on the Moon could be easier than living on Earth

05. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Contrary to popular belief, video games are not always bad for your health.
A video game called Re-mission is designed for children with cancer.
In the game,
they guide a microscopic character through a human body

미세한, 현미경으로 봐야만 보이는
in order to destroy cancer cells.

The game reflects the process the kids are going through,
반영하다 겪다
and the game’s weapons are based on actual cancer treatments

~을 기반으로
such as chemotherapy and antibiotics.

The game helps children learn about cancer,

to learn
giving them a feeling of control.

분사구문 IO DO
When they are shooting cancer cells in the game,
it is as if they are fighting the cells in their own body.

According to a study on the effectiveness of the game,

~에 대한
the more cancer cells they destroy,

the 비교급 SV, the 비교급 SV: -할 수록 점점 더 ~하다
the less likely they are to experience side effects like infections and nausea.
메스꺼움
In interviews, patients reported that they had more energy
and felt their chances for full recovery

S
were more promising due to overcoming the cancer cells in the games.
V ~때문에
① Game Fever Sweeping Doctors
② Helping Cancer Patients with a Game
③ Can Playing Video Games Cause Cancer?
④ Light and Dark Sides of Cancer Treatments
⑤ Medical Treatment: Tiny Robots Save Lives

Humans are sometimes able to help even the largest of nature’s creatures.
~할 수 있다
This was the case
when a 50-ton humpback whale got tangled up in some fishing lines.

헝클다, 얽히게 하
다
When a fisherman saw the whale and called for help,
a team of brave divers entered the water to try to save it.

S V
It was dangerous work, for the whale could easily have killed the divers
~때문에 ~했을 수도 있었다(과거 일에 대한 추측)
with a simple flip of its tail.

Finally, though, they succeeded in cutting the lines and freeing the whale.
성공하다
But before swimming off,
the whale went up to each of the divers and nuzzled him.

The divers had never seen such a display of affection before.

표현
Too surprised to move, they watched

너무 ~해서 ---할 수 없다
as the whale slowly faded into the distant sea.

~할 때까지 먼, 멀리
① A Study of Whale Behavior
② A Whale Thanks Its Rescuers
③ A Fisherman Finds a Surprise
④ Humans and Whales Don’t Mix
⑤ The Dangers of Working with Animals

0
다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
1.
Cats make great companions, but they can sometimes damage furniture
동반자
by scratching it.
~함으로써 긁다, 할퀴다
For this reason, some people have their cats declawed.

~의 발톱을 제거하다
Declawing, however, makes no sense.
Cats who scratch things aren’t behaving badly.

0
1.
It is natural behavior that allows them to stretch their muscles,

5V O O.C
keep their claws in good condition, and mark their territory.

O.C O.C 지역, 영역
Some people argue that declawing is
no different than clipping your fingernails. This is not true.

깎다, 자르다
0
1.
It is a painful and dangerous operation that serves no purpose
and can have long-lasting negative effects.

오래 지속되는
A better alternative is simply training cats to stop scratching furniture.

대안, 선택 가능한 것 ~가 하도록 훈련시키다
Special scratching posts and boards are available at many shops

기둥
and are designed to allow cats to scratch freely without causing any
v O O
C
damage.
0
다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
1.
① 주변의 안 좋은 환경이 고양이의 할퀴는 습관의 원인이다.
② 고양이 맞춤용 훈련 도구와 가구를 판매하는 가게가 늘고 있다.
③ 심각한 통증을 초래하는 고양이 발톱 제거술을 해서는 안 된다.
④ 적절한 운동은 고양이의 안 좋은 버릇을 고치는 최선의 방법이다.
⑤ 고양이 발톱을 주기적으로 깎아 주는 것은 고양이의 건강에 이롭다.

02. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
It is fairly common for people to do the same things again and again.
가 꽤 의미상의 S 진
S S
We all have habits that we find comfortable.
We meet the same people, eat the same foods,
and watch the same TV programs day after day.

