Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Youth Preference Towards Purchase of EV Vehicles
Youth Preference Towards Purchase of EV Vehicles
VEHICLES"
MBA
Submitted by
MUKUL S. KUMAR
(ERP ID 0211MBA129)
I also declare that the project has not formed the basis of reward of any degree or any
other similar title to any other University.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, I praise and thank God Almighty who showers his plentiful blessings upon me, who
guide, shield and strengthen me all the time.
I would like to express my gratitude to all the faculties of the Department for their
interest and cooperation in this regard.
I extend my hearty gratitude to the librarian and other library staff of my college for their
wholehearted cooperation. I also take this opportunity to thanks my friends and family
for their support in completing this project successfully.
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
SL NO: TITLE
NO:
LIST OF TABLES
1
LIST OF FIGURES
2
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
1 1-5
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 58-59
7 APPENDIX 60-64
LIST OF TABLES
TABL PAGE
TITLE
E NO:
NO:
4.1 GENDER OF RESPONDENTS 34
VEHICLE OF RESPONDANTS
4.3 36
SOURCE OF AWARNESS
4.6 39
ABOUT ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
PREFERENCE TOWARDS
4.7 40
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
ATTITUDE OF
4.8 41
RESPONDENTS
TOWARDS ELECTRIC VEHICLE
ATTITUDE TOWARDS
4.9 42
GOVERNMENT
INCENTIVES
INITIAL COST IS HIGH
4.10 43
PERFORMANCE OF
4.15 48
ELECTRIC
VEHICLES ARE HIGH
ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE MORE ECO-
FRIENDLY THAN PETROL
4.16 49
ATTITUDE OF
RESPONDENTS
4.18 51
TOWARDS SHIFTING TO ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
PLANNING TO BUY
4.19 52
ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN
THE FUTURE
ELECTRIC VEHICLE
MORE CONVINIENT
4.20 53
FOR LONG TRIPS THAN SHORT TRIP
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGUR PAGE
TITLE
E NO: NO:
VEHICLE OF RESPONDANTS
4.3 36
SOURCE OF AWARNESS
4.6 ABOUT ELECTRIC 39
VEHICLES
PREFERENCE TOWARDS
4.7 ELECTRIC VEHICLES 40
ATTITUDE OF RESPONDENTS
4.8 TOWARDS ELECTRIC VEHICLE 41
ATTITUDE TOWARDS
4.9 42
GOVERNMENT
INCENTIVES
INITIAL COST IS HIGH
4.10 43
NUMBER OF CHARGING STATIONS
ARE LESS
4.11 44
PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRIC
4.15 48
VEHICLES ARE HIGH
ATTITUDE OF RESPONDENTS
4.18 TOWARDS SHIFTING TO ELECTRIC 51
VEHICLES
1
Introduction
Electric vehicles are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power.
Electric cars are growing in popularity every day. It can be powered by a collector system
that uses electricity from outside the vehicle, or it can be self-powered by a battery
(sometimes charged by solar panels, or by converting fuel to electricity using fuel cells or
a generator).Electric vehicles have minimal operating expenses since they have fewer
moving parts to maintain, and they are also very eco-friendly because they consume little
or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel). This vehicle is envisioned as a replacement for
today’s automobiles. It can be used to address concerns such as pollution, global
warming, natural resource depletion, and so on. The electric car concept offers a clear cut
solution to the environmental problems of gasoline-powered automobiles.
This study is conducted to determine how people feel about electric automobiles. The
goal is to reduce vehicular pollution by switching to electric vehicles. The increasing
popularity and use of electric vehicles is supported by a number of advantages, including:
(i) Savings:-Electric vehicles can be fuelled at extremely low prices, and many new cars
will provide excellent incentives for going green, such as money back from the
government. Electric vehicles might also help you save money in your daily life.
(ii) More Convenient:-Recharging an electric vehicle is simple, and the greatest part is
that you won’t have to stop at a gas station to do it before hitting the road! An electric
vehicle might be charged using a standard household outlet.
(iii) Safe to drive:-Electric vehicles are subjected to the same fitness and testing protocols
as gasoline-powered vehicles. Electric cars are safer to drive because they have a lower
Centre of gravity, making them more stable on the road.
2
hybrid cars, because hybrids that run on gas emit pollution. You’ll be helping to maintain
a healthy and environmentally friendly environment.
The topic of the project is ‘a study on the attitude of customers towards electric vehicles:
with special reference to youngsters. The study’s goal is to examine the current state of
electric car potential, as well as customer attitudes and preferences regarding electric
vehicles, particularly among young people. The research would also aid in concentrating
on the numerous elements that may have influenced the use of electric vehicle.
The study focuses on customers’ attitudes toward electric vehicles as well as projected
demand in the future. As a result, statistical study of people’s desire for electric vehicles
would be possible. The research would also aid in deducing the experiences and
perspectives of various electric vehicle customers.
