ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
 scientific study of abnormal behavior
 aims to predict, explain, identify the cause,
diagnose, and treat maladaptive behavior
 what defines normality and abnormality?
 not all abnormal behaviors are considered a
psychological disorder.
4D’S OF ABNORMALITY:
 Psychological Dysfunction
- breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or
behavioral functioning
- impaired ability to carry out daily activities
 Distress
- own behavior/emotions are unpleasant and
upsetting to the person
 Deviance
- departure from the norm
- different, extreme, unusual, bizarre behaviors
 Danger
- thoughts and behavior are threatening to the
physical and psychological welfare to other
people
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
 scientific study of psychological disorders.
Clinical Descriptions
- unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and
feelings that make up a disorder
- Includes observable and diagnosable symptoms
 “Presents” or Presenting Problem (specific
problem presents in the patient; chief of
complaints)
 Prevalence (how many people in the population
as a whole has the disorder)
 Incidence (number of new cases/occurrences
on a given period of time)
 Course (the disorder follows somewhat an
individual pattern)
Types:
Chronic Course – persists for a long time
Episodic Course – likely to recover and suffer a
recurrence of the disorder at a later time.
Time-limited Course – the disorder will improve
without treatment in a relatively short period of time.
 Onset – start of the disorder
Types:
Acute Onset – they begin suddenly.
Insidious Onset – develop gradually over to extended
period of time.
Etiology
- the origin and cause which include biological,
psychological, and social dimensions
 Prognosis (anticipated course of the disorder:
“the prognosis is good.” “the prognosis is bad.”
Treatment and Outcome
- Pharmacology, psychological or combined
What causes Abnormality?
Biological
o genetic inheritance
o medical conditions
o brain damage
o exposure to environmental stimuli
Psychological
o traumatic life experiences
o learned associations
o distorted perceptions
o faulty ways of thinking
Sociocultural
o disturb as in intimate relationships
o problems in extended relationships
o political or social interests
o discrimination towards one social group
CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Biological Perspective
 Diathesis Stress Model
- individuals inherit tendencies to express certain
traits of behaviors, which may then be activated
under conditions of stress
- factors of vulnerability + exposure/triggers =
disorder
 Gene-Environment Correlation (rGE) Model
- Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model
- Genetic endowment may increase the
probability that an individual will experience
stressful life events
- “Influence of Genes”
 Passive – parents pass on genes and provide
the environment
 Evocative – heritable traits influence the
reactions and environment provided by others
 Active – heritable traits influence one’s choice
of environment
 Neuroscience Model
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
- how the brain works is central to any
understanding of our behaviors, emotions, and
cognitive processes
Neurons – transmit information throughout the nervous
system.
o Dendrite – receives signals
o Axon – transmits impulses
Neurotransmitters
- biochemicals that are released from the axon
and transmit to the dendrite receptors and
another neuron.
Neurotransmitter and Psychopathology:
 Acetylcholine (ACh)
- enables muscle action, learning, and memory
(e.g., with Alzheimer’s disease, ACh-producing
neurons deteriorate)
 Dopamine
- influences movement, learning, attention,
and emotion
(e.g., excess dopamine receptor activity linked to
Schizophrenia. Starved of dopamine, the brain
produces tremors and decreased mobility of
Parkinson’s disease)
 Serotonin
- affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
(e.g., undersupply linked to Depression. Prozac and
some other antidepressant drugs raised serotonin
levels)
 Norepinephrine
- helps control alertness and arousal
(e.g., undersupply can depress mood)
 GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
- a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
(e.g., undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and
insomnia)
 Glutamate
- a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved
in memory
(e.g., oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing
migraines or seizures which is why some people avoid
MSG, monosodium glutamate, in food)
The Central Nervous System
 Hindbrain
- regulates breathing, pumping action of heart,
and digestion
 Midbrain
- coordinates movement with sensory input
 Forebrain
- includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, which
are involved with regulating behavior and
emotions.