매일매일
So we usually end up thinking the same thoughts

결국 ~하게 되다
and having the same opinions.
It doesn’t sound very interesting, does it?
So why not try something different? You can start with something small.
Maybe you can say hello to one of your classmates you seldom talk to.
거의 ~ 않는
Or you can just try eating something new for lunch.

~을 시도하다
Experiment with breaking your routines, and who knows what will happen?
시험 삼아 해 보다 (판에 박힌) 일상
By making tiny changes in your life,

~함으로써
you might open the door to a new experience or an exciting opportunity.

① 매일 반복되는 일상에 충실해라.
② 삶에 새로운 변화를 시도해 보라.
③ 구체적인 목표를 세우고 나아가라.
④ 타인의 충고를 기꺼이 받아들여라.
⑤ 기회를 기다리지 말고 스스로 만들어라.

03. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Defensive pessimists are people
who use a kind of negative thinking to achieve positive results.
They use this calculated strategy
when dealing with emotions such as anxiety and fear.

First, they set low expectations for themselves,
imagining everything that can go wrong.
Then they come up with a solution for each of these problems,
which makes them feel as if they are in control.

마치 ~인 것처럼
Unlike people with low self-esteem,

~와 달리
defensive pessimists use their poor opinion of themselves
as a tool to succeed.
Before giving a presentation, for example, a defensive pessimist might think,
“No one is going to understand this information.
I’ll have to make sure I explain it very carefully.”

In this way, defensive pessimists are able to deal with problems.
And in situations in which they don’t succeed,
they feel as though they were prepared

가정법: 마치 ~인 것 처럼 = as if
and therefore don’t see failure as a catastrophe.

① 비관주의는 반복된 실패에서 비롯된다.
② 성공을 위해서는 자신의 약점을 파악해야 한다.
③ 부정적인 사고 방식은 노력을 통해 바꿀 수 있다.
④ 최악을 예상하는 것이 긍정적인 결과를 가져올 수 있다.
⑤ 자존감을 높이기 위해서는 방어적인 태도를 바꿔야 한

There is an unfortunate gap in our society

유감스러운 선행사
between scientists and regular people
which prevents the two groups from communicating well with each other.
Prevent A from Bing: A가 B하는 것을 막다
Those with scientific minds

지성
have trouble explaining their work in common language,
while gifted speakers usually do not have much scientific knowledge.

S V
But the fact is that the studies and experiments

S
scientists are doing every day have a huge effect on our lives.
V
Wouldn’t it make sense, then, for them to make an effort to inform
가S 의S 진S 알리다
society about what they are doing and why?

Instead of spending all their time hiding away in laboratories,

실험실
scientists should take a little time each day to make a speech

~하는데 -만큼의 시간이 걸리다
or talk to a reporter about their work.

① 과학 연구의 윤리 문제에 대한 토론이 필요하다.
② 순수한 학문적 목적의 과학 연구가 강조되어야 한다.
③ 과학 기술과 관련된 정책 결정은 신중히 행해져야 한다.
④ 정확한 과학 용어 사용을 위한 교육 프로그램이 필요하다.
⑤ 과학자는 자신의 연구 내용을 대중에게 알릴 필요가 있다.

Song lyrics are sometimes distinguished from poems

가사
through the idea that songs are written in everyday language
that most people can understand,
while poems are written in a difficult, literary style.

반면에 문학적인
But rather than separating these two forms of writing

~라기 보다는 나누다, 분리하다
based on the language of the song or poem,
it is more useful to consider what accompanies the words.

가S 진S 간접의문문 동반되다
Song lyrics go along with other musical content,
such as melody, rhythm, and instrumentation.

기악(연주)법
However, in a poem, words are accompanied only by silence.
If the surrounding musical content is removed from song lyrics,
they can sometimes be thought of as a poem.

This shows how important it is to define poems and song lyrics

가S 진S 정의하다
based not on their internal linguistic qualities

Not A but B: A가 아니라 B 내적인
but on how their words relate to the sounds, or lack thereof,

선행사 그것의
that surround them.

