Lecture PowerPoint to accompany micros: rất nhỏ; bios: sự sống; logos: khoa học (chữ Hy lạp)

 Microbiology is the study of organisms too

small to be seen with the naked eye.
A microscope is needed to view them.

Talaro  Microorganisms include:

1. Bacteria (s. Bacterium)
Chapter 1 2. Fungi (s. Fungus)
The Main Themes of 3. Algae (s. Alga)
4. Protozoa (s. Protozoan)
Microbiology
5. Helminths (Worms)
6. Viruses
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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1. Nutrient production and energy flow

1. Biotechnology
2. Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology 2. Decomposition

3. Agricultural Microbiology 3. Biotechnology

4. Immunology
4. Genetic engineering
5. Public health microbiology and epidemiology
6. Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology 5. Bioremediation (xử lý, cải tạo MT)

6. Infectious disease

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  Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases

 10 B new infections/year worldwide

 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide

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Microbial
Dimensions
 Procaryotes and Eukaryotes
 Helminths are
 Procaryotes – Microscopic, unicellular organisms.
measured in
Lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles millimeters

 Eucaryotes – Unicellular and multicellular

organisms. Have nuclei and membrane-bound
 Procaryotes are
organelles measured in
micrometers
 Viruses (10 – 0.3µm)
Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic
acid and protein
 Viruses in
nanometers
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 6 ĐẶC TÍNH QUAN TRỌNG CỦA VSV
1. Kích thước: nhỏ bé
2. Sự hấp thu: hấp thu nhiều – chuyển hóa nhanh
3. Khả năng sinh trưởng và phát triển: Sinh trưởng
nhanh – phát triển mạnh
4. Khả năng thích ứng: Khả năng thích ứng nhanh,
mạnh và dễ phát sinh biến dị
5. Phân bố rộng rãi trong tự nhiên
6. Tồn tại lâu đời

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 Dutch linen
merchant
Insert figure 1.8
Insert figure 1.9 (a)
 First to observe microscope
living microbes

 Single-lens
magnified up to
300X
http://vietsciences.free.fr/biographie/biologists/leeuwenhoek.htm

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Early belief that some forms of life could arise from
vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing
matter
(meat left out in the open soon “produced” maggots;
mushrooms appeared on rotting wood; rats and mice
emerged from piles of litter, and that, etc.)

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 John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn each
demonstrated the presence of heat
resistant forms of some microbes.
*Cohn determined these forms to be endospores.
 Sterility requires the elimination of all life
forms including endospores and viruses.
 Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes – observed that
mothers of home births had fewer infections
than those who gave birth in hospital
 Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis – correlated infections
with physicians coming directly from
autopsy room to maternity ward
 Nosocomial Infections - infections acquired
during stay in hospitals

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  Joseph Lister – introduced aseptic
techniques reducing microbes in medical
settings to prevent infections

 Many diseases are caused by the growth of

◦ involved disinfection of hands using chemicals
prior to surgery (phenol 5%) microbes in the body and not by sins, bad
character, or poverty, etc.
◦ use of heat for sterilization
 Two major contributors:
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

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1. Disproved spontaneous
generation of
microorganisms (hiện tượng
tự sinh)
2. Demonstrated what is now
known as Germ Theory of
Insert figure 1.11 Disease
3. Developed a rabies vaccine
4. Showed microbes caused
fermentation and spoilage
5. Developed pasteurization

http://vietsciences.free.fr/biographie/biologists/pasteur.htm 26 27

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 1. Established Koch’s
postulates - a sequence
of experimental steps
that verified the germ
theory
Insert figure 1.12
2. Developed pure culture
methods

3. Identified cause of
anthrax, TB, and cholera

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1. Domain - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya

Formal system originated by Carl von Linné (1701-1778)
2. Kingdom
 Concerned with: 3. Phylum (pl. Phyla)
◦ Identification (định danh) – discovering and 4. Class
recording traits of organisms for placement into 5. Order
taxonomic schemes 6. Family
◦ Nomenclature (danh pháp) – assigning names 7. Genus (pl. Genera)
◦ Classification (phân loại) – orderly arrangement of 8. species
organisms into groups

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  Binomial (scientific) nomenclature

 Gives each microbe 2 names:

◦ Genus - noun, always capitalized
◦ species - adjective, lowercase
 sp. - not yet identified single species
 spp. - not yet identified plural species
 BOTH NOT italicized or underlined

 Both italicized or underlined

◦ Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
◦ Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)
◦ Escherichia coli (E. coli)

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 Bacteria - true bacteria, peptidoglycan

 Archaea - odd bacteria that live in extreme Insert figure 1.15

environments, high salt, heat, etc. Woese-Fox System

 Eukarya- have a nucleus and organelles

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Woese-Fox System 38

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