Received: 24 December 2021 | Revised: 11 September 2022 | Accepted: 14 September 2022

DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1313

REVIEW

Maximum power point tracking algorithms for wind power

generation system: Review, comparison and analysis

Xinge Zhang1,2 | Junru Jia1 | Liming Zheng1,2 | Wenwu Yi1 | Zhen Zhang1

1
Institute of Energy and Environmental
Science, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Shantou University,
Shantou, China
2
Key Laboratory of Intelligent
Manufacturing Technology of MOE,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Shantou University, Shantou, China
Correspondence
Liming Zheng, Institute of Energy and
Environmental Science, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Shantou
University, Shantou 515063, China.
Email: lmzheng@stu.edu.cn
Abstract
Wind energy is one of the most important clean energies and the variable speed
constant frequency technology is widely used in wind energy conversion
systems. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is essential for a variable
speed constant frequency wind power generation system. Concerning the
current research on the MPPT algorithm, this paper studies the principle,
characteristics, and reported improvement strategies of principal algorithms.
Through the comparison of simulation results for selected control algorithms,
the improved optimal torque control algorithm has been found to be the best
MPPT algorithm for wind power generation systems because of its simplicity
and efficiency. On this basis, further corresponding simulation runs are carried
out to analyze the effect of the wind speed fluctuation characteristics on the
systematic dynamic performance and power generation efficiency. The results
show that the average wind speed, wind fluctuation frequency, and wind
fluctuation amplitude can affect the performance of system operation and the
efficiency of wind energy capture in different degrees, which has a great
practical significance for the research of MPPT control strategy.

KEYWORDS
boost converter, fluctuation characteristics., maximum power point tracking, permanent
magnet synchronous generator, wind power generation system

1 | INTRODUCTION entered the mainstream. Compared with the constant

speed constant frequency wind power generation
In recent years, as an alternative clean energy source, system, it owns the following advantages, namely,
wind energy has been widely concerned and applied. reducing mechanical stress and mechanical wear both
Wind energy, which has grown to constitute a caused by wind speed changes, low impact of gust and
significant component of the energy supply, is essen- tower shadow effect on output power fluctuation, and
tially just another form of solar energy.1 With the maximum wind energy collection.
development of high‐performance AC motor control As shown in Figure 1, the operation of the VSCF
theory, the variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) wind power generation system can be controlled in four
technology, which is primarily defined by converters regions according to different wind conditions.2 Region 1
consisting of power electronic devices, has steadily mainly realizes the grid connection of wind turbines.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original work is properly cited.
© 2022 The Authors. Energy Science & Engineering published by the Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

430 | wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ese3 Energy Sci Eng. 2023;11:430–444.


ZHANG ET AL.
FIGURE 1 Wind turbine control mode in different operating
regions
The wind turbine relaxes its braking after passing
through this region and starts up. In Region 2, the
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control is
implemented to ensure that the wind turbine operates
under the maximum power coefficient (Cpmax ) and
realizes VSCF. In Region 3, the wind turbine maintains
the maximum allowable speed, but the output power of
the wind turbine does not reach the maximum limit,
which is generally realized through variable‐pitch
control. In Region 4, the wind turbine reduces the rotor
speed when the wind speed increases by adjusting the
pitch angle so that the power can always be kept
constant. This paper mainly studies the MPPT algorithm
involving Region 2.
For a long time, doubly‐fed wind power technol-
ogy has been the mainstream of large‐scale grid‐
connected power generation because it has combined
the structure of asynchronous generators and the
advantage of synchronous generators. With the
continuous development of power electronics tech-
nology, the direct‐drive wind power technology
without a gearbox has demonstrated significant
potential and already plays a role comparable to that
of doubly fed wind power. The permanent magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG) is preferred due to its
high efficiency, reliability, power density, gearless
construction, lightweight, and self‐excitation fea-
tures. 3,4 By using power electronic interface circuits
to change the load, PMSG can be controlled to track
the speed change and run at the maximum power
point (MPP).
However, due to the randomness and instability of
wind, the acquisition of more wind energy requires not
only improving the mechanical properties of wind
turbines but also continuously enhancing the control
methods used. Therefore, it is crucial to study how to
20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
| 431
better improve the conversion efficiency of wind energy,
that is, to realize MPPT.
The MPPT has been studied in solar energy since
the 1980s and then applied to wind energy.5 Generally
speaking, the majority of these widely utilized algo-
rithms nowadays can be divided into four categories,
namely, tip speed ratio (TSR) algorithm, hill climbing
search (HCS)/perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm,
optimal torque (OT)/power signal feedback (PSF)
algorithm and hybrid and intelligent (H&I) algorithm.
Over the past few years, the reported MPPT algorithms
have optimized and improved the simulation effi-
ciency of the conventional algorithm according to the
different wind conditions, wind turbine parameters,
and power grid load. However, according to the
current statistics, the peer review literature on the
MPPT algorithm of the wind energy system is
relatively limited, and the articles related to the
impact of wind speed variation characteristics on
system performance are even fewer. This paper
reviewed the recently developed MPPT algorithm,
compared the operation of the system under the
control of different MPPT algorithms, and analyzed
the influence of wind speed fluctuation characteristics
on the system performance.
2 | SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Figure 2 illustrates the schematic diagram of the direct‐
drive wind energy conversion system. In this system, the
prime mover is connected to the shaft of the wind
generator rotor, whereas the stator is linked in either case
to the utility grid or standalone loads by a suitable power
electronic interface.6
The wind turbine converts wind energy into mechan-
ical energy and then generates electric energy through
the operation of generators. According to aerodynamic
analysis, the mechanical power Pt captured by the wind
turbine from the wind energy is:
F I G U R E 2 The schematic diagram of the direct‐drive wind
energy conversion system. PMSG, permanent magnet synchronous
generator.
 20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
432 | ZHANG ET AL.