① 시와 가사는 서로 다른 역할을 한다.
② 순수한 문학으로서의 시를 존중해야 한다.
③ 시와 가사의 가치 우위를 정하는 일은 무의미하다.
④ 시와 가사는 그 자체의 언어적 특징으로만 평가되어야 한다.
⑤ 시와 가사는 어떤 외부 소리가 수반되느냐에 의해 구분된다.

In modern society,
the division of workers into the categories of skilled and unskilled

S 역할, 분배
has its roots in early childhood.

V
Unsurprisingly, children born with social disadvantages
are more likely to end up as unskilled workers.

~하는 경향이 있다 ~결국 -이 되다
We may talk about living in a land of equal opportunity,

동등한, 평등한
but we can’t deny that the quality of a person’s opportunities
is to some extent determined at birth.

어느 정도까지, 다소
To improve this situation, change is required.

Social policies that enrich the home environments of disadvantaged

정책 삶의 질을 높이다
children would help give them a fair chance of succeeding when they grow
IO DO
up.
~에 영향을 끼치다
Studies have shown that such improvements have a positive effect on
social behavior, schoolwork, and, ultimately, career success.

Addressing opportunity inequality through this kind of early intervention

S 다루다, 고심하다 개입
is clearly preferable to interfering with current workplace hiring practices.

V ~보다 더 좋은 전치사 + 동명사ing ~을 방해하다, 지장을 주다
① 현재의 직장 고용 관행은 시정되어야 한다.
② 사회 불평등을 해소하기 위해 의무 교육을 확대해야 한다.
③ 저소득층의 가정환경 개선을 위한 지원금이 인상되어야 한다.
④ 기업은 노동자들에게 정기적인 기술 교육을 제공해야 한다.
⑤ 사회 소외 계층에게 어린 시절부터 정책적 지원을 제공해야 한다.

0
1.
Researchers conducted an experiment to find out
if excessive mental activity can make us feel worn out.

인지 아닌지 5 O O 닳은, 매우 지친
V C
0 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈
1. 칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
In the experiment,
some participants were asked to play a mentally challenging computer
game, while others simply enjoyed watching a movie,

반면에 동명사만을 목적어로 취한는 동사
an activity that didn’t require any cognitive effort.

Afterwards, all of the participants took an endurance test
by riding an exercise bike.

~함으로써
The results showed
that those who had played the game gave up more quickly
~한 사람들
than those who had watched the movie.

~한 사람들
This might seem to suggest
that the mental activity did actually tire them out.

~을 지치게 하다
However, medical tests showed
that their blood pressure, breathing and heart rate

S
— the standard measurements of a person’s physical state —
remained normal.
V
The researchers believe this misperception occurred

S V
because the participants anticipated the endurance test

S V
to be more difficult than it actually was.

was (difficult)
02. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈
칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Not all of the actions people take have identifiable causes.

인식가능한, 알아볼 수 있는 대의명분
(부분부정) 전부 ~인 것은 아닌
For example,
a lifeguard who risks her own life to save a swimmer drowning at sea
(목적)
does not first establish a set of principles
upon which she then bases her decision to jump into the water.
:she then bases her decision to jump into the water upon a set of principles
⇒ which(that) she then bases her decision to jump into the water upon
⇒ upon which she then bases her decision to jump into the water
When we admire the lifeguard’s character,
we are admiring not her rationality but her noble instincts.

not A but B: A가 아니라 B
Furthermore, when we act consciously,
we are not necessarily being more efficient or effective.

반드시 꼭 ~는 아
닌
In fact, once we have learned a skill,
whether it be swimming, dancing, or typing,
careful attentiveness to our actions tends to just get in the way.

S V
Even great ideas
are usually not products of the careful and methodical formation
of concepts that we gradually piece together.
Rather, brilliant insights often come to us like gifts when we least expect it.
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈
03.
The introduction of European settlers to North America

S
changed the traditional lifestyles of Native Americans forever.