Limbic System
- regulates our emotional experiences and
expressions, and to some extent, our ability to
learn and control our impulses
- involved with the basic drives of sex, aggression,
hunger, and thirst
Cerebral Cortex
- provides us with our distinctly human qualities,
allowing us to look to the future and plan, to
reason, and to create
o Right Hemisphere – better at receiving the
world around us and creating images
o Left Hemisphere – verbal and other cognitive
processes
Lobes of the Brain
 Frontal – thinking and reasoning, planning, and
long-term memory
 Parietal – various sensations of touch and
monitoring body positioning
 Occipital – integrating and making sense of
visual inputs
 Temporal – sights and sounds with long term
memory storage
 Peripheral Nervous System
- coordinates with the brain stem to make sure
the body is working properly
 Somatic
- transmits messages from our sensory organs to
the brain for processing, leading to the
experience of visual, auditory, tactile, and other
sensations
- voluntary control our movements, such as when
raising arm or walking
 Autonomic
o Sympathetic
- mobilization during stress or danger
o Parasympathetic
- conserves energy
Psychological Perspective
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
 Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
- Internal, unconscious drives, root in childhood
Psychodynamic Schools
Theory:
 Drive Theory
- conflicts between id and superego
 Ego Psychology
- defense mechanisms, neurotic needs,
maladaptation, and malignancy
 Object Relations
- pathological patterns of internal object
relations, attachment issues/traumas
 Individual
- basic mistakes, style of life, social interest
 Self-Psychology
- distorted images of self
 Interpersonal
- keeping elements of interpersonal
interactions out of awareness
 Relational/Intersubjectivity
- distorted expectations of interpersonal world
 Humanistic (Person-Centered)
- Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out
of touch with one’s feelings, being too sensitive
to other’s criticisms/judgements, lack of
positive regard as a child
 Genuineness
 Unconditional Positive Regard
 Empathy
 Behavioral
- Reinforcement history, the environment. At
some point the abnormal behavior was been
rewarded or reinforced and is now an
established pattern of behavior
Gestalt (Polarities)
 Social self vs. Natural self
 Adult vs. Child
 Perfect vs. Failure
 Emotional vs. Logical
 Shallow vs. Deep
 Cognitive
- Irrational, illogical, dysfunctional, thoughts or
ways of thinking leas us to misperceive the
world (leading to abnormal behavior)
Cognitive (ABC Framework)
A – activating event B – belief C – consequence
Cognitive (Schema)
 Arbitrary Inference
- drawing conclusions without sufficient
evidence
 Selective Abstraction
- making assumptions based on certain facts
while ignoring other facts
 Overgeneralization
- extreme beliefs based on relatively little data
 Magnification and Minimization
- over or underemphasizing a particular fact
 Personalization
- external event somehow says something
about you
 Absolutist or Dichotomous thinking
- All-good or all-bad
 Mislabeling
- unfairly characterizing one’s entire identity
based on limited events
 Misreading
- believing you know what another person is
thinking without sufficient evidence
Cognitive (Dysfunctional Schema for Personality
Disorders)
 Dependent – I am helpless
 Avoidant – I might get hurt
 Paranoid – People are out to get me
 Narcissistic – I am special
 Histrionic – I need to impress others
 Compulsive – Errors are bad
 Antisocial – People are there to be taken
 Schizoid – I need plenty of space
Negative Cognitive Triad
Negative thought about the:
o Self
o World/environment
o Future
Family Systems (Interpersonal Boundaries)
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

 Clear Boundaries and Cultural Variance  Biological

- balance between closeness and individuality o brain, genes, neurotransmitter
 Enmeshed/Diffuse Boundaries  Psychological
- overvalue closeness over individuality o Psychodynamic, learning, humanistic,
 Disengaged/Rigid Boundaries perspective
- emphasize individuality over closeness  Sociocultural
o social ills, poverty, racism, ethnicity
Family Systems (Parental Hierarchy)
 Effective Assessing Psychological Disorders
- effectively sets boundaries and/or o Clinical Assessment
maintaining emotional connection - systematic evaluation and measurement of
 Insufficient psychological, biological, and social factors in
- not able to effectively manage the child’s an individual presenting with a possible
behavior (permissive parenting style) psychological disorder
 Excessive o Diagnosis
- maintains rules that are developmentally too - process of determining whether the
strict and unrealistic particular problem afflicting the individual
meets all criteria for a psychological disorder,
Social Perspective set forth in the DSM-5
 Social Causation Hypothesis o Physical Examination
- experiencing economic hardship increase the - Medical condition
risk of subsequent mental illness o Behavioral Assessment
 Selection/Drift Hypothesis - direct observation
- mental illness can inhibit socioeconomic - rating scales
attainment and lead people to drift into lower o Psychological Testing
social class - Projective test
Narrative (Discourses) - Personality inventories
 Dominant Discourses - Intelligence testing
- broad societal stories, sociocultural practices, - Neuropsychological testing
assumptions, expectations about how we o Symptoms
should live - Subjective
 Local Discourses - From the client/patient
- occur in our heads, our closer relationships, and o Signs
marginalized communities
- Objective
- From the psychologists/psychiatrists
Feminist
- can be measured by assessment tools
- focuses on how the effects of gender, cultural,
heterosexual, and other stereotypes affect an
Case Formulation
individual’s identity and relationships
- Oppression, social power, sociopolitical issues  The Problem (presenting need)
- The personal is political  Predisposing (vulnerability factors)
 Precipitating (triggers)
Disconnection – root of most forms of emotional  Perpetuating (maintaining factors)
distress.  Protective (positive factors)

Biases
o Stereotype (Cognitive)
o Prejudice (Emotional)
o Discrimination (Behavioral)
About the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders)
 Biopsychosocial Model
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
o 2013
o American Psychiatric Association
o Removed the Five-Axis Diagnosis System
o Inclusion of new assessment measures
o 20 Chapters Describing Mental Disorders
(Section II)
o Subtype
- subgroupings within a diagnosis; specify
whether
o Specifiers
- not intended to be manually exclusive; specify if
o Other Specified Disorder
- clinician records the specific reason a particular
client does not meet the criteria for a specific
diagnosis
o Unspecified Disorder
- clinician cannot specify or chooses not to
specify
Some terms to remember…
 Ego Syntonic
- actions that are aligned/acceptable to the self
 Ego Dystonic
- actions that are inconsistent with your ego
 Alloplastic
- Individual attempts to change the environment
or situation
 Autoplastic
- changing oneself when confronted by a
problem or stressful situation
NEUERODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
o conditions that affects how the brain functions.