Pt = 0.5ρπR2v 3Cp (λ, β ), (1) mentioned in Fortmann11 and Lubosny12 is often used,
which is:


  c2  c7
where ρ is the air density, R is the radius of the wind

  c5 − c  e λi ,

 
λ 
wheel, v is the incoming wind speed, and Cp is the power

  

C (λ , β ) = c − c β − c β

coefficient of the wind turbine, which is determined
1
p 1 3 4 6




i


jointly by the blade tip speed ratio λ and pitch angle β . (4)
 λi
1 c

The tip speed ratio is an important parameter = − 3 9 ,
λ + c 8 β β +1
affecting blade performance, which is defined as the
ratio of the linear velocity of the blade tip to the incoming
wind speed, namely: where c1, c2, …, c9 are related to the rotor type of wind
turbine.
ωt R Or considering the nonlinear relationship mentioned
λ= , (2)
v in Zhang13:

 π (λ − 3) 
Cp (λ, β ) = (0.44 − 0.0167β )sin  

where ωt is the rotor speed of the wind turbine.

So, the mechanical torque of the wind turbine can be
expressed:
P 1
Tt = t = 0.5ρCp (λ, β ) πR5 3 ωt 2 .
ωt λ Therefore, when the wind speed is lower than the
According to Betz's theory,7 the theoretical maximum
value of Cp can reach 0.593 (Betz limit). In the follow‐up
related research, some theories and analysis methods to
exceed this limit by altering the wind turbine design8,9 or
ideal turbine model10 are proposed. It can be found that
the proposal of these interesting theories or methods
always involves some additional premises. However, the
actual captured wind energy cannot reach the ideal
maximum due to the influence of wind speed and wind
pressure changing near the wind wheel. Therefore, the
actual Cp of the horizontal axis wind turbine is usually
lower than the maximum value it can achieve under the
current ideal situation.
Generally, Cp is considered as a nonlinear function
of tip speed ratio λ and pitch angle β of blades, as shown
in Figure 3A. In calculation, the empirical formula
 15 − 0.3β 
(5)
− 0.00184(λ − 3) β .
(3)
rated wind speed, if β = 0∘, the power coefficient curve is
shown in Figure 3B. The MPPT control algorithm is used
to adjust the generator's rotor speed through the VSCF
device in response to variations in wind speed, keeping
the wind turbine operating at the ideal tip speed ratio
(λ opt ). That is, Cp is always maintained at or close to
Cpmax to obtain more power and capture more wind
energy.
3 | MPPT CONTROL
AL GO RITHMS
The MPPT method has been used for solar panels since
the 1970s. Because the energy‐speed characteristic of
wind turbines is similar to the volt‐ampere characteristic
of solar panels, to make full use of wind energy, many

FIGURE 3 Power coefficient curve of wind turbine: (A) Cp (λ, β ) ; (B) Cp (λ ) .


