Organization of mammalian body

O Animals are multicellular i.e. Their bodies

contain different types of cells that are
specialised for different functions.
O Cells that have the same structures are organized
into highly integrated units called tissues.
O The cells in a tissue work together to perform a
specific function .
O Sponges are the simplest of all animals and they are
the only group of animals that lack tissues. All other
animals have tissues and they are collectively called
eumetazoans.
Organization of mammalian body
cont.
O Animals that have tissues, the number of tissue layers
(embryonic tissues) that exist in the embryo is
characteristic.
O Animals whose embryos have two types of tissues are called
diploblasts;
O those whose embryos have three types of tissues are called
triploblasts.
O The embryonic tissues are organised in layers, called germ
layers.
O In diploblasts these germ layers are called ectoderm and
endoderm; the third layer in triploblasts is called mesoderm.
O These embryonic tissues develop into distinct adult tissues.
Organization of mammalian body
cont.
O In more complex animals, tissues are in turn
arranged into various types of organs, i.e.
Several kinds of tissues that perform a special
bodily function.
O Organs then form organ systems, groups of
interrelated organs and tissues that serve a
particular set of functions in the body.
 Types of Tissues
O As embryo develops, the embryonic tissues
give rise to the four adult tissue types:
O Connective tissue
O Nervous tissue
O Muscle tissue
O Epithelial tissue.
 1. Connective tissue
O This consists of cells that are loosely arranged
in a liquid, jellylike , or solid extracellular
matrix, which is secreted by the connective
tissue cells themselves.
O Connective tissue is the most abundant and
widely distributed of the primary tissues.
O It provides structure and support throughout
the body.
Functions of Connective tissues
O Binding and supporting
O Protecting
O Insulating
O Storing reserve fuel
O Transporting substances within the body
 Connective tissue cont.
O Connective tissues are classified according to
their surrounding extracellular material:
O Loose connective
O Fibrous and supporting connective tissue
O Fluid connective tissue
a. Loose Connective Tissue
O This is composed of a fluid-like ground
substance and fibres of a protein called
collagen, which together provide strength and
flexibility.
O Functions:
O It is the packing material of the body,
O It fills spaces between organs,
O Provides cushioning and supports the epithelia.
Figure 1. Loose connective tissue
Loose Connective Tissue cont.
O Adipose tissue or fat is a type of loose
connective tissue that contains large numbers
of fat cells.
O Functions:
O It insulates the body
O It stores energy
 .
Figure 2. Adipose tissue
 b. Fibrous and Supporting
Connective Tissue
O They contain less ground substance and are packed
with collagen fibers.
O They are tough and strong
O The primary purpose of fibrous connective tissue is
to provide support and shock absorption to our
bones and organs.
O They form tendons that attach skeletal muscle to
bones, ligaments that connect one bone to another
and capsules that surround organs and enclose joint
cavities.
 .
Figure 3. Fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue cont.
O The supporting connective tissues, make up
bone and cartilage.
O The extracellular material of the supporting
connective tissues contains a dense ground
substance and closely packed fibers.
 Fluid Connective Tissue
O Blood is a connective tissue that has cells (blood
cells) surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix
call plasma, in which tissue proteins and other
materials are dissolved.
O Some fluid is constantly pushed out of the
smallest blood vessels into the surrounding body
tissues to form interstitial fluid;
O Interstitial fluid enters special vessels called
lymphatics, that returns it to the blood
circulation.
Fluid Connective Tissue cont.
O In the lymphatics, the fluid constitutes a
second kind of fluid connective tissue called
lymph.
 .
Figure 4. Blood
 2. Nervous Tissue
O Nervous tissue consists of nerve cells, which
are called neurons, and several types of
neuroglia as supporting cells.
O It is specialized for rapid conduction of
electrical impulses.
O Neurons are the functional units of nervous
tissue, while neuroglia physically support the
neurons, and their nourishment and insulation,
and defend nervous tissue from infection.
 Nervous Tissue cont.
O A typical neuron has a cell body, which
contains the nucleus; a single long extension
called an axon, along which information is
transmitted from the neuron.
O There are extensions called dendrites, along
which information is transmitted to the
neuron.
 .
Figure 5. Neuron
 3. Muscle Tissue
O This tissue functions primarily in movement, and
they have special ability to shorten or contract.
O There are three types of muscle tissue:
O Striated muscle, which consists of the long cells called
fibers.
O Cardiac muscle, which makes up the walls of the heart.
O Smooth muscle, which consists of cells that are tapered
at each end and form a muscle tissue that lines the
walls of the digestive tract and the walls of the blood
vessels.
 .
Figure 6. Types of muscles
 4. Epithelial Tissue
O Epithelial tissue covers all the exposed body
surfaces of animals.
O It also lines the surfaces of organs and forms
glands.
O Epithelial tissue has a polarity or sidedness i.e.
It has an apical side and basolateral side.
O The apical side faces away from other tissues
and toward the environment.
O The basolateral side faces the interior of the
animal and is connected to other tissues.
 Epithelial Tissue cont.
O Epithelial cells tend to have short life spans,
because they are often exposed to harsh
environment, where they are likely to be killed
or scraped away.
O Epithelial tissue as a whole does not wear
away, because the cells are continually
replaced.
O Epithelial tissue may consist of,
O a single layer of cells – a simple epithelium
O Two or more layers of cells - stratified
epithelium
 Epithelial Tissue cont.
O In shape, epithelial cell may be,
O Squamous (flat);
O Cuboidal (square-shaped) or
O Columnar (rectangular)
 Fig. 7. Types of Epithelial
cells

Cuboidal epithelium

Squamous epithelium

Columnar epithelium