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FPCH1043 METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND DETECTION

Answer ALL questions.

Q1. (a) Describe five ways of growing crystals in X-ray crystallography. (10 marks)

(b) State three limitations of using crystal in X-ray crystallography. (3 marks)

(e) Describe the technique of genetic fingerprinting. (7 marks)

[Total: 20 marks]

Q2. (a) Describe the operation of a mass spectrometer. (5 marks)

(b) State three advantages of HPLC over the conventional chromatography. (3 marks)

(c) Describe how two-way chromatography is perform in the laboratory. (4 marks)

(d) State five factors that affect the retention time in HPLC. (5 marks)

(e) Identify three examples of carrier gas involved in GLC. (3 marks)

[Total: 20 marks]

Q3. (a) Define fingerprint region. (2 marks)

(b) Describe three factors that affect the absorption frequency in IR spectroscopy. (6 marks)

(c) Explain how the magnetic properties of the proton arise in NMR spectroscopy. (6 marks)

(d) Explain what is meant by shielding and deshielding of hydrogen atoms in a molecule with
relevant examples. (6 marks)

[Total: 20 marks]

This question paper consists of 5 questions on 7 printed pages.

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FPCH1043 METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND DETECTION

Q4. (a) Naturally occurring bromine consists of two isotopes, 81Br and 79Br. The relative atomic
mass of boron is 80.00. Calculate the percentage of abundance of these isotopes. (3 marks)

(b) Calculate the relative atomic mass of Z which consists of 8.7% 6Z and 91.3% of 7Z.
(2 marks)

(c) Calculate the M: M+2: M+4 ratio for CH2BrCl. (6 marks)

(d) A mass spectrometer can be used to analyse organic compounds. The simplified mass
spectrum of chlorobenzene is shown in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1 Mass spectrum of chlorobenzene

(i) Draw the displayed formula of chlorobenzene. (2 marks)

(ii) Identify which peak belongs to the base peak in the mass spectrum. (1 mark)

(iii) Identify which peak belongs to the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum.
(1 mark)

(iv) Write the formulae of the fragments that produce peak at m/z=112, m/z =113
m/z = 114, m/z= 115, m/z =77 and m/z= 78. (6 marks)

[Total: 20 marks]

This question paper consists of 5 questions on 7 printed pages.

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FPCH1043 METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND DETECTION

Q5. (a) The NMR spectrum of H, C4H10O is shown in Figure 5.1 below.

3H

Figure 5.1 NMR spectrum of compound H

(i) How many types of proton environment are there in compound H? (1 mark)

(ii) What is the reference standard used in NMR? (1 mark)

(iii) Draw the structure of the reference standard. (2 marks)

(iv) What is the chemical shift value of the standard mentioned in (a)(ii)? (1 mark)

(v) Identify the proton and explain the splitting responsible for the peaks at 0.9 δ, 1.8
δ, 3.4 δ, and 3.9 δ in the NMR spectrum of compound H. (8 marks)

(vi) Draw the structural formula of compound H. (2 marks)

(b) An organic compound C4H5O2N is known to have two functional groups. These groups
are responsible for absorptions at 1710 cm–1, 2260 cm–1 and a broad peak at 2800 cm–1
in the infra-red spectrum of this compound.

(i) Identify the bond responsible for each of these absorptions. (3 marks)

(ii) Suggest a possible structure for the compound. (2 marks)

[Total: 20 marks]

This question paper consists of 5 questions on 7 printed pages.

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FPCH1044 METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND DETECTION

Source: Cambridge A-Level

This question paper consists of 2 sections on 7 printed pages.

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FPCH1044 METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND DETECTION

Infrared spectra of organic compounds with different functional groups

Bond: Organic molecules Wave number / cm-1

C – Cl: halogenoalkanes 700 – 800

C – O: alcohols, ethers, esters 1000 – 1300

C = C: alkenes 1610 – 1680

C = O: aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters 1680 – 1750

C  C: alkynes 2070 – 2250

O – H: H-bonded in –COOH 2500 – 3300

C – H: alkanes, alkenes, arenes 2840 – 3095

O – H: H-bonded in alcohols, phenols 3230 – 3560

N – H: primary amines, RNH2 3350 – 3500

This question paper consists of 2 sections on 7 printed pages.

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FPCH1043 METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND DETECTION

Source: Cambridge A-Level

This question paper consists of 5 questions on 7 printed pages.