ZHANG ET AL.
FIGURE 4 Block diagram of tip speed ratio control principle.
experts and scholars have conducted in‐depth studies on
the application of MPPT in wind power systems.14–16 The
commonly used control algorithms include TSR control,
HCS control, OT control, and H&I control.
3.1 | TSR control
TSR control method17 compares the actual value with the
optimal value of the TSR in the operation process to
ensure that the wind turbine operates at its best at all
times, which is the most direct method to realize MPPT
control. As shown in Figure 4, the controller controls the
output of the inverter according to the error between the
actual TSR, λ , and the optimal TSR, λ opt , and carries out
feedback adjustment through the generator speed, ωg , to
keep λ in an optimal state. The blade TSR is obtained by
theoretical derivation or experimental data analysis, and
the actual blade TSR is calculated by wind speed and
wind turbine speed.
According to this method, the concept is straightfor-
ward, the controller design is more flexible, and the
speed tracking performance is easier to improve.
However, it is necessary to measure the real‐time wind
speed,18–21 which will lead to an increase in system
cost.22–24 Besides, the uneven distribution of wind speed
in space will lead to the deviation of the maximum power
point.
There are various upgrades that improve the TSR
algorithm from two aspects: the disadvantages of
mechanical sensors and the influence of the control
algorithm on the drive chain load.
A. Wind speed estimation
Li et al.25 adopted a three‐layer neural network to
establish a supervision training plan and realize
high‐precision wind speed estimation. Qiao et al.26
designed a real‐time estimation method of wind
turbine rotation speed and mechanical power based
on the BP neural network. However, the signals of
rotational speed and rotor position estimated by the
sliding mode observer would appear chattering.
Soltani et al.27 denied the method of measuring wind
speed in the engine room and evaluated the
20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
| 433
dedicated estimators for estimating wind speed given
by many algorithms, which include the power
balance estimator,28 Kalman filter (KF) estimator,29
extended Kalman filter (EKF) estimator,30 distur-
bance accommodating control (DAC) estimator,31
unknown input observer (UIO) estimator,32,33 and
immersion and invariance (I&I) estimator.34 Mérida
et al.35 proposed an equivalent wind speed estimation
method based on numerical calculation such as the
Newton–Raphson method after calculating the
aerodynamic torque.
B. Reducing transmission chain load
For low wind speed turbines, larger inertia
moments and faster wind speed variations necessi-
tate more radical torque adjustment to track the
optimal speed, which also worsens the effect of
MPPT control on the load. An optimization
approach36 of speed tracking was proposed to
balance the wind energy collection efficiency and
transmission chain load through a series of mea-
sures, such as smoothing low pass filter, limiting the
rate of change, stacking constant compensation, and
limiting minimum speed.
3.2 | HCS control
HCS control method37 determines the search direction
and step size of the rotational speed through the
changes in generator output power, which is caused by
applying disturbance changes to the rotational speed.
In this process, the optimal rotation speed can be
achieved by repeatedly perturbing and adjusting the
rotational speed of the wind turbine until the slope of
the objective function is zero, that is, the operating
point is at the peak position. Therefore, this method is
also called perturb and observation (P&O) control. As
shown in Figure 5, when the wind speed increases or
decreases, the operating point of the system changes
up and down (such as the points, PB  A and PB  C ), but
the electromagnetic torque remains at the previous
value. After that, the climb of the operating point is
realized by “perturbation‐observation‐adjustment” on
generator speed.
HCS control method has very low dependence on the
model, it does not need to obtain accurate wind turbine
parameters and wind energy capture characteristics, so it
has a good adaptive ability. However, there is still a big
problem that puzzles the HCS method, which is the
choice of step size and searching direction. The step
size determines the search speed of the algorithm, and
the choice of direction determines the accuracy of the
search. But it is not easy to choose the appropriate step