o onset early childhood
INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY (Intellectual Development
Disorder)
o (3) three domains – conceptual, social and
practical.
The following criteria must be met:
o Deficits in intellectual functions
o Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in
failure to meet development and
sociocultural standards for personal
independence and social responsibility
o Onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits
during the developmental period.
SPECIFIC LEARNING DISORDER
o Persistent difficulties learning keystone
academic skills (Criterion A), with onset
during the years of formal schooling (i.e., the
developmental period) (6 months)
o Impairment in Reading (Dyslexia)
o Impairment in Written Expression
o Impairment in Mathematics (Dyscalculia)
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
o Social deficiency.
o 3R’s: rigid, repetitive and restrictive pattern
of behavior.
o Persistent impairment in reciprocal social
communication and social interaction
(Criterion A), and
o Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior,
interests, or activities (Criterion B)
o Symptoms are present from early childhood
and limit or impair everyday functioning
(Criterion C and D)
ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
(ADHD):
o Persistent pattern of inattention and/or
hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with
functioning or development.
Specify whether (for 6 months):
- Combined presentation
- Predominantly inattentive presentation
- Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive
presentation
COMMUNICATION DISORDERS
o persistent problems related to language and
speech.
Types:
LANGUAGE DISORDER
o child’s delay in using speech and written
language.
o difficulties in the acquisition and use of
language across modalities
SPEECH SOUND DISORDER
o difficulty with speech sound pronunciation
that interferes with speech intelligibility.
CHILDHOOD ONSET FLUENCY DISORDER
o normal fluency of speech is disrupted.
o Frequent repetitions or prolongations of
sound or syllables and by other types of
speech dysfluencies
SOCIAL (PRAGMATIC) COMMUNICATION DISORDER
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
o Social context.
o Primarily difficulty with pragmatics, or the
social use of language and communication
MOTOR DISORDERS
DEVELOPMENTAL COORDINATION DISORDER
o acquiring or executing despite practice.
o slow to develop motor coordination.
STEREOTYPIC MOVEMENT DISORDER
o purposeless repetitive behavior
TIC DISORDER
o sudden twitches, movements or sounds that
people do repeatedly
o onset before 18 years old
Three (3) types of Tic Disorder:
 Tourette’s Syndrome
o both multiple motor and one or more vocal
tic that occurs frequently throughout the day
o more than 12 months
 Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder
o only motor or only vocal tics are present
o more than 12 months
 Provisional Tic Disorder
o motor and/or vocal tics may be present
o less than 12 months
SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDER
o broad spectrum of cognitive and emotional
dysfunctions.
Two or more of the following:
 Delusions
 Hallucinations
 Disorganized Speech
o Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
o Negative Symptoms
o Impairment in functioning
o At least 6 months
Phases of Schizophrenia
 Prodromal
o mild or subthreshold forms symptoms
 Active
o noticeable psychotic symptoms
 Residual
o fewer obvious symptoms
Key Features that Define the Psychotic Disorders
Positive Symptoms:
o Delusions
o Hallucinations
o Disorganized Thinking (Speech)
o Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor
Behavior (including Catatonia)
o Negative Symptoms
Delusions - fixed beliefs that are not amendable in light
of conflicting evidence.
DELUSIONAL DISORDER
o One or more delusions for 1 month or longer
o Not met the criteria for schizophrenia
o Impairment in psychosocial functioning
Subtypes:
Persecutory - one is about to be harmed or
mistreated by others in some way
Jealous - sexual partner is unfaithful
Grandiose - exceptional abilities, wealth, mission, or
identity
Erotomanic - another person is in love with him or
her, generally of a higher social status
Somatic - health and organ function
Referential - gestures, comments, environmental
cues are directed at oneself
Nihilistic - major catastrophe will occur
Bizarre Delusions
o implausible and not understandable to same-
culture peers and do not derive from
ordinary life experiences
 Thought Withdrawal
o one’s thoughts have been “removed” by
some outside force
 Thought of Insertion
o alien thoughts have been put in one’s mind
 Delusions of Control
o one’s body or actions are being acted on or
manipulation by some outside force
Hallucinations – perception-like experiences that
occur without an external stimulus
 Visual
 Auditory
 Tactile
 Proprioceptive – flying or floating
 Hypnagogic – while falling asleep
 Hypnopompic – waking up
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
 Broca’s Area
o production of speech
o most active during auditory hallucinations
 Wernicke’s Area
o comprehension of speech
Disorganized Thinking (Speech)
o severe enough to substantially impair
effective communication
o Formal Thought Disorder
 Derailment or Loose Association
o Illogical connection in a chain of thoughts
 Circumstantial
- goes off-topic before returning to original
subject
 Tangentiality
o answers to questions may be obliquely
related or completely unrelated
 Incoherence or “Word Salad”
o severely disorganized that it is nearly
incomprehensible
Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior
o awkward movements or ritualistic/repetitive
behaviors
o severely impairing their ability to perform
daily
 Catatonia – marked decrease in reactivity to the
environment
 Negativism – resistance to instructions
 Mutism and Stupor – lack of verbal and motor
responses
 Catatonic Excitement – purposeless and
excessive motor activity without obvious cause
Negative Symptoms
o inability or decreased ability to initiate
actions, speech, express emotion or feel
pleasure.