3
Research Methodology
The study is conducted among youth aging between 18-30 which are mostly Students to
infer their attitude towards electric vehicles. Study is conducted through distribution of
questionnaires online and a total of 174 responses were collected.
Data collection
Primary data: The primary data has been collected through random sampling, from the
sample respondents through the schedule with the help of the questionnaire which was
distributed online.
Secondary data: secondary data has been collected from standard reference book and
various websites.
Sampling design
Stratified sampling technique is used to select the sample.
Sample size
The sample size is limited to 1174.
The data collection tools refer to the devices or instruments used to collect the data. The
success of any research depends solely on the data which drives it. In this study data is
collected through well structured questionnaire.
4
Limitations of the study:
1. Study is limited to 1174 respondents of which are youth. So findings and suggestions
given on the basis of the study cannot be extrapolated to the entire population.
Cauterization
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter 2 – Review of
literature
Chapter 3 – Theoretical framework
Chapter 4 – Data analysis and interpretation
Chapter 5 – Findings, Suggestions & Conclusion
5
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
6
2.1 Review of literature
A literature review is a written summary of major works and other materials on a certain
subject. Scholarly journal articles, books, government reports, Web sites, and other
sources may be used in the review. Each source is described, summarized, and evaluated
in the literature review. It is typically included as a separate portion of a graduate thesis
or dissertation.
1. Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: by, Eric Molin & Bert van Wee,
The widespread adoption of electric vehicles may help to alleviate issues such as
pollution, global warming, and oil reliance. EV penetration, on the other hand, is
comparatively low, despite governments’ aggressive promotion measures. They offered a
comprehensive assessment of studies on consumer preferences for electric vehicles in
order to inform policymakers and guide future research. They compared consumer
preference for electric vehicles from an economic and psychological standpoint.
Financial and technical characteristics of electric vehicles, such as their purchase and
running costs, driving range, charging duration, vehicle performance, and brand variety
on the market, are all proven to have a substantial impact on their usefulness. The number
of charging stations available has a favorable impact on the utility and promotion of
electric vehicles. The impact of tax cuts and incentive measures. (Fanchao Liao,2017)
The early market for electric vehicles is still growing, but a number of obstacles are
preventing mainstream adoption. These challenges include the new technology’s higher
cost, its greater inconveniency in terms of range and charge periods, and customer
awareness of the technology’s availability and feasibility. This final criterion, often
known as “customer awareness,” is critical. (2017, LingzhiJin)
7
3. Exploring Consumer Preferences towards Electric Vehicles: by Morton, C, Annabel, J
orcidand Nelson, JD (2016)
4. Opportunities and Scope for Electric Vehicles in India: by Janardan Prasad Kesari,
Yash Sharma, Chahat Goel,
8
5. How individual values and attitude influence consumers’ purchase intention of electric
vehicles: by Afroz, R., Rahman, A., Masud, M. M., Akhtar, R., &Duasa, J. B. (2015).
The major goal of this study is to see how ECNs and ICNs measure attitudes and how
they connect to environmentally responsible EV PIN. ICNs were found to be negatively
associated to green PIN in this investigation. This suggests that, given their preferences,
knowledge of alternatives, and financial constraints, people are more likely to choose
solutions that maximize utility . When they make the decision to purchase a vehicle, they
examine the vehicle’s fuel efficiency, fuel consumption, and comfort within their limited
budget. They may think about the convenience of recycling or charging batteries for the
EV. As a result, when car makers construct their electric vehicles, they should take this
conclusion into account.
6. Consumer attitudes towards electric vehicles: Effects of product user stereotypes and
self-image congruence. European Journal of Marketing: by Bennett, R., &Vijaygopal,
R. (2018).
8. Key factors influencing consumers’ purchase of electric vehicle : by Tu, J. C., &
Yang, C. (2019)
9
Customers must gradually accept and welcome the new trend because of the crucial
position that EVs play. Consumers, on the other hand, typically have a cautious attitude
toward innovative items due to a lack of necessary knowledge, which means they will not
buy them until these uncertainties are resolved. Manufacturers should take appealing
initiatives to suit consumer needs in order to increase EV adoption in the future.
Consumers believe that electric automobiles are going to cut technology goods that
operate and cost the same as traditional vehicles. Consumers’ views about purchasing
electric vehicles are positively influenced by these ideas and factors. Personal
innovativeness, on the other hand, has a negative influence, indicating that when
customers believe they have no more understanding of electric vehicles than their peers,
they will not prioritise electric automobiles. (Yang, C,2019)
10. Factors influencing the behavioral intention towards full electric vehicles: by Lai,
I. K., Liu, Y., Sun, X., Zhang, H., & Xu, W. (2015)
10
Electric vehicles have been around since before the turn of the century, and they were
popular until 1918. Because gasoline-powered internal combustion engine vehicles
continued to advance, they became too competitive, and full electric vehicles were
phased out of the transportation sector by 1933. Most major vehicle manufacturers are
already creating tiny full electric vehicles, usually for short-range city driving, after a
century of evolution. The perception of economic benefits, that is, the long-term cost
advantage of full electric vehicles over gasoline-powered vehicles, would be the primary
determinant of their acceptability as mainstream transportation equipment. Long-term
lifetime expenses are important to consumers.