434 | ZHANG
size and direction. For step size, as shown in Figure 6A, a
larger step size means a faster response and a lower
efficiency, while a smaller step size improves the
efficiency but slows down the convergence rate.38–40
For direction, as shown in Figure 6B, the power
difference caused by the wind speed variation is not
different from that caused by the previous rotational
speed disturbance. Therefore, fast fluctuation of wind
speed and slow dynamic characteristics of the wind
turbine may lead to a wrong searching direction.41,42
However, even if the wind speed is steady, the final
power output of the generator may still fluctuate
slightly.43
In view of the deficiencies in the conventional HCS/
P&O method, a variety of improved algorithms have been
reported.
A. Electric power measurement
Some researchers observe the mechanical power
change by disturbing the rotational speed, but
B. Adaptive variable step size algorithm
C. Restraining rotor speed fluctuation
F I G U R E 5 Output power characteristics of maximum power
point tracking
F I G U R E 6 Effect of search step size and search direction on the power: (A) effect of search step size on power; (B) influence of ignoring
wind speed change on search direction.
20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
ET AL.
mechanical sensors are required. Therefore, other
researchers propose the electric power measure-
ment method to reduce the cost and operational
complexity, which are realized by observing the
output power of the generator and then disturbing
the inverter input voltage or converter variables
including duty cycle,44–46 load current,47 and input
voltage.48 For example, in the P&O of the duty cycle
method, the duty cycle calculation applied in
Section 4.1 is as follows:
D (k + 1) = D (k ) + dstep × sign{ΔP (k )}
(6)
× sign{ΔD (k )},
where D (k + 1) and D (k ) is the duty ratio at time k
and k + 1, respectively; dstep is the step size;
sign{ΔP (k )} and sign{ΔD (k )} respectively calculate
the sign of power difference and the duty‐cycle
difference compared with the previous time.
Chen et al.49 proposed an improved variable step‐
size algorithm50–52 to reduce the time of oscillation
and tracking. In this adaptive step‐size method, the
step size was updated automatically according to the
position of the operating point. If the system ran at a
point away from the peak, the step size would be
increased to speed up the tracking. Otherwise, to
stabilize the operating point to the peak, the step size
would be decreased to almost zero. However, this
solution requires more system parameters. Similarly,
Linus et al.5 also proposed a tracking method
combining large steps forward and small steps
backward to improve the accuracy of tracking.
Fixed rotor speed disturbance and natural wind
speed noise can cause unexpected fluctuations in

ZHANG ET AL.
turbine speed. Considering the strong randomness
of wind speed, Wang 53 proposed that the acceler-
ation (deceleration) torque of the turbine should
be increased as much as feasible when the wind
speed changes to restrain the speed fluctuation,
improve the response speed, and increase the
efficiency of wind energy capture. This process
was realized in three parts: establishing the
operation range, judging the operation mode,
and giving electromagnetic torque signals.
D. Avoiding searching for an accurate operating point
Xia et al.54 established a linear relationship
2
between rectified DC voltage squared value (Vdc )
and rectified DC current (Idc) for MPPT, which was
applicable for the whole wind speed change and
large inertia turbine. This method, avoiding the
search for an accurate operating point under differ-
ent wind speeds, not only has the advantage of
conventional P&O control but also causes the system
to have a higher tracking speed and smaller power
coefficient reduction.
3.3 | Optimal torque (OT) control
OT control method55 maintains a specific relationship
between electromagnetic torque and rotational speed
according to the curve of “rotor speed—maximum
aerodynamic power” so that the rotational speed tends
to its optimal value. When the wind turbine runs at the
optimal tip speed ratio λ opt , the wind energy utilization
coefficient is Cpmax . Thus, the optimal power can be
calculated:
Cpmax
Ptopt = 0.5ρπR5 ωt 3 = K opt ωt 3 .
λ opt 3
In the control method, if Ptopt is used to replace
the electromagnetic torque as the index of feedback,
this method is called power signal feedback (PSF)
control. 56 Its operating principle is essentially
the same as that of OT control44,55,57,58 except that
the feedback and reference are active power instead
of torque. Although the PSF control strategy can
react quickly to changes in wind speed and is
straightforward and easy to implement, the accuracy
of the control is greatly influenced by the maximum
power curve. However, the maximum power curve of
the wind turbine is easy to deviate due to the
influence of test measurement error and working
conditions.
Further calculation of (7) can be obtained as follows:
20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
| 435
Cpmax
Ttopt = 0.5ρπR5 ωt 2 = K opt ωt 2 . (8)
λ opt 3
Ttopt is the optimal mechanical torque of the wind
turbine and the torque curve in the controller is shown in
Figure 7. It can be obtained by measuring the experi-
mental value of torque.59
In OT method, as shown in Figure 8, with the change
in wind speed, the electromagnetic torque is tracked and
adjusted according to its reference value (Tg *) to realize
the control of the wind turbine. The reference torque can
be calculated as follows:
Tg * = K opt ωg 2 . (9)
OT control method has the advantages of simple
principle, easy implementation, and stable torque regu-
lation. It avoids real‐time wind speed measurement
and has strong practicability. However, because the wind
speed is not measured directly, changes in wind speed
cannot immediately and significantly reflect on the
reference signal.41 Besides, due to the influence of
inaccurate modeling and environmental factors, the
accuracy of tracking will be reduced. And the acquisition
of turbine speed and electromagnetic torque will also
lead to an increase in system cost and dependence on
motor parameters. In addition, due to the wind turbu-
lence and the large inertia of the wind turbine, the
feedback signal is delayed in the control process, which
makes it impossible to track the rapid changes in wind
(7)
FIGURE 7 Optimal torque curve.
FIGURE 8 Block diagram of optimal torque control principle.
 20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
436 | ZHANG ET AL.