 Diminished emotional expression
o reductions in the expression of emotions
 Avolition
o decrease in motivated self-initiated
purposeful activities
 Alogia
o absence of speech
 Anhedonia
o decreased ability to experience pleasure
 Asociality
o lack interest in social interactions
PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
 Shared Psychotic Disorder
o a rare disorder characterized by sharing a
delusion among two or more people in a
close relationship.
 Brief Psychotic Disorder
o 1 day to less than 1 month
o similar to schizophrenia, brief psychotic
disorder may include delusions,
hallucinations, or disorganized thinking.
o This psychosis is followed by a complete
remission, but future relapse is possible.
 Schizophreniform
o Symptoms of schizophrenia
o Duration is 1 month to 6 months
 SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER
o There is a major mood episode (major
depressive or manic) concurrent with criterion
A of schizophrenia
o Delusions or hallucinations must be present for
at least 2 weeks in absence of a major mood
episode (depressive or manic) at some point
during the lifetime duration of the illness.
BIPOLAR AND RELATED DISORDERS
o There is an alternating mood state.
Types:
BIPOLAR I DISORDER
o At least 1 manic episode
o Major depressive (and hypomanic) episode
may be present, but it is NOT required
BIPOLAR II DISORDER
o At least 1 hypomanic episode
o At least 1 major depressive episode
o Manic episode has NEVER been met
 Mania - duration is 1 week
 Hypomania – duration is 4 days
 CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER
o At least 2 years (at least 1 year in children and
adolescents) of hypomanic-like and depressive
SYMPTOMS
o Individual has NEVER met the full criteria for
any major depressive episode
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
o Involves a depressed mood or loss of pleasure
or interest in activities for long periods of time.
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
o Five or more symptoms are met in the
criteria, lasted for 2 weeks
o Depressed mood (most of the day, nearly
every day)
o Markedly diminished interest or pleasure (in
activities) (anhedonia)
 Suicide
 Suicide Ideation – thinking seriously about
suicide
 Suicide Plan – formulation of a specific
method for killing oneself
 Suicidal Attempt – the person survives
 Completed Suicide
Types of Suicide by Emile Durkheim
 Altruistic – killing oneself will serve as a
greater societal good
 Egoistic – loss of social supports
 Anomic – sudden and unexpected changes in
situations
 Fatalistic – loss of control over one’s own
identity
 Werther Effect
- irresponsible reporting of suicide
- copycat suicide
 Papageno Effect
o responsible reporting of suicide
o contribute to the prevention of suicide
DOH Administrative No. 2022-0004
(Guidelines for Ethical and Responsible Reporting and
Portrayal of Suicide in the Media, Audiovisual, and Film)
PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (Dysthymia)
o Depressed mood for most of the day, for
more days than not, for at least 2 years, or at
least 1 year for children and adolescents
DISRUPTIVE MOOD DYSREGULATION DISORDER
o negative symptoms and temper outbursts.
o three or more times a week in three different
setting
 PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER
o expression of mood lability, irritability,
dysphoria, and anxiety symptoms that occur
repeatedly during the premenstrual phase of
the cycle and remit around the onset of menses
or shortly thereafter.
ANXIETY RELATED DISORDER
o Described to have continuous dread of fear.
Fear vs. Anxiety
 Fear
o is the emotional response to real or perceived
imminent threat
o thoughts of immediate danger and escape
behaviors
 Anxiety
o is anticipation of future threat
o cautious or avoidant behaviors
Types:
SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER
o At least 4 weeks (children and adolescent)
o At least 6 months (adult)
o an individual experiences excessive anxiety
regarding separation from home and/or from
people to whom the individual has a strong
emotional attachment.
SELECTIVE MUTISM
o person who is otherwise capable of speech
becomes unable to speak when exposed to
specific situations, specific places, or to
specific people, one or multiple of which
serving as triggers.
o Stays mute for at least 1 month, but is
reversible.