V
However, only a small percentage of Native Americans
found the way of life of the white settlers superior to their own.
O OC ~보다 뛰어난
03.
Even the Native American children who received a formal education

S
in white schools nearly always chose to return to live with their own people.
V
The same was true for any Native American
given the opportunity to choose

s between the two lifestyles.
03.
From the perspective of the native peoples,
the way of life being offered to them by the European outsiders

S
lacked freedom, created extremes of wealth and poverty, and

V V
focused too much on the accumulation of money and other material things.
V
03.
They had no problem rejecting this foreign lifestyle,

~하는데 어려움을 겪다
as it seemed impossible that it could bring them true happiness.

가 진
S S
In the late 1960s, psychologist Walter Mischel
began researching both instant and delayed gratification in children.

In his experiments, he offered preschoolers an immediate reward,

IO DO
such as a marshmallow or a pretzel,
but told them they could receive a larger reward
if they waited for a short period of time.

(조건) 만약 ~ 라면
Mischel wanted to figure out
to what degree self-control is something people are born with
and how much it depends on one’s ability

선행사
to develop strategies for resisting temptation.

All of the children in the experiments found it hard

가O O
C
to resist the immediate reward.
진O
But those who most successfully resisted employed strategies
such as singing to distract their attention away from the reward
and even sitting on their hands to physically restrain themselves.

In addition, Mischel discovered
that all of the children had an easier time resisting the immediate reward
when the researcher actively distracted them.

0
다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
1.
When living in a society, people often exchange things with one another
in order to gain what they need and achieve their goals.
A long time ago,
money became the standard form for representing such exchanges.

0
1.
This standard is beneficial
because it assigns an exact value to labor, services and goods,
allowing each party in an exchange to be sure

분사구문 V O OC
that the transaction is a fair one.

0
1.
Such exchanges make it possible for the members of a society

V 가 OC 의S
O
to work collectively to improve the quality of the society as a whole.
잔 (목적)
O
0
1.
As the representative measurement used to carry out

ㄴ each exchange,
money enables this to occur.

V O O
C
In other words, money by itself has no value.
Its value is only created by the fact that it is a social product.

0
1.
① The Social Value of Money
② Money Comes in Many Forms
③ Money: How to Use It Effectively
④ The Secret to Making Fair Exchanges
⑤ Can Money Change Our Social Status?

There was once a king who,
seeking to impress his royal guests, commanded his servants

V
to capture monkeys from the forest and train them to dance.

The servants were successful, and before long
they had taught the monkeys to wear fancy clothes and masks
and dance onstage.

All the king’s guests were very impressed,
and they congratulated him on having the finest dancers in the land.
One day, a member of the court decided to have some fun.

S V
During the monkeys’ performance,
he threw a handful of nuts onto the stage.
The monkeys went wild, ripping off their clothes and masks
and fighting with each other over the nuts.

The dance was ruined. The audience laughed at the monkeys,
but they laughed even harder at the king,
ridiculing him for trying to turn monkeys into courtly dancers.

turn A into B: a를 b로 바꾸다.
① 더 엄격한 동물 보호법이 필요하다.
② 인간과 원숭이는 많은 특징을 공유한다.
③ 겉모습을 보고 능력을 판단해서는 안 된다.
④ 자신의 능력에 맞는 목표를 수립해야 한다.
⑤ 타고난 본성은 훈련으로 쉽게 바뀌지 않는다.

03. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear Ms. Riley,
Your company recently released a new vacuum cleaner.
The quality and features of the product are impressive.

Before I make a decision about the product,
I would like to have details
regarding maintenance costs and known quality issues.

I am responsible for purchasing the cleaning equipment
for a large hotel chain.
Over the past few years,
I have chosen your brand many times for our cleaning needs.
Thanks to your reliable products and excellent customer service,
I have never been disappointed.

I simply want to know what to expect from this product,

무엇을 ~할 지
so I would be grateful if you could send any testing results or data
that would help to reassure me.
Thank you in advance for your time.
Sincerely,
① 고객 만족도를 조사하려고
② 출시 예정 제품을 홍보하려고
③ 예약한 호텔에 숙박 일정을 확인하려고
④ 새로 출시된 제품의 상세 정보를 요청하려고
⑤ 잘못된 제품 정보에 대해 정정을 요구하려고

Although you might think taking shorter shower can help conserve water,
아끼다
S V
actions like this in fact have a minimal impact.