speed in real‐time. The slow dynamic response will lead
to power loss, so the control efficiency is poorer than
under TSR control.
Some improvements have been made to the PSF/OT
algorithm in two different ways, respectively.
A. Considering environmental factors
Based on the influence of ambient temperature
and humidity on the wind turbine, Su et al.60
proposed a set of improvement schemes for the PSF
method. By revising the optimal power curve, this
enhanced strategy enabled the output power (under
and proposed two improved control laws that applied to the
actual situation of random wind speed profiles. The first law
could ensure the simplicity of the rigid shaft model but
required additional sensors to measure the shaft speeds at
both positions of the wind wheel and generator. The second
realizable estimation algorithm could be retrofitted in the
existing wind installations by software changing, which
avoided the speed measurement on the turbine wheel. The
electromagnetic torque signals of the above two are given as
follows:
dωt
Tg * = K opt ωg 2 − a (Jt + Jg ) , (13)
dt


the interference of environmental factors) to achieve





the optimal value intended by manufacturers to

Tg * = K opt ωg 2 − aGp (s ) ωg (s )




increase the efficiency of wind energy conversion.


G (s )


B. Considering large torsional characteristics Gp (s ) = 1



H (s )




Jt Jg 3


Considering the influence of acceleration torque term

(Jt + Jg ) s + s

    

on the tracking effect, Leithead et al.61 added a correction K

    
sh

1 +  1 + ζ + 2 2 

= ,

 
 a2 Ωg  
component of generator torque to improve the transient

s s s 2

response speed, which is:
Tg * = K opt ωg 2 − a (Tt − Tg ), (10)
where Ta is the net acceleration torque (Ta = Tt − Tg ); a is
the acceleration torque parameter of the wind turbine
(a ∈ [0.2,0.8] ); a (Tt − Tg ) is the correction component of
reference electromagnetic torque.
Kim et al.62 estimated the aerodynamic torque on the
premise of the wind turbine transmission system
modeled by centralized single mass (rigid shaft model)
and analyzed the dynamic change of torque by the small‐
signal model. The electromagnetic torque is given by
(11), which is applied as an improved algorithm in the
simulation of Section 4.1. In large turbines, since Jg ≪ Jt ,
the torque of (11) is modified in the following (11).
 dω dωg 
Tg * = K opt ωg 2 − a Jt t + Jg ,

 
(11)
dt dt
dωg
Tg * = K opt ωg 2 − a (Jt + Jg ) , (12)
dt
where Jt and Jg are the rotational inertia of the turbine
and generator, respectively.
The above methods in Kim et al.62 and Leithead and
Connor63 all ignore the torsion behavior of the shaft, which
will lead to the instability of the system. Considering the
considerable torsional characteristics of modern high‐power
wind turbines, it is necessary to use double‐mass flexible
shafts for practical modeling.64,65 Therefore, based on
the small‐signal model of the real flexible shaft transmission
system, Kalyan et al.66 redefined the net acceleration torque
  a1 Ωg 
a1 Ωg
(14)
where K sh is the stiffness coefficient of the shaft; ζ is the
damping coefficient; Ωg is the natural frequency of the
turbine‐generator shaft; a1 and a2 are the estimator
parameters.
3.4 | Hybrid and intelligent (H&I)
control
In actual situations, because the wind speed is stochastic
and unknown, the energy conversion of a nonlinear wind
power system is an extremely complex process. A single
control method always has some drawbacks and cannot
play the expected control effect. Therefore, the hybrid
method and intelligent algorithm come into being.
The hybrid method is a combination of several control
methods, which can not only integrate their own
advantages but also benefits from one technology to
overcome the disadvantages of another. The intelligent
algorithm is often applied to all kinds of complex controlled
objects to solve the highly nonlinear and uncertain control
problems of a complex system, which are hard to solve for
traditional methods. At present, the widely used intelligent
control methods include expert control, fuzzy control,
neural network control, chaos control, as well as swarm
intelligent algorithm control including genetic algorithm,
ant colony algorithm, PSO algorithm, and so on. Currently,
a lot of literature is focused on relevant research that
enhanced the performance of wind turbine systems.
Considering the shortcomings and benefits of algorithms,
 20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
ZHANG ET AL. | 437