12. Potential Need for Electric Vehicles, Charging Station Infrastructure and its
Challenges for the Indian Market: by Praveen Kumar and Kalyan Dash,
Rather than making a massive adjustment, India can engage in small-scale reinforcements
to address load difficulties locally. Charging at home should be promoted. Before
constructing the large scale charging infrastructure, proper planning of location,
population, traffic density, and safety should be considered. It is critical to integrate
11
efforts in the energy and transportation industries. Drivers of electric cars are offered a
financial
12
consumer incentive, such as tax credits, purchase subsidies, discounted tolls, free
parking, and access to restricted highway lanes, which will assist the market grow.(P. K.
Dash, 2013)
13. Electric Vehicles for India: Overview and Challenges: by Mr. A. Rakesh Kumar,
Dr.SanjeevikumarPadmanaban,
Global pollution is increasing, and every attempt is being made to reduce CO2 emissions
and rescue the planet. The introduction of electric vehicles is one such initiative. Because
transportation is one of the greatest CO2 emitters, it is critical to cut emissions. The
government has devised ambitious plans to bring electric vehicles to the Indian market
and keep up with global trends. An in-depth report on EVs was included in the National
Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020. India faces a significant hurdle in transitioning from
internal combustion engines to electric vehicles. This will necessitate extensive planning
as well as R&D. To deal with range anxiety, charging infrastructure must be properly
built. It’s critical to establish a strong foundation.
The replacement of internal combustion engines (ICE) with electric engines will
significantly reduce pollution while also providing a financial benefit to consumers.
Many countries have adopted this technology and are benefiting the environment as a
result. The study observed the advantages and disadvantages of EV implementation in
India. Government initiatives, batteries, industries, and the environment have all been
taken into account. Cost of electric vehicles, efficiency of electric vehicles in India, and
demand for electric vehicles were all taken into account. In India, the usage of electric
vehicles is largely intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and oil costs. The
government should
13
make the most of the opportunities offered and identify appropriate solutions to the
issues. (2018, Mohamed M)
15. Perception and Awareness Level of Potential Customers towards Electric Cars:
Masurali.A, Surya P,
In terms of carbon emissions, India is responsible for over 18% of them in the
transportation sector alone. One of the most viable alternative answers to the issues is the
electric vehicle (EV). Several automakers are introducing electric vehicles and
diversifying their product lines. Promoting electric vehicles (EVs) can help reduce fuel
reliance and pollution, which is good for both customers and the country. People’s levels
of awareness of EVs are substantially influenced by their education. Apart from
manufacturers, the government should make a concerted effort to raise awareness and
generate favourable perceptions among potential buyers. Masurali.A (Masurali.A, 2018)
16. Electric Vehicles in India: Market Analysis with Consumer Perspective, Policies
and Issues: Pritam K. Gujarathi, Varsha A. Shah, Makarand M. Lokhande,
The Indian scenario is unique in that the present market share of electric and plug-in
hybrid vehicles is under 0.1 percent. Almost all cars today rely on fossil fuels for
propulsion. These damage the atmosphere and contribute to global warming by emitting
greenhouse gases. The disparity between petroleum production and demand in the United
States is increasing. India imports almost 70% of the oil it needs each year. As a result,
there is a pressing need to look at the elements and obstacles that could lead to more
sustainable and cleaner alternatives. Pritam K. Gujarathi (Pritam K. Gujarathi, 2018)
14
The impact of freight transportation on urban migration is significant. The possibility of
integrating electric vehicles into urban logistical operations was investigated by
researchers. A fleet with a variety of technologies has the potential to lower last-mile
expenses. A fleet size and mix vehicle routing problem with time windows for EVs was
provided by the researcher. The authors’ key contribution was to take into account the
unpredictability of the EV range. EVs are often the most competitive technology in the
small van segment. In the segment of large vans, diesel has proven to be the most
costeffective alternative, as electric cars would need to travel a greater distance to be
costcompetitive. Hybrid vehicles are preferred in the truck category due to their lower
operating costs.(Philippe Lebeau, 2015)
18. Indian Electric Vehicles Storm in a teacup: Yogesh Aggarwal, Vivek Gedda and
Kushan Parikh,
Users of scooters who only need to travel short distances may want to consider an EV,
while those who need to travel longer distances and currently possess motorcycles like
the Hero Splendor may find switching to an e-2W challenging. It is relatively
straightforward to enhance the range of an automobile by increasing the battery size.