SPECIFIC PHOBIA
o an extreme fear of objects or situations that
pose little or no danger but make you highly
anxious.
SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER (Social Phobia)
o fear and anxiety lead to avoidance that can
disrupt your life (negative evaluation)
o Occurrence of panic attack for 6 months or
more.
PANIC DISORDER (with or without Agoraphobia)
o recurrent unexpected panic attacks
AGORAPHOBIA (with or without panic attack)
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
o fear or anxiety of being in situations where
you feel you cannot escape.
o fear of open places or market.
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
o At least 3 out of 6 symptoms
o It lasts longer than 6 months
o a condition of excessive worry about
everyday issues and situations.
 OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)
o Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both
o disruptive and repetitive thoughts leading to
action.
o become a disorder if the compulsions occur in
1hr or 24hrs.
Four (4) major categories of compulsions: checking,
ordering, arranging, washing or cleaning
a. Checking:
o aggressive impulses
o cam be related to sexual contents.
b. Ordering:
o Has the fear or need for symmetry.
BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER
o Preoccupation with one or more perceived
defects or flaws in physical appearance that
are NOT observable or appear sight to others.
(e.g. excessive mirror checking, excessive grooming,
reassurance seeking)
HOARDING DISORDER
o Anything that is valuable to oneself.
o Keeping everything and having hard time to
let go, congesting the living space.
o Animal Hoarding
 Trichotillomania: compulsive hair pulling
causing alopecia.
 Excoriation: compulsive skin picking causing
lesion or infection.
TRAUMA AND STRESSOR RELATED DISORDERS
o Disorders that have reactions to solve stressful
situations.
Disorders Related to Attachment:
Types:
REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER
o when an infant or young child doesn't
establish healthy attachments with parents
or caregivers due to neglect.
o child rarely or minimally turns preferentially
to an attachment figure for comfort, support,
protection, and nurturance.
o evident before age 5 years and has a
developmental age of that 9 months.
DISINHIBITED SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT DISORDER
o culturally inappropriate, overly more
engaged and more active approaching or
interactions with strangers.
o developmental age of at least 9 months
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
o If there is a critical incident that have
occurred and the person has low resiliency.
o At least one symptom shall be met from each
criterion: a. Trauma, b. Intrusion, and c.
Avoidance
o More than 1 month
ACUTE STRESS DISORDER
o development of characteristic symptoms
lasting from 3 days to 1 month following
exposure to one or more traumatic events
ADJUSTMENT DISORDER
o the development of emotional or behavioral
symptoms in response to an identifiable
stressor(s) occurring within 3 months of
onset of the stressor(s)
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER
o There is a splitting of consciousness and is
frequently associated with previous experience
of trauma.
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER (DID)
o Disruption of identity characterized by two or
more distinct identities or personality traits.
o Recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday
events, important personal information,
and/or traumatic events that are consistent
with ordinary forgetting.
o Symptoms cause clinically significant distress
or impairment in social, occupational, or
other important areas of functioning.
o The disturbance is not a normal part of a
broadly accepted cultural or religious
practice.
DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA (with or without fugue)
o Inability to recall important autobiographical
information, usually of a traumatic or
stressful nature
o Symptoms cause clinically significant distress
or impairment in social, occupational, or
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
other areas of functioning
o The disturbance is not attributable to the
physiological effects of a substance or a
neurological or other medical condition
Types:
1. Localized Amnesia: inability to recall events
during a circumscribed period of time.
2. Generalized Amnesia: complete loss of
memory for one’s life history.
3. Selective Amnesia: recall some but not the
ugly parts of the memory.
4. Systematized Amnesia: specific category of
information is forgotten.
5. Continuous Amnesia: forgets new events as
it occurs.
DEPERSONALIZATION/DEREALIZATION DISORDER
o Detachment from the self and/or surroundings
respectively, but they still have intact reality.
 Depersonalization
o experiences of unreality, detachment, or being
an outside observer with respect to one’s
thoughts, feelings, sensations, body, or actions.
 Derealization
o experiences of unreality or detachment with
respect to surroundings.
SOMATIC SYMPTOMS AND OTHER DISORDERS
o one’s behavior in response to their physical
complains, rather than the absence of medical
explanation.
Types:
SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDER
o a localized pain or fatigue that causes high
level of anxiety about health.
o Persistent for at least 6 months.
ILLNESS ANXIETY DISORDER (Hypochondria)
o considered as “symptom creation”
o persistent fear that they have a serious or
life-threatening illness despite few or no
symptoms.
o there is a presence of maladaptive behavior
persistent for at least 6 months.
CONVERSION DISORDER (Functional Neurological
Symptom Disorder)
o Distress occur either in the sensory or motor
skill of a person.
o Persistent for at least 6 months.
FACTITIOUS DISORDER or Munchausen’s Syndrome
o a condition in which a patient intentionally
falsifies medical or psychiatric symptoms.
o Symptoms can be self-induced or fabricated.