a combination of conventional MPPT methods with A. PSF and HCS

intelligent algorithms can complement each other and
boost the system's performance. But at present, it still has
some difficulties in implementation.
There are some reported examples as mentioned
above.
Wang et al.14 proposed a new intelligent
maximum wind extraction algorithm by combin-
ing the PSF method with the HCS method, it did
not require the measurement of rotational speed
or wind speed, it was independent of system

F I G U R E 9 The simulation system

blocks: (A) system block for P&O duty cycle
control; (B) system block for OT control.

F I G U R E 10 Step response for three control algorithms: (A) step wind speed change; (B) power coefficient of the wind turbine;
(C) mechanical power on the rotor; (D) electrical power produced by the generator.
 20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
438 | ZHANG ET AL.

T A B L E 1 The tracking performance

Tracking performance P&O duty cycle Conventional OT Improved OT
index control control control of different control algorithms

Cp at 7 m/s 0.47928 0.48001 0.48001

Cp at 8 m/s 0.47809 0.48001 0.48001

Cp at 7.4 m/s 0.47977 0.48001 0.48001

Response time at 0.2032 s 0.1438 s 0.0536 s

positive step
Response time at 0.1644 s 0.1050 s 0.0412 s
negative step

T A B L E 2 The actual mechanical power for two control

network, which combined HCS strategy and mod-
methods (W)
ified particle swarm optimization algorithm to
Pt at Pt at Pt at reduce the influence of wind turbine inertia.
Control method 7 m/s 8 m/s 7.4 m/s
Theoretical value 5079 7582 6001
P&O duty cycle control 5061 7531 7985 4 | R ES ULT S AN D DI S C US S I ONS
Conventional/improved OT 5069 7567 5989
control 4.1 | Comparison of control algorithms

At present, many scholars have provided improvement

characteristics, and was available for both large
and small wind turbines.
B. OT and HCS
Kazmi et al.42 employed the optimal power curve
of the OT method to detect the peak value and
adopted the adaptive variable step disturbance to
gradually shorten the step size so that the system
could reach the peak operation position.
C. TPC and PSF
You et al.67 used the TPC method to search the
maximum power point under different wind speeds,
adopted the curve fitting method to fit the maximum‐
power‐curve, and utilized the PSF method to realize
MPPT. This combined algorithm could improve the
search speed.
D. Fuzzy algorithm
According to the research in Hong and Lee,40 the
fuzzy logic control method has the advantages of fast
convergence, insensitive parameters, and acceptance
of noise and imprecision signals. Hui et al.68 and
Trinh et al.69 all believed that the above method
could obtain the optimal step size of the conventional
hybrid method.
E. Neural network algorithm
Lee et al.70 believed that the wind speed could be
approximated by using neural network technology71
in conjunction with real mechanical torque and
rotational speed. Lin et al.72 proposed a control
structure based on the Wilcoxon radial basis function
strategies for various MPPT control algorithms. To a
certain extent, it does improve the performance of wind
power generation. However, considering the limitations
of samples, the simplicity of operation, and the practica-
bility of the scheme, some methods are not satisfactory in
practical engineering applications. In fact, due to the
fatal flaw of the HCS/P&O control concerning search
direction, more people have opted for the control method
based on a look‐up table (TSR or OT/PSF). TSR control is
always excluded from the practical application because of
the negative effects brought by a wind speed sensor.
Compared with the P&O algorithm, the OT algorithm
takes torque as the control variable, which is more direct
and effective.
HCS/P&O method and OT method do not need the
measuring of wind speed, while the latter only needs to
get the optimal power curve of the wind turbine.
Therefore, the HCS/P&O control is often used in
theoretical research, and the OT control is often used
in practical engineering applications. A simple simula-
tion was carried out to compare with the common
control algorithms. This simulated system consisted of
three parts: wind turbine model, electrical system model,
and control simulation model. The algorithm of this
wind turbine model has been provided in Section 2. The
controllable load was realized by connecting a boost
converter with the load resistance. The resistance (RΩ)
was 20 Ω for all simulations. The P&O algorithm and OT
algorithm were applied in the control simulation model,
which is shown in Figure 9.