However, with electric 2Ws, every increase in kWh may provide an additional 30km of
range, but the weight gain is roughly the same. For electric 2Ws though, every increase in
kWh may provide an extra 30km in range, but the increase in weight is around 10kg,
approximately a 10% increase in the total weight of the bike. This weight issue is even
more pronounced in smaller bikes (less than 1174cc). (Yogesh Aggarwal, 2019)
15
Similar incidents have occurred in the recent decades-long albeit more modest but full of
learning: in the 1990s, certain local governments sponsored innovations based on electric
vehicles, and some people picked this type of vehicle for their everyday commutes. We
seek to uncover the causes for this unique modal choice, highlight the problems that
electric vehicle drivers faced at the time, and analyse the patterns of use that dictated
their mobility and use of electric vehicles by reporting research conducted in 2006 and
2008.(M Pierre,2011)
20. The History of Alternative Fuels in Transportation: The Case of Electric and
Hybrid Cars: by Hoyer, 2008
Electric car technology has been around for over a century. Electric driving, on the other
hand, has been put on hold due to the availability and convenience of use of combustion
engines. Various (pushing and pulling) elements are currently rekindling interest in
electric automobiles. On the one hand, a limited supply of oil and growing awareness of
the environmental impact of traditional combustion engine vehicles push people toward
cleaner electric vehicles. In terms of pulling power, recent advancements in battery
technology and electric motors have made the electric vehicle a viable competitor to
traditional automobiles.(Hoyer,2008)
21. Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption: by Rezvani, Jansson, and Bodin,
2015 They provide an overview of EV adoption research, but they only focus on
individualspecific psychological aspects that influence people’s desire to embrace electric
vehicles, and they only choose a few typical studies. Our review adds to it in two ways:
first, we look at a broader variety of factors that influence electric car adoption than just
psychological dimensions; and second, we compile all accessible academic Electric
vehicle preference studies to give a comprehensive picture of current research. (Bodin,
2015)
16
Reference
Afros, R., Rahman, A., Masud, M. M., Akhtar, R., & Duasa, J. B. (2015). How
individual values and attitude influence consumers’ purchase intention of electric
vehicles—Some insights from KualaLumpur, Malaysia. Environment and Urbanization
ASIA, 6(2), 193-211.
Tu, J. C., & Yang, C. (2019). Key factors influencing consumers’ purchase of electric
vehicles.Sustainability, 11(14), 3863.
Ghasri, M., Ardeshiri, A., & Rashidi, T. (2019). Perception towards electric
vehicles and the impact on consumers’ preference. Transportation Research Part D:
Transport and Environment, 77, 271-291.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.11.003
Lai, I. K., Liu, Y., Sun, X., Zhang, H., & Xu, W. (2015). Factors influencing the
behavioural intention towards full electric vehicles: An empirical study in Macau.
Sustainability, 7(9), 12564-12585.
Liao, F., Molin, E., & van Wee, B. (2017). Consumer preferences for electric vehicles:
a literature review. Transport Reviews, 37(3), 252-275.
Jin, L., Delgado, O., Gadepalli, R., &Minjares, R. (2020). © 2020 INTERNATIONAL
17
COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION.
Jankel, A., Morton, R., & Leach, R. (1984). Creative computer graphics. Cambridge
University Press.
Kesari, J. P., Sharma, Y., & Goel, C. (2019). Opportunities and scope for electric
vehicles in India. SSRG International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 6, 1-8.
Tu, J. C., & Yang, C. (2019). Key factors influencing consumers’ purchase of
electric vehicles. Sustainability, 11(14), 3863.
Bhalla, P., Ali, I. S., & Nazneen, A. (2018). A study of consumer perception and
purchase intention of electric vehicles. European Journal of Scientific Research, 149(4),
362-368.
Kumar, P., & Dash, K. (2013). Potential need for electric vehicles charging station
infrastructure and its challenges for the Indian market. Advance in Electronic and
Electric Engineering, 3(4), 471-476.
Mohamed, M., Tamil Arasan, G., & Sivakumar, G. (2018). Study on electric vehicles in
India opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Scientific Research in
Environmental Science and Toxicology.
18
Lebeau, P., De Cauwer, C., Van Mierlo, J., Macharis, C., Verbeke, W., &Coosemans, T.
(2015). Conventional, hybrid, or electric vehicles: which technology for an urban
distribution centre?. The Scientific World Journal, 2015.
Pierre, M., Jemelin, C., &Louvet, N. (2011). Driving an electric vehicle. A sociological
analysis on pioneer users. Energy Efficiency, 4(4), 511-522.
Rezvani, Z., Jansson, J., &Bodin, J. (2015). Advances in consumer electric vehicle
adoption research: A review and research agenda. Transportation research part D:
transport and environment, 34, 122-136.
19
CHAPTER 3
THEORTICAL FRAMEWORK
20
3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A vehicle that is powered by one or more electric motors or traction motors is known as
an electric vehicle (EV). An electric vehicle can be self-contained, with a battery, solar
panels, fuel cells, or an electric generator to convert gasoline to energy, or it can be
fueled by electricity from off-vehicle sources via a collector system. Road and rail
vehicles, surface and underwater watercraft, electric airplanes, and electric spacecraft are
all examples of electric vehicles.