S V
On the other hand, producing beef requires huge amounts of water,

S V
because all of the grains cows eat need water to grow.

S V
Large amounts of water are also needed to make processed foods

S V 가공식품
such as frozen pizza.
Perhaps the worst news of all is that one of the most delicious items
one of the 최상급 + 복수명사
we can buy, chocolate, is also one of the most water-demanding.

=
one of the 최상급 + 복수명사
Most individuals have a good deal of control over their purchases,
but they tend to be unaware of

~을 알지 못하다
how environmentally friendly various products are,
including how much water is used in their production.

So one of the best ways for us to save water
is actually to pay closer attention to what we buy.

① 식품 구매 시 재료 및 성분을 확인해야 한다.
② 수질 오염을 막기 위한 신기술을 개발해야 한다.
③ 기업은 소비자에게 친환경 제품을 제공해야 한다.
④ 식품 회사의 물 사용에 대한 정부 규제를 강화해야 한다.
⑤ 물을 절약하기 위해서 구매할 제품 선택에 유의해야 한다.

It isn’t news that our genes determine many things about us,
가S 진 결정하다
S
such as our gender and eye color.
The fact that depression can run in families isn’t news either.
= ~도 또한 그렇다
However,
whether this depression is in our DNA or a result of our family environment

S
was a mystery until recently.

V
According to new studies on the genetics of depressive illness,
some people have a greater chance of developing depression than others.

(병이) 생기다
If someone in our immediate family has had the condition,

S 직계의 V 질환
our risk of becoming depressed can be doubled or even tripled.

S 우울증을 앓는 V 세 배가 되다
Also, about half of individuals with bipolar disorder

장애
have parents with a record of depressive illness.

V
These results do not indicate that depression is unavoidable,

나타내다, 보여주 불가피한
다
but they show that it is more likely for people with certain genes.
① 인간의 모든 것이 DNA에 의해 결정된다.
② 현대인들이 과거보다 더 우울증에 취약하다.
③ 특정 DNA가 우울증의 발병에 영향을 줄 수 있다.
④ 우울증은 환경적인 요인에 의해 크게 영향을 받는다.
⑤ 유전 질환을 예방하기 위해 더 많은 연구가 이뤄져야 한다.

Deer living in a region where there are no wolves

S
sometimes experience a condition called chronic wasting disease (CWD).

V
Yet, in other regions of the United States
where wolves have recently returned,
deer populations show no signs of CWD.

S 개체군 V
Similarly, the large grazing animals in Yellowstone National Park,

S 풀을 뜯다, 방목하
다
such as bison and elk, used to do as they pleased.
들소 V ~하곤 했다
With no predators to chase them, they often remained in the same area
until they had eaten every last bit of vegetation there.

(특정 지역의) 식물
However, since wolves have been reintroduced to the park,

재도입하다
the grazers have to move around more to evade them.

피하다
~해야만 한다
As a result, the vegetation has grown back and is flourishing.

잘 자라다, 번성하
다
This, in turn, has allowed other animals

5V O
that rely on the vegetation for food to return as well.

O
C
Predators like the wolf play a vital role
S V
in maintaining the balance of life in an ecosystem.

① vital ∙∙∙∙∙∙ balance
② harmful ∙∙∙∙∙∙ stability
③ changing ∙∙∙∙∙∙ quality
④ complex ∙∙∙∙∙∙ interaction
⑤ decreasing ∙∙∙∙∙∙ destruction

One day in 1903, chemist Edouard Benedictus

S
dropped a glass container and it broke on the floor.

V
Amazingly, though, the glass did not shatter.

Benedictus investigated the container and

S V
found a thin film on the inside left over

V 막
from when he had filled it with a solution of collodion.

용액
Not long after the incident,
he was reading the newspaper and came across an article about a car crash.
우연히 마주치다
The passengers in the vehicle were badly injured
when the windshield glass shattered and cut them.