 Imposed on Self: individual presents
himself/herself to others as ill, impaired, or
injured.
 Imposed on Another (by proxy): individual
presents another individual (victim) to others
as ill, impaired, or injured (e.g., Gypsy Rose
Case)
FEEDING AND EATING DISORDERS
o abnormal indigestion process.
o obsessive and unhealthy eating habits.
Types:
PICA
o Abnormality of eating non-nutritive, non-
food substances that is developed
inappropriately over a period of at least 1
month (e.g. grass or toys).
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
o A condition in which the stomach contents
leak backward from the stomach into the
esophagus (food pipe).
RUMINATION DISORDER
o Regurgitation of food.
AVOIDANT/RESTRICTIVE FOOD INTAKE DISORDER
(ARFID)
o An eating or feeding disturbance as
manifested by persistent failure to meet
appropriate nutritional and/or energy needs
associated with one (or more) of the
following:
 Significant weight loss
 Significant nutritional deficiency
 Dependence on enteral feeding or oral
nutritional supplements
 Marked interference with psychosocial
functioning
o Lack of interest even though food is really
available.
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
o Intense fear of gaining weight, or persistent
behavior that interferes with weight gain
o Disturbance in self-perceived weight or shape
Types of Anorexia Nervosa:
 Restrictive type: engage in dieting, fasting, and
excessive exercise
 Binge-eating/Purging type: purging behaviors
after consumption of food intake: laxative or
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
diuretics
BULIMIA NERVOSA
o large quantity of food is consumed in a short
period of time, often followed by feelings of
guilt or shame.
o binge eating and inappropriate compensatory
behaviors both occur on average, at least
once a week for 3 months.
Overeating followed by to prevent weight gain:
 Self-induced vomiting
 Fasting
 Misuse of laxatives (constipation) and
diuretics (urine)
 Excessive exercise and others
BINGE EATING DISORDER
Recurrent episode of binge eating that marks distress
regarding of binge-eating is present
The binge eating episodes are associated with three
(or more) of the following:
 Eating much more rapidly than normal.
 Eating until feeling uncomfortably full.
 Eating large amounts of food when not feeling
physically hungry.
 Eating alone because of feeling embarrassed
by how much one is eating.
 Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or
very guilty afterward.
ELIMINATION DISORDER
o based on the development of a child.
o children with these disorders are usually past
the age where such acts are common behavior.
Types:
ENURESIS
o Ages from 5 or later, repeated voiding of
urine into appropriate places
o At least twice in a week in 3 consecutive
months
ENCOPRESIS
o Ages from 4 or later, repeatedly passes feces
into clothing or onto the floor
o At least once a month for at least 3 months
SLEEP-WAKE DISORDERS
o Abnormality in sleeping process.
DYSSOMNIA
o negatively impact the quantity/quality of sleep.
Types:
INSOMNIA DISORDER
o Dissatisfaction with sleep quality or quantity
o 3 nights peer week for at least 3 months
 Initial (problem initiating sleep)
 Middle (problem in maintaining sleep)
 Terminal (early morning awakening)
HYPERSOMNOLENCE DISORDER
o Excessive or prolonged sleep more than 9
hours.
o 3 times per week, for at least 3 months
NARCOLEPSY
o Overwhelming daytime drowsiness and
sudden attacks of sleep occurring within the
same day.
o At least 3 times per week over the past 3
months
BREATHING RELATED SLEEP DISORDER
o Disorders with difficulty on breathing during
sleep.
Types:
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA/HYPOPNEA
o Disturbance in breathing during sleep.
Apnea: periods of no breathing because the airway is
completely blocked.
Hypopnea: flow of air is reduced or partially blocked.
CENTRAL SLEEP APNEA
o Caused by brain not sending proper signals to
the muscles that controls the breathing.
SLEEP-RELATED HYPOVENTILATION
o Reduced amount of air entering the lungs.
o Decrease levels of oxygen. Increase levels of
carbon dioxide in the blood.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP-WAKE DISORDER
o influenced by the light and temperature
resulting to insomnia and excessive sleeping.
PARASOMNIAS
o abnormal behavioral, experiential, or
psychological events occurring in association
with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep-wake
transitions.
Types:
NON-RAPID EYE MOVEMENT SLEEP AROUSAL
o Incomplete awakening while sleepwalking or
having sleep terrors lasting to 1-10 minutes
which may last up to 1hr.
Sleepwalking: rising form bed during sleep and
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
walking about
Sleep Terror: abrupt terror arousals from sleep,
usually beginning with a panicky scream.
NIGHTMARE DISORDER
o Typically, lengthy, elaborate, story like
sequences of dream imagery that seem reel
and that incite anxiety, fear, or other
dysphoric emotions, with well-remembered
details.
RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM) SLEEP BEHAVIOR
DISORDER
o an action-filled- and/or with violent dreams
of being attacked, which one tries to escape.
o the person acts the behavior while sleeping.
RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME
o unpleasant or uncomfortable sensations in your
legs and an irresistible urge to move them.
SUBSTANCE-RELATED AND ADDICTIVE DISORDER
o there is a faulty reward system, continuous
craving to escape reality.
o affects a person's brain and behavior, leading to
their inability to control their use of substances
like legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or
medications.
Themes:
 Intoxication: large consumption of substance/s
over a short period of time (not applicable in
tobacco use).
 Use: substance/s progresses the consumption
over a long period of time.
 Withdrawal: cessation of the substance resulting
to psychological symptoms (not applicable to
hallucinogens and inhalants).
The 10 substances are:
1. Alcohol
2. Caffeine
3. Cannabis
4. Hallucinogens (Phencyclidine)
5. Other Hallucinogens
6. Inhalants
7. Opioid
8. Sedative, hypnotic and anxiolytic
9. Stimulants
10. Tobacco
Types:
STIMULANTS: (caffeine, stimulants, tobacco)
o increases levels of physiological or nervous
activity in the body.
DEPRESSANTS: (alcohol, inhalants, tobacco)
o decrease neurotransmission levels, or reduce
arousal or stimulation.
HALLUCINOGENS: (cannabis, hallucinogens)
o Results to distorted reality testing.
NARCOTICS: (opioid, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic)
o makes one feel a sense of grief.
NON-SUBSTANCE RELATED DISORDER
o covers pathological gambling, food addiction,
internet addiction, and mobile phone addiction.
 Gambling Disorder
o Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling
behavior leading to clinically significant
impairment or distress, in a 12-month period.
o The gambling behavior is not better explained
by a manic episode.
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS
o abnormality in sexual process persisted for at
least 6 months.
Types:
DELAYED EJACULATION
o no orgasm for 25-30 mins.
o Must be experienced on almost all or all
occasions (approximately 75%-100%) of
partnered sexual activity for 6 months.
EARLY EJACULATION
o ejaculation that occurs prior to or shortly
after vaginal penetration (within 1 minute)
for 6 months.
FEMALE ORGASMIC DISORDER (Anorgasmia)
o difficulty experiencing orgasm or intensity
orgasmic sensation.
ERECTILE DISORDERS
o difficulty in obtaining, attaining or
maintaining erection or inability to climax
during sex.
FEMALE SEXUAL INTEREST/AROUSAL
o absence of or a decrease in sexual interest,
initiation of sexual activity, pleasure,
thoughts, and fantasies.
MALE HYPOACTIVE SEXUAL DESIRE DISORDER
o absence of sexual or erotic thoughts or
activity.
GENITO-PELVIC PAIN/PENETRATION DISORDER
o extreme pain/discomfort while experiencing
or attempting intercourse, that may cause
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
trauma or a guilt of miscarriage.
GENDER DYSPHORIA
o A marked incongruence between one’s
experienced/expressed gender and assigned
gender, of at least 6 months duration.
o The condition is associated with clinically
significant distress.
DISRUPTIVE, IMPULSE-CONTROL AND CONDUCT
DISORDER
o lack or loss of impulse control with their
emotions and behavior.
OPPOSITIONAL DEFICIENT DISORDER
o children with odd are uncooperative, defiant,
and hostile toward peers, parents, teachers,
and other authority figures.
INTERMITTENT EXPLOSIVE DISORDER
o characterized with anger by default.
o behavior outburst is a secondary aggressive
impulse and is a response to a minor
provocation.
CONDUCT DISORDER
o refers to a group of behavioral and emotional
problems characterized by a disregard for
others.
 Pyromania: type of impulse control disorder
that is characterized by being unable to resist
starting fires
 Kleptomania: urge of stealing non-trivial items
with no significant reason or not needing for
personal use.
NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS
o caused by brain damage resulting to cognitive,
functional and behavioral impairments.
Cognitive Domains:
 Complex Attention
o the ability to control, shift, and divide
attentional focus, allowing for the
manipulation of information and execution of
multiple steps to accomplish a goal.
 Executive Function
o a set of mental skills that include working
memory, flexible thinking, and self-control.
 Learning and Memory
o in charge of the immediate, recent memory,
very-long term memory and implicit learning.
 Language
o responsible for the expressive, receptive and
the grammar and syntax.
 Perceptual motor
o in charge of visual perception, visual
construction, and perceptual motor.
 Social Cognition
o recognition of emotion and theory of mind.
MILD NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER
o Modest cognitive decline
o Do not interfere with capacity for
independence in everyday activities
o 1 to 2 standard deviations (psychological
testing)
MAJOR NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER (DEMENTIA)
o Significant cognitive decline
o Interfere with independence in everyday
activities
o 2 or more standard deviations (psychological
testing)
DELIRIUM
o A disturbance in attention (i.e., reduced ability
to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention)
awareness (reduced orientation to the
environment).
o The disturbance develops over a short period of
time (usually hours to few days), represents a
change from baseline attention and from
awareness, and tends to fluctuate in severity
during the course of a day.
o An additional disturbance in cognition (e.g.,
memory deficit, disorientation, language,
visuospatial ability, or perception).