Electric vehicles (EVs) originally appeared in the mid-19th century, when electricity was
one of the favoured means for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a degree of comfort
and ease of operation that gasoline cars could not match. For nearly a century, internal
combustion engines were the primary propulsion system for cars and trucks, while
electric power remained prevalent in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller
vehicles of all types.
• 1800’s
• 1900’s-1960’s
21
EVs are targeted at women, with luxurious upholstery, flower bouquets, clocks, and
even beauty kits. They are said to be quieter, cleaner, and easier to run than gasoline-
powered vehicles. Henry Ford and Thomas Edison collaborate on a “affordable and
practical” electric car that can travel 100 miles. They do, however, abandon the
endeavour in the end. Ferdinand Porsche creates the P1, an electric automobile.
The demand for Ford’s mass-produced Model T and other gasoline-fueled automobiles is
reducing the popularity of electric vehicles. National Union Electric Corp converts 100
Renault Dauphine automobiles to operate on batteries in 1959. Henney Kilowatts is the
name given to the latest versions. In response to growing worries about air pollution,
several corporations begin developing prototype vehicles.
• 1970-1990’s
The globe sees NASA’s electric Lunar Roving Vehicle bounce around on the moon in
1971 and 1972, giving battery power a promotional boost. Late in the decade, rising
gasoline prices prompted automakers and the US Department of Energy to investigate
alternate fuels, with GM constructing a prototype urban electric car in 1973 and
SebringVanguard releasing its CitiCar. However, a restricted range and performance
concerns prevent wider adoption.
• 2000’s-2010’s
The majority of the EV1s are destroyed by GM. Marc Tarpenning and Martin
Eberhard founded Tesla Motors in 2003. Elon Musk, a cofounder of PayPal, leads a
$7.5 million
22
initial investment and is named chairman in 2004. Tesla produced roadster sports car
(the first production EV to use lithium-ion battery cells) in 2008.
Nissan’s Leaf has become the best-selling electric vehicle in the world. Tesla continues to
expand its product line. Musk reveals ambitions to develop an electric semi-truck to
compete with Daimler and BYD, a Chinese company financed by Warren Buffett. China
is the world’s largest EV market, because to its focus on reducing smog and oil imports,
which has prompted hundreds of local manufacturers and startups to compete for market
share.
• The future
The United Kingdom (UK) recently announced that new petrol and diesel cars will no
longer be sold after 2030. In addition, as part of its green strategy, the United Kingdom
is working to provide the necessary infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs). Such a
significant step could have ramifications for the global green movement. The Indian
government is likewise interested in replacing fossil-fuel-powered automobiles with
electric vehicles. In 2017, the government set a lofty goal of having all cars be electric by
2030. However, the government was obliged to cut the aim due to opposition from the
car industry and fears of job losses. Will be difficult to overhaul the mobility sector
unless the government supports upfront investment in EV infrastructure rather than
shifting the buck to the automotive industry and customers.
23
Advantages of electric vehicle
• Electric vehicles save energy:- The amount of energy from a fuel source that is
transformed into actual energy for driving a vehicle’s wheels is referred to as
energy efficiency. Compared to traditional gas-powered vehicles, AEVs are
significantly more efficient: AEV batteries convert 59 to 62 percent of their
energy into vehicle movement, compared to 17 to 21 percent for gas-powered
vehicles. This means that charging an AEV’s battery contributes more to
actual vehicle power than filling up at a gas station.
• Electric cars reduce emissions :-Emission reduction, including reduced usage of
fuel, is another pro for all-electric vehicles. Because they rely on a rechargeable
battery, driving an electric car does not create any tailpipe emissions which are
a major source of pollution in the United States. In addition, the rechargeable
battery means much less money spent on fuel, which means all energy can be
sourced domestically.
• Electric vehicles are high-performance and low-maintenance vehicles:- Allelectric
vehicles are high-performance vehicles with quiet, smooth motors that require
less maintenance than internal combustion engines. The driving experience can
also be enjoyable because AEV motors are responsive and have good torque.
AEVs are generally newer than their gasoline-powered counterparts, and they are
frequently more digitally connected with charging stations, allowing for charging
control via an app.
24
• The current trajectory of adding ever more cars running on expensive
imported fuel and cluttering up already overcrowded cities suffering from
infrastructure bottlenecks and intense air pollution is unfeasible.
• The transition to electric mobility is a promising global strategy for
decarbonising the transport sector.
Electric mobility is a promising global method for reducing carbon emissions in the
transportation industry.
India’s Electric Vehicle Support: India is one of only a few countries to back the global
EV30@30 initiative, which aims for at least 30% new electric vehicle sales by 2030.
