Name: _____________________________ Group: _____________________

PRACTICE TEST 2 (READING 5)

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Passage 1
Galaxies are not evenly distributed throughout the universe. A few are found alone, but almost all are
grouped in formations termed galactic clusters. These formations should not be confused with stellar
clusters, globular clusters of stars that exist within galaxy. The size of galactic clusters varies
enormously, with some clusters containing only a dozen or so members and other containing as many
as 10,000. Moreover, galactic clusters themselves are part of larger clusters of clusters, termed
superclusters. It is surmised that even clusters or superclusters are possible.
Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is part of a galactic cluster called the Local Group, which has twenty
members and is typical in terms of the types of galaxies it contains. There are three large spiral
galaxies: Andromeda, the largest galaxy in the group; the Milky Way, the second largest galaxy; and
the Triangulum Spiral, the third largest. There are also four medium-sized spiral galaxies, including
the large Cloud of Magellan and the Small Cloud of Magellan. There are four regular elliptical
galaxies: the remainders are dwarf ellipticals. Other than our own galaxy, only Andromeda and the
Clouds of Magellan can be seen with the naked eyes, and the Clouds are visible only from the
Southern Hemisphere.
In the vicinity of the Local Group are several clusters, each containing around twelve members. The
nearest clusters rich in members is the Virgo Cluster, which contains thousands of galaxies of all the
Virgo Cluster form part of a much larger cluster of clusters - the Local Supercluster.
The existence of galactic clusters presented a riddle to scientists for many years – the “missing mass”
problem. Clusters are presumably held together by the gravity generated by their members. However,
measurements showed that the galaxies did not have enough mass to explain their apparent stability.
Why didn’t these clusters disintegrate? It is now thought that galaxies contain great amounts of
“dark matter”, which cannot be directly observed but which generates gravitational pull. This
matter includes gas, dust, burn-on stars, and even black holes.
Read the passage 1. Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Clusters and superclusters of galaxies
B. An astronomical problem that has never been solved
C. A recent development in astronomy
D. The incredible distance between galaxies
2. The word evenly is closest in meaning to ____________.
A. uniformly B. predictably C. relatively D. paradoxically
3. What conclusion can be made about galaxies that are not found in clusters?
A. They have never been observed.
B. They are larger than other galaxies.
C. They are not actually galaxies but parts of galaxies.
D. They are outnumbered by galaxies that do occur in clusters.
4. The word globular is closest in meaning to ________________.
A, immense B. spherical C. dense D. brilliant
5. The author would probably characterize the existence of clusters or superclusters as _______.
A. impossible B. surprising C. theoretical D. certain
6. According to the passage, in what way is the Local Group typical of galactic clusters?
A. In its size B. In the number of galaxies it contains
C. In its shape D. In the types of galaxies that make it up
7. In the Local Group, which of the following types of galaxies are most numerous?
A. Large spirals B. Medium-size spirals
C. Regular elliptical D. Dwarf ellipticals
8. All of the following are visible from somewhere on Earth without a telescope EXCEPT____.
A. the Clouds of Magellan B. Andromeda
C. The Triangulum Spiral D. the Milky Way
9. According to the passage, the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster have which of the following in
common?
A. Both are rich in galaxies. B. Both emit X rays.
C. Both are parts of the same superclustersD. Both are small clusters.
10. Which of the following is NOT true about the “dark matter”?
A. It is impossible to observe directly.
B. It may include black holes.
C. It helps explain the “missing mass” problem.
D. It is found in the space between galaxies.
Passage 2

Personnel Development Jago International Ltd

A. Jago International is a by-word for quality in vocational education. From training in the use of the
humble word processor to the highest level of negotiation skills, Jago International will arrange for
employers to gain the most form their employees’ abilities, and for employees to make the best of
themselves. Jago International has an unblemished record of achievement after more than 50 years’
work with the world’s largest companies.

B. Jago International is committed to the personal and professional development of its own staff.
This is in keeping with its philosophy of ‘Achieving the best, for the best of all possible worlds’.
Only if our own staff are fully-trained and fulfilled can our customers receive for most up-to-date and
most effective training for their own development.

C. Staff are encouraged to pursue both personal and professional qualifications to ensure they fulfill
their potential to the greatest degree. There are a number of ways staff can achieve this with the
support of Jago International. Staff may take any of the wide assortment of training courses
administered through our own Professional Development Unit. Staff may be directed to take outside
qualifications from other training providers where we do not provide these qualifications ourselves.
Staff may also wish to take time to pursue individual training goals and, where appropriate, Jago
International will support this.

D. Jago International’s Professional Development Unit is housed in our Freemantle headquarters but
delivers courses on-site in each of our regional centers. A monthly schedule of courses available is
sent to every section and department head and is posted on main notice boards and the Jago website.
These courses extend from word processing and spreadsheet use, to staff and project management, to
our own MBA courses run in association with the University of Freemantle. These courses are free to
all Jago staff. Applications should be made through your line supervisor or head of department.

E. It may be appropriate to take courses or qualifications which are not covered in the range offered
by our PDU. Staff are encouraged to take courses and qualifications with other training organizations
with the agreement of their line supervisor or head of department. Support and funding is available to
staff through the PDU where this is thought appropriate and helpful to the company as a whole.
Applications forms for funding can be obtained from Dr Bob Morley, the Director of our PDU, but
must be submitted by the appropriate head of department. Within the last year we have supported
staff taking courses, in Advanced Marketing at the University of Freemantle. It is company policy for
staff to make some financial commitment to the courses they take in these circumstances.

F. Staff may also wish to take other courses or training for their own personal development and there
are opportunities for support here too. The PDU has a budget for extraordinary training to provide
some help to staff undertaking training in this category. This is also administered by Dr Morley in the
PDU and an application form should be sought from him. Currently being funded are courses at the
Queensland Higher College in aromatherapy and spiritual cleansing.

G. For a full description of all courses and funding opportunities available to staff through Jago
International, contact Dr Bob Morley on extension 5391 or at the Professional Development Unit at
the Headquarters Building.
Read the article which has seven paragraphs A-G. Choose the most suitable headings for
paragraphs B-G from the list of heading below. There are more headings than paragraphs, so you
will not use them all.

List of Headings

i) About Jago International vi) The Professional Development Unit

ii) Training Outside Jago vii) Find out More
iii) Jago’s Training Worldwide viii) Routes to Professional Development
iv) Personal Development ix) Why Jago Encourages Personnel Development
v) Achieving the Best x) Queensland Higher College

11. Paragraph A ______________ 12. Paragraph B ______________

13. Paragraph C ______________ 14. Paragraph D ______________

15. Paragraph E ______________ 16. Paragraph F ______________

17. Paragraph G ______________

Complete the summary below using the best word or expression from those provided in the box.

might routes with works by encourages specializes

time want ways money will suggested recommended

Jago International is a company which 18. _________________ in providing training in other

companies. It has been going for more than 50 years. Jago 19.______________ its own staff to
undergo training. It provides three different 20.__________________ to training, Firstly, staff can
take training as its own Professional Development Unit, although some courses are run
21.___________ the University Freemantle. These courses are free. Secondly, staff can be 22.
__________to take courses outside the Professional Development Unit. Staff must contribute some
of their own 23. _________to these courses. Finally, staff can take any other course which interests
the and Jago 24. ___________ offer some financial help.