PERSONALITY DISORDER
o deviance in the form of thought.
o enduring pattern of inner experience and
behavior that deviated markedly from the
expectations of the individual’s culture, is
pervasive and flexible, has an onset in
adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over
time, and leads to distress or impairment.
Personality – is a pattern of relatively permanent traits
and unique characteristics that give both consistency
and individuality to a person’s behavior (Roberts &
Mroczek, 2008).
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

General Personality Disorder

o long-term patterns of behavior and inner
experiences that differ significantly from what is
expected.

They affect at least two of these areas:

 Way of thinking about oneself and others
 Way of responding emotionally

Cluster A: suspicious, odd or eccentric

PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
o distrust or suspiciousness such that other’s o abnormalities in sexual arousal or interest.
motives are interpreted as malevolent.
SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER  ANOMALOUS ACTIVITY PREFERENCES
o cause a detachment from relationships and
limited emotional expression. Courtship Disorders
SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER Types:
o cause discomfort in relationships, distorted VOYEURISTIC DISORDERS
thoughts and beliefs, and odd behavior. o sexually aroused by watching an
unsuspecting person who is disrobing, naked,
Cluster B: dramatic, emotional or erratic or engaged in sexual activity.
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER EXHIBITIONISTIC DISORDERS
o disregard for and violation of the rights of o exposure of genitals to unsuspecting
others. strangers.
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER FROTTEURISTIC DISORDERS
o instable on their interpersonal relationships o touching or rubbing against a non-consenting
and self-image which affects and marked person.
impulsivity.
HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER Algolagnic Disorders
o excessive emotions and they are attention Types:
seekers. SEXUAL SADISM DISORDER
NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER o inflict the pain and humiliation to non-
o described to be grandiose resulting to a need consenting partner.
for admiration, and lack empathy. SEXUAL MASOCHISM DISORDER
o aroused by experiencing pain or humiliation
Cluster C: anxious and fearful and has strong urges to engage in activities
AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER that bring about these situations.
o social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and
hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. Directed at other humans
DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER PEDOPHILIC DISORDER
o who are submissive and clinging related to an o sexual intercourse with a prepubescent child
excessive need to be taken care of and fears (13 years or younger) and is 5-16 years older
of separation. than the child.
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER
o preoccupation with orderliness, Directed elsewhere
perfectionism and interpersonal control. FETISHISTIC DISORDER
o arousal on non-living objects or non-genital
body parts.
TRANSVESTIC
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

o arousal from cross dressing.  Facilities

 Education and Research

Code of Ethics: PAP

For Philippine Psychologists and Psychometricians
Principle I: Respect for the Dignity of Persons and
People
Principle II: Competent Caring for the Well-Being of
Persons and People
Principle III: Integrity
Principle IV: Professional and Scientific
Responsibilities to Society
THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS Code of Ethics: PAP
 Psychoanalytic Section I: Resolving Ethical Issues
 Adlerian Section II: Competencies
 Person-centered Section III: Human Relations
 Gestalt Section IV: Confidentiality
 Behavior Section V: Advertisements and Public Statement
 Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Section VI: Records and Fees
 Solution-Focused Therapy
Section VII: Assessment
Section VIII: Therapy
RA 11036 - Mental Health Act
Section IX: Education and Training
(j) Mental Health refers to a state of well-being in which
Section X: Research
the individual realizes one’s own abilities and potentials,
copes adequately with the normal stresses of life,
displays resilience in the face of extreme life events, RA 10029 – Psychology Law
works productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a  2009
positive contribution to the community;  Licensure Examination for the practice of
psychology
RA 11036: Mental Health Law  Power and Duties of the Board:
Chapter II: Rights of Service Users and Other o Issue permits to and exercise visitorial
Stakeholders powers over agencies, institutions,
Chapter III: Consent to Treatment and Safeguards associations, corporations and partnerships
Chapter IV: Mental Health Services to verify that the person practicing
o Mental Health at Community Level, psychology and psychometrics.
Community-based, Drug Screening, Suicide
Prevention Some laws to remember:
Chapter V: Education  RA 10029 – Psychology Law
o Integration of Mental Health in Education  RA 11036 – Mental Health Act
o Mental Health Promotion in Education  RA 9262 – Anti-Violence Against Women and
o Workplace their Children (VAWC)
Chapter VI: Capacity Building, Research and  RA 10173 – Data Privacy Act
Development  RA 9344 – Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act
Chapter VII: Government Agencies  RA 11648 – Raising the Age of Sexual Consent
o DOH, CHR, DepEd, CHED, TESDA, DOLE, CSC, to 16
DSWD, LGU  RA 8293 – Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines
Chapter VIII: Philippine Council for Mental Health

Challenges:
 Stigma
 Mental health professionals