At the COP26 in Glasgow, India’s promotion of five factors for climate change —
“Panchamrit” — is a commitment to the same.
The government of India has taken various measures to develop and promote the EV
ecosystem in the country such as:
The remodeled Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME II) scheme
Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) for the
supplier side
25
The recently launched PLI scheme for Auto and Automotive Components for
manufacturers of electric vehicles.
1. Tesla
Founded in 2003 and headquartered in California, US, Tesla is one of the leading
players in the electric vehicle market. Tesla creates high-performance completely
electric automobiles as well as energy generation and storage solutions, which it
designs, develops, manufactures, and sells. The business just released the Model 3,
which has quickly become one of the best-selling vehicles in the United States. The
company has demonstrated that it has the ability to produce highly creative automobiles
over time.
With the construction of a new production factory in Shanghai, China, the company
plans to establish a strong presence in the Asia Pacific region.
2. BMW
3. Nissan Motors
Nissan Motor was formed in 1933 and is headquartered in Yokohama, Japan. Nissan
Motor Company is a global automaker known for its Nissan, Infiniti, and Datsun brands.
Its best-selling Nissan Leaf model has dominated the market for a long time, selling
over 200,000 units in 2016. Vehicles and vehicle parts, engines, manual transmission,
specifically equipped vehicles, industrial equipment engines, and so on are all available
from the company. For its customers, the company also makes electric cars
26
(BEVs).Nissan introduced the Nissan Leaf Plus model in 2019 with better new features
such as a larger battery and a 160 kW electric motor, increased range (up to 363 km),
and increased power (214 hp).
4. Volkswagen
5. BYD GROUP
BYD is one of the few businesses that specialises in commercial electric car manufacture.
Its headquarters are in Guangdong, China, and it was founded in 1995. Automobiles,
handset and assembly services, and rechargeable battery and photovoltaic are the
company’s three main business segments. BYD is a company that specialises in the
design, manufacture, and assembly of a wide range of goods. China, the United States,
Europe, and India are among places where the company has a presence. The organisation
has placed a strong emphasis on partnerships and has built them all over the world. For
example, Nobina, Sweden’s and the Nordic region’s largest bus operator, added another
20 e-buses to its growing order book from BYD in 2019.
27
Customer satisfaction
On this subject, numerous studies have been conducted. Customer satisfaction is defined
as a response to a specific issue that occurs at a certain time. Satisfaction can be achieved
in a variety of ways. Post-purchase satisfaction is most typically measured. It’s a general
assessment of the buy. It is described as an emotion experienced through the acquisition
and use of a product. In measure, there are primarily two notions. Specific or cumulative
effects are possible. According to a specific method, contentment is a measure of a user’s
experience when using a product or receiving services. When making a satisfaction
judgement, cumulative measurement refers to how an individual analyses his or her
earlier experience and purchases with the company. The majority of the authors consider
contentment to be an emotional reaction. The intensity of an emotional reaction is
determined by the circumstances. Satisfaction elicits a wide range of emotions, from
strong ones like enthusiasm to milder ones like indifference or relief. It is the buyer’s
cognitive state that determines satisfaction in the case of cognition. Satisfaction can be a
combination of cognitive and emotional factors. This response is frequently focused on
one’s contentment, and the object is usually compared to some standard to arrive at a
satisfaction judgement.
Consumer Perception
28
Customer perception is a “Process during which an individual acquires knowledge about
the environment and interprets the information according to his/her needs, requirements
and attitudes.” – as defined by F.G. Crane and T.K. Klarke (1994), G.D. Harrell, G.L.
Frazier (1998).
Customer perception is a process where a customer collects information about a product
and interprets the information to make a meaningful image about a particular product.
When a customer sees advertisements, promotions, customer reviews, social media
feedback, etc. relating to a product, they develop an impression about the product. The
entire process of customer perception starts when a consumer sees or gets information
about a particular product. This process continues until the consumer starts to build an
opinion about the product. Everything that a company does will affect customer
perception. The way the products are positioned in a retail store, the colors and shapes in
the logo, the advertisements, the discounts, everything impacts the customer perception.
In general, customer perception can be influence by a lot of factors. Some of the major
factors are
• Consistency of performance – How has the brand performed in the past and how it
is performing currently.
• Emotional connect – Superb brands know that emotional connection with the
customer is critical to brand development.
• Holistic marketing – A brand cannot be excellent if it has good sales staff but
pathetic support staff. A brand has to be a good all rounder and satisfy customers
from all its touch points.
29
• Personal experience – Personal experience is one of the most important
influencers that can easily have a direct impact on customer perception. Our
personal experiences matter most. When a customer experiences a good service or
purchases a great product, the quality of goods and services matter.
• Influencers – We all are surrounded by several influencers that have a direct and
indirect impact on your mindset. It can change customer perception at the drop of
a hat.