(자동차) 앞유리
Remembering what had happened to his broken container,

분사구문
Benedictus got the idea that a special coating

=
could be used on windshields to prevent them from shattering.

prevent A from B img: A가 B하는 것을 막다
And before long, he succeeded in inventing the world’s first safety glass.
머지 않아, 얼마 후 ~에 성공하다
① Safety Glass Brings Unexpected Benefits
② Safety Devices Used to Prevent Car Accidents
③ Overcoming Injuries from Automobile Accidents
④ An Accidental Discovery Leads to a New Product
⑤ How Safety Glass and Normal Glass Are Different

Quarantine inspections are performed in airports
to help stop diseases from spreading from country to country.

stop A from Bing: A가 B 하는 것을 막다
This practice began in 14th-century Europe,
during the time of a horrific plague

역병, 흑사병
that killed one-third of the continent’s population.

In 1377, the first quarantine law was passed in the city of Ragusa,
now known as Dubrovnik, Croatia.
All ships arriving from plague areas had to remain isolated

V SC
until it was certain that none of the crew members were infected.
가S 진S 승무원, 선원
Later, 40 days was decided upon as the length of time the ships had to wait.
Although there was no scientific reason for choosing
such a specific period of time,
this practice led to the modern concept of quarantines.

In fact, this is actually where the word quarantine comes from
— Ragusa was an Italian-speaking city,
and the Italian word for 40 is quaranta.

① how the practice of quarantine originated
② the limits of quarantines in modern society
③ benefits of enforcing quarantine inspections
④ how to perform quarantine inspections properly
⑤ the most efficient strategy for improving health care

For many years,
it has been suggested that people

S
who experience severe jet lag have problems with their short-term memory.
시차증 V ⇒working memory
For example, pilots and flight attendants

S 항공 승무원
who travel on many long-distance flights in a short period
often report things like losing their keys

V
and being unable to remember their hotel room numbers.

A researcher recently experienced this phenomenon
after flying on several trans-Atlantic flights in one month.

(Being) 분사구문: 이유
Intrigued, he decided to study how jet lag affects brain functions,
호기심을 돋우다 간접의문문
especially memory.
He scanned the brains of people suffering from serious jet lag

정밀 촬영하다
and compared the images to those of people who had not traveled at all.
전혀~않다
His findings indicated that jet lag caused harm to the people’s brain cells
조사결과
and that part of their brains had even shrunk.

줄다, 오그라들다
① damage ∙∙∙∙∙∙ capacity
② development ∙∙∙∙∙∙ problems
③ damage ∙∙∙∙∙∙ growth
④ development ∙∙∙∙∙∙ capacity
⑤ activation ∙∙∙∙∙∙ problems

0
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
1.
Sloths are naturally gray or brown.

나무늘보
However, sloths living in the wild slowly turn green as they age.
~에 따라
This is because a wide range of microorganisms live in their thick fur.

S ~ 범위의 미생물 V
0
1.
These microorganisms allow algae to grow.

V O OC
It’s a win-win situation — the algae get a place to live,

말, 해조류
and the sloths receive an effective form of camouflage.

위장, 속임수
01. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Scientists now believe that some of the fungi that live in sloth fur
곰팡이, 균류
After collecting and analyzing 84 species of fungi living in sloth fur,
researchers found that some of them act as antibiotics.

~로서 항생제, 항생물질
0
1.
There were even some species
that showed the ability to reduce the risk of breast cancer or malaria.
More studies are needed, but the researchers are optimistic

낙관적인, 낙관하는
about the potential medical uses of these fungi.

0
1.
① may spread certain diseases
② could also be beneficial to humans
③ can easily live on human skin as well
④ are slowly being killed by human activity
⑤ cannot be found anywhere else on Earth

Sleeping in an unfamiliar bed can be difficult.
In fact, sleep problems caused by new surroundings

S 환경
are referred to as the “first night effect.”