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 3 Comparison of control characteristics for various MPPT methods
Control Wind speed Model
method measurement dependent
TSR Need Dependent
HCS/P&O Not need Independent
PSF Not need Dependent
OT Not need Dependent
F I G U R E 11 Variation of wind speed.
Temporal variations in wind speed used in the
simulation are shown in Figure 10A, and the obtained
performances of different methods are shown in
Figures 10B–D. As shown in Figure 10B, the P&O duty
cycle method had an initial steady state slightly lower
than the two OT methods before the positive step. It was
found to be the slowest and least efficient method, as the
corresponding steady‐state power coefficient always
decreased when the wind speed changed, and the
corresponding response time was four times longer than
the improved OT method. Besides, since a fixed step size
was used in the P&O duty cycle method, the ripples of Cp
would have several changes under wind speed variations,
which resulted in a consequence that the P&O duty cycle
method did not maintain the same value of its Cpmax all
the time. After the wind speed variation, the P&O duty
cycle control reached a transient highest Cp , but
immediately decreased to a lower level, and then slowly
returned to the steady state for a longer time. It could
also discover that the average value of wind speed
applied to this P&O duty cycle method had a greater
impact on power coefficient and rotor speed compared
with the OT method. Although both OT methods could
reach the same steady state Cp , which was closest to
Cpmax , the response time of the improved OT control was
20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
| 439
Prior Memory
knowledge requirement Others
Not need No High cost. Low system reliability.
Not need No Fatal flaws in search direction.
Difficult for large inertia turbines.
Need (Popt − ωg ) Yes Accuracy is affected by parameters.
Need (Topt − ωg ) No Limiting accuracy. Hard to find Tg .
much shorter than that of the conventional OT control.
The specific data and information detailed in
Figures 10C,D are listed in Table 1.
Based on the above‐mentioned results and analysis,
the improved OT algorithm was found to be faster in
responding to wind speed change and recovering a steady
state. Moreover, smaller wind speed variations could
reduce the dynamic response time of the system.
Similarly, these conclusions could be verified in
Figures 10C,D. For the mechanical power captured by
the wind turbine, the theoretical value calculated by
Equation (1) and the actual value known from
Figure 10C were listed in Table 2. The conventional OT
method had the same mechanical power level as the
improved OT method, but the dynamic response of
the improved OT method was faster, thus the wind
turbine using this improved OT method had a better
power tracking performance and could capture higher
power. In addition, as shown in Figure 10D, the
improved OT method could make the system achieve
higher power generation efficiency compared with the
P&O duty cycle method.
For a given wind system, it is not easy to choose an
appropriate MPPT algorithm. Table 3 is available for
choosing a particular MPPT strategy. However, it is
somewhat limited. In practice, different fluctuation
characteristics of wind speed, such as the average value,
fluctuation frequency, and fluctuation amplitude, will
affect the dynamic tracking effect, power generation
efficiency, and system stability.
4.2 | Discussion on wind speed variation
To further study the impact of wind speed fluctuation
characteristics on the MPPT tracking effect, a PMSG
wind turbine model integrated with a boost converter
was established. The selected initial simulation
parameters were: β = 0∘, ρ = 1.225kg/m3, R = 1.5m ,
J = 14.286kg·m2. The selected wind speed model was
v = vaverage + vfluctuation , where vaverage was a constant
 20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
440 | ZHANG ET AL.

(A) (B) F I G U R E 12 The system performance

(power coefficient, rotor speed, mechanical
power, and electrical power generated) of wind
speed variation: (A), (B), (C), (D)—system
performance caused by fluctuation frequency
variation; (E), (F), (G), (H)—system
performance caused by fluctuation amplitude
variation; (I), (J), (K), (L)—system performance
caused by average wind speed variation.
(C) (D)

(E) (F)

(G) (H)

(I) (J)

(K) (L)