• Social media platforms – This is the age of technology where most people are on
one or the other social media portal browsing to their heart’s content. When you
read reviews or comments about particular products services of a brand, your
subconscious mind automatically takes a decision.
perception Sensation
Sensation describes what happens when a person's senses are initially exposed to the
external stimulus of a product. Through sight, sound, smell, taste and texture the sensory
receptors of a consumer is engaged by product or brand cues. For example, Starbucks
engages all the senses in its sensory brand marketing. A customer who enters a Starbucks
coffee shop may hear the sounds and smell the aroma of the grinding of fresh coffee in
the store with background music and a unique store design round out the experience of
the taste of hot or cold coffee and food products that can be enjoyed in-store at quaint
cafe tables.
30
Attention
Consumer Perception
In general, customer perception can be influence by a lot of factors. Some of the major
factors are
31
• Consistency of performance – How has the brand performed in the past and how it
is performing currently.
• Emotional connect – Superb brands know that emotional connection with the
customer is critical to brand development.
• Holistic marketing – A brand cannot be excellent if it has good sales staff but
pathetic support staff. A brand has to be a good all rounder and satisfy customers
from all its touch points.
• Influencers – We all are surrounded by several influencers that have a direct and
indirect impact on your mindset. It can change customer perception at the drop of
a hat.
• Social media platforms – This is the age of technology where most people are on
one or the other social media portal browsing to their heart’s content. When you
read reviews or comments about particular products services of a brand, your
subconscious mind automatically takes a decision.
32
Sensation
Sensation describes what happens when a person's senses are initially exposed to the
external stimulus of a product. Through sight, sound, smell, taste and texture the sensory
receptors of a consumer is engaged by product or brand cues. For example, Starbucks
engages all the senses in its sensory brand marketing. A customer who enters a Starbucks
coffee shop may hear the sounds and smell the aroma of the grinding of fresh coffee in
the store with background music and a unique store design round out the experience of
the taste of hot or cold coffee and food products that can be enjoyed in-store at quaint
cafe tables.
Attention
Interpretation
Retention
The conclusion of the consumer perception process is the retention stage and it marked
by the storage of product or brand information in short-term and long-term memory. The
information about the product or brand into long-term memory is the marketer's goal to
provide positive stimuli in the proceeding stages that translate into consumers storing.
33
CHAPTER 4
34
The source of data collection from the questionnaire distributed to students in Christ
college autonomous Irinjalakuda. Responses from 174 students were collected.
GENDER OF RESPONDENTS
Table 4.1
Gender No of respondents % of respondents
FEMALE 67 60.7%
MALE 108 39.3%
TOTAL 174 100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.1
Gender of Respondents
39.3%
Female
Male
60.7%
INTERPRETATION
35
AGE GROUP OF THE RESPONDENTS
Table 4.2
Figure 4.2
20%
18-21
22-24
16% 24& above
64%
INTERPRETATION
36
VEHICLE OF RESPONDENTS
Table 4.3
Particulars No of Respondents % of respondents
Bike 8 16%
Scooter 17 34%
Car 11 22%
All of the above 14 28%
Total 174 100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.3
VEHICLE OF RESPONDENTS
16%
28%
bike
scooter car
all of the above
34%
22%
INTERPRETATION
37
FUEL USED IN VEHICLES
Table 4.4
Particular No of respondents % of
respondents
Petrol 22 44
Diesel 18 36
Charging(ev’s) 10 20
Total 174 100
(Source: Primary data)
Figure4.4
20%
petrol
44%
diesel charging ev's
36%
INTREPRETATION
38
AWARNESS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Table 4.5
Heard
Not Heard
98%
INTREPRETATION
• The primary data is collected from 174 respondents.
• 48% of responds have heard about electric vehicles.
• 2% of respondents have not heard about electric vehicle.