V refer to A as B: A를 B라고 부르다
Researchers believe that this phenomenon

현상
is caused by a division in our brains —

역할, 분배 =
the right hemisphere sleeps deeply, but the left hemisphere does not.
반구 (sleep deeply)
The reason for this imbalance is

불균형
that one of the roles of the left hemisphere is

S V
to when we find ourselves in a strange environment.

C
In other words,
=
the “first night effect” is a sort of built-in security guard
~한 종류의 붙박이의
working the night shift.

야간근무
If it hears the slightest sound, it wakes us up.

While this mechanism was probably quite useful

(생물체 내에서 특정 기능을 하는)구조, 기제
when our ancestors were sleeping in a jungle full of predators,

조상, 선조
it can be a real inconvenience

불편
when we spend the night in a hotel room or a friend’s house.

① stay alert
② remain idle
③ calm us down
④ produce hormones
⑤ process information
“Systems thinking” refers to the ability to see how things work as a whole
~을 나타내다
rather than just looking at their separate parts.

~라기 보다는 분리된
Many people have learned
that the best way to solve a problem is

S V
to break a system up into smaller parts and then make each part work well.
C A를 B로 쪼개다
However,
improving each section does not necessarily mean

S V 반드시 ~는 아니다
you’ve improved the whole.

In fact, changing a single part for the better

S
can actually .
V
Imagine a small city with a traffic problem.

명령문
Rather than looking at the whole situation,
the city government simply decides to build more roads.
Because of these new roads,

+명사(구)
more and more people begin moving to the suburbs.

교외
In the end, the solution has not helped.
Instead it has enabled suburban sprawl and increased traffic congestion,

무계획적인 팽창 현상 교통 체증
all because systems thinking wasn’t used.

① ignore unrelated processes
② increase the number of parts needed
③ make the whole system less effective
④ cause small upgrades to limited areas
⑤ divide the system into two separate parts

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0

다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The layouts of shopping malls tend to be complicated.

There are many different levels, escalators and passageways.

It takes a lot of walking to go from store to store.

If shoppers were walking in straight lines,

they would realize how far apart everything is.

Because the distance is broken up into short sections,

however, it seems much shorter.

This psychological trick can be useful

for people struggling with procrastination.

Working on large projects can seem endless and impossible.

But if you break up a large project into smaller tasks,

it suddenly seems much easier to deal with.

As a result, it won’t be so hard to get started on it.

① what kinds of projects are the best

② why people like big shopping malls

③ what causes people to work too hard

④ how to make difficult

⑤ where to go to avoid walking too much

Despite the contrary opinions of most scientists of the time,

Jonas Salk believed that injecting patients with polio virus

that had been “killed” would immunize them

from the disease without infecting them.

He tested his vaccine on volunteers,

including himself and his family,

and found that they all developed anti-polio antibodies

without contracting polio or experiencing any negative side effects.

In 1954, a national test of the vaccine

was conducted on one million children,

Before the vaccine was made available to the general public,

the annual number of polio cases in the USA

averaged more than 45,000.

But by 1962, that number had dropped below 1,000.

Interestingly, Salk never patented his vaccine,

as he was more concerned with making it safe and effective

than with earning profits.

① The Mistake that Led to a Vaccine

② The Tragic Sacrifices of Jonas Salk

③ The History of Vaccine Development

④ The Polio Vaccine: Jonas Salk’s Miracle

⑤ The Impact of Vaccines on Preventive Medicine

For many years,

conservationists have worried about the loss of biodiversity in the wild.

However, diversity loss is also occurring

under the watchful eyes of farmers.

One problem is that certain breeds of livestock

are growing less popular

due to the fact that they offer less milk or meat.

The same thing is true with crops.

Over the past century,

three fourths of the genetic diversity of crops has been lost.

Many farmers have switched to plant varieties

that grow faster and produce more food.

Of the 30,000 edible species of plants on our planet,

a mere 30, including rice, wheat and corn,

account for 95 percent of what we eat.

Unfortunately, there is currently a need

to increase world food production to deal with the growing population.

The loss of diversity due to this situation

could make it harder to grow crops

in new places with different environmental conditions.

① the effects of climate change on biodiversity

② the wide variety of plants and animals on Earth