39
SOURCE OF AWARNESS ABOUT ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Table 4.6
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
Friends/family 16 32%
Newspaper 4 8%
Advertisement 10 20%
Social media 18 36%
others 2 4%
Total 174 100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.6
Friends/family
32% Newspaper Advertisement Social media
36% Others
8%
20%
INTREPRETATION
40
PREFERENCE TOWARDS ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Table 4.7
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
bike 3 6%
scooter 16 32%
car 31 62%
total 174 100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.7
6%
Bike
32% Scooter
Cars
62%
INTREPRETATION
41
ATTITUDE OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Table 4.8
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
Positive 33 66%
Negative 0 0%
Neutral 17 34%
Total 174 100%
(Source: Primary
Data)
Figure 4.8
34%
Positive
Negative Neutral
66%
0%
42
ATTITUDE TOWARDS GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES
TABLE 4.9
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
Strongly agree 20 40%
Agree 21 42%
Neutral 8 16%
Disagree 1 2%
Strongly disagree 0 0%
Total 174 100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.9
INTREPRETATION
43
INITIAL COST IS HIGH
Table 4.10
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
Agree 29 58%
Neutral 18 36%
Disagree 3 6%
Total 174 100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.10
6%
Agree
36% Neutral
Disagree
58%
INTREPRETATION
44
NUMBER OF CHARGING STATIONS ARE LESS
Table 4.11
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
Agree 43 86%
Neutral 6 12%
Disagree 1 1%
Total 174 100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.11
12%
86%
45
COST OF BATTE REPLACEMENT IS HIGH
Table 4.12
Figure 4.12
32%
Agree
Neutral Disagree
66%
INTREPRETATION
46
PRICE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IS HIGH
Table 4.13
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
Agree 26 52%
Neutral 20 40%
Disagree 4 8%
Total 174 100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.13
8%
Agree
Neutral Disagree
40% 52%
INTREPRETATION
47
EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES IS COMPARTIVELY LOW
Table 4.14
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
Agree 37 74%
Neutral 12 24%
Disagree 1 2%
Total 174 100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.14
24%
Agree
Neutral Disagree
74%
INTREPRETATION
48
PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE HIGH
Table 4.15
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
Agree 11 22%
Neutral 32 64%
Disagree 7 14%
Total 174 100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.15
14%
22%
64%
INTREPRETATION
49
ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE MORE ECO-FRIENDLY THAN
PETROL AND DIESEL VEHICLES
Table 4.16
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
Agree 42 84%
Neutral 8 16%
Disagree 0 0%
Total 174 100%
(Source: 4.16)
Figure 4.16
RESPONDENTS
0%
16%
Agree
Neutral Disagree
84%
INTREPRETATION
50
ELECTRIC VEHICLES WILL GAIN MORE POPULRITY IN FUTURE
Table 4.17
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
YES 44 88%
NO 1 2%
May be 5 10%
Total 174 100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.17
ELECTRIC VEHICLES WILL GAIN MORE POPULARITY IN
FUTURE
2%
10%
YES NO
May be
88%
INTREPRETATION
51
ATTITUDE OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS SHIFTING TO ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
Table 4.18
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
Agree 9 18%
Neutral 29 58%
Disagree 12 24%
Total 174 100%
(Source: Primary
data)
Figure 4.18
18%
24%
Agree
Neutral Disagree
58%
INTREPRETATION
52
PLANNING TO BUY ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN THE FUTURE
Table 4.19
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
Agree 24 48%
Neutral 23 46%
Disagree 3 6%
Figure 4.19
RESPONDENTS
6%
Agree
48% Neutral Disagree
46%
INTREPRETATION
53
ELECTRIC VEHICLES MORE CONVINIENT FOR SHORT TRIPS THAN
LONG TRIPS
TABLE 4.20
Particulars No of respondents % of respondents
Agree 40 80%
Neutral 8 16%
Disagree 2 4%
4%
16%
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
80%
INTREPRETATION
54
CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS, SUGGESTION,
CONCLUSION
55
FINDINGS
• Around 90% of respondents agree that EV’S can reduce pollution to a certain
extent.
• Majority are of the opinion that the initial cost for EV’S are bit high.
• Respondents are satisfied with the environmental friendliness of electric vehicles.
• The number of charging stations are less is a major problem for many respondents.
• Majority have a neutral opinion about the high performance of EV’s.
• The majority of respondents are willing to spread the word about electric
vehicles to others.
• Most of the respondents agrees that price of electric vehicles are high.
• Majority agree that emission of green house effect are low.
• Most of the respondents have neutral opinion about performance of electric
vehicles.
• Majority agrees that electric vehicles will gain more popularity in future .
56
SUGGESTIONS
57
CONCLUSION
In India, there is a need for energy transition in automobiles due to the depletion of fossil
resources and the steady rise in fuel prices. The government has taken steps to reduce
pollution levels by promoting electric vehicles and providing purchasing subsidies. The
government has relaxed FDI rules in order to promote output. EVs are being introduced
in India by a number of new brands. Governments and manufacturers should work
together to construct the infrastructure and create a favorable climate for electric
vehicles. The respondents are aware of global climate conditions and are ready to change
their cost is an important factor while considering the purchase of EV.
58
BIBLIOGRAPHY
59
WEBSITES
NEWSPAPER
• The Hindu
• The Times New Roman
• The Economic Times
• The Indian Express
JOURNALS
60
APPENDIX
61
QUESTIONNAIR
The following questionnaire is used for the collection of primary data from an academic
research titled “A study on customer attitude towards electric vehicles.” The study is
conducted by Mukul S. Kumar, final year of MBA Aided batch 2021-23 of Doon
Business School, Dehradun.
1. Gender
• Male
• Female
• Other
1. Age group
• 18-21
• 21-24
• 24 & above
62
4. Are you aware of electric vehicles
• Yes
• No
6. Which model will you prefer the most if electric model is available
• Bike
• Scooter
• Car
63
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
15. Electric vehicles are more eco-friendly than petrol and diesel
• Agree
64
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
20. Electric vehicles are more convenient for long trips than short trips.
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
65