ZHANG ET AL.
value, vfluctuation = A sin(2πft + φ), and the simulation
time was set as 15 s. The basic wind speed was
vaverage = 8, A = 1, f = 0.5 and φ = 3. In the simulation
process, the fluctuation frequency, fluctuation ampli-
tude, and average wind speed were changed, which
were set as f = 2, 4, A = 3, 5, and vaverage = 8,
A = 1, f = 0.5. The specific wind speed samples are
shown in Figure 11.
The effect of wind speed characteristics on MPPT
tracking effect and power generation efficiency
is studied through simulation results in Figure 12.
The characteristics mainly referred to fluctuating
frequency, fluctuating amplitude, and the average
value of wind speed. It can be seen from these
figures that the rotor speed and rotor power
coefficient of the wind turbine finally reached a
relatively steady state after being adjusted by the
MPPT control strategy (here the relatively steady
state is defined as the system entering the state of the
constant period), and the period of the relatively
steady state was consistent with the period of the
wind speed frequency.
As seen in Figure 12A–D, the complexity of MPPT
control increased along with the frequency of wind speed
fluctuations, causing a decrease on average power
coefficient and electrical power, an increase in fluctua-
tion range, and a relative deterioration in the dynamic
response effect. These results indicated that the increase
in wind speed fluctuation frequency would reduce the
accuracy of MPPT control and the efficiency of wind
energy capture.
Similarly, Figure 12C–H shows that with the increase
of wind speed fluctuation amplitude, the rotor power
coefficient decreased gradually, and the fluctuation of the
power coefficient and rotor rotational speed became
more intense. However, because the fluctuation fre-
quency is relatively small, the rise of amplitude could
also be regarded as the increase of wind speed to a
certain extent. Therefore, the final electrical power did
not decrease with the decrease in power coefficient but
slightly increased. Thus, when the frequency of wind
speed fluctuation was small, the increase of fluctuation
amplitude could relatively increase the capture of wind
energy.
Besides, as shown in Figure 12I–L, the larger average
wind speed enabled the system to reach steady‐state
speed quickly and had a higher rotor speed and power
coefficient. Similarly, below the rated wind speed,
regardless of the change of frequency or amplitude, the
greater the average wind speed, the more electrical power
the system obtained.
In general, with the increase in fluctuation frequency
and amplitude, the average power coefficient of the
20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
| 441
system decreased when it reached a relatively steady
state. The electrical power generation was affected by the
fluctuation frequency and fluctuation amplitude of wind
speed. Actually, it was necessary to consider the internal
relationship between wind speed frequency and ampli-
tude. A definite premise must be provided to discuss the
influence of one of the variables on the final electrical
power. Under the rated wind speed, only the increase of
the average wind speed would not affect Cp , but the
power generation of the system would increase signifi-
cantly. These outcomes perfectly validated the influence
of wind speed characteristics on the control effect as
proposed at the end of Section 4.1 and provided a
reference for further study of the MPPT algorithm based
on stochastic control.
In practice, wind speed samples with different
characteristics may have the same statistical characteris-
tic curve or power spectrum curve. Instead of blindly
using the algorithm to track MPP for these wind samples,
it would be better to use more effective control strategies
based on the wind speed characteristics curve.
5 | CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the available MPPT algorithms were
reviewed and discussed based on the VSCF wind power
generation system. Considering the shortcomings of
conventional algorithms, the reported improved schemes
were briefly described, and the development trend was
proposed.
A simulation of three selected control algorithms
commonly used in theory and engineering was con-
ducted to compare and analyze the response speed and
generation efficiency. The simulation results demon-
strated that improved OT control could achieve a higher
Cp , which is near to Cpmax , for both before and after the
wind speed variation. The dynamic response perform-
ance to wind speed fluctuation under improved OT
control was better than conventional OT control and
P&O control, and its recovery velocity to return to a
steady state was the fastest. Moreover, the outcomes also
demonstrated that the conventional P&O algorithm was
unable to address the issues of quick reaction and
continuous good maintenance. Some improved algo-
rithms or hybrid intelligent algorithms, such as the
adaptive variable step search algorithm and fuzzy control
algorithm, might improve the system stability and
dynamic response speed.
It was proposed that wind speed fluctuation char-
acteristics, including frequency, amplitude, and average
value, had a great influence on the dynamic response
performance and power generation efficiency of the wind
 20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
442 | ZHANG ET AL.

energy system. This viewpoint was verified by the
simulation results. It should be noted that the increase
in fluctuation frequency will harm the dynamic perform-
ance and wind power generation of the wind turbine
system. In contrast, an increase in fluctuating amplitude
and average wind speed will improve the wind power
generation of the system to different degrees. These
findings are highly significant for practical applications
and future studies of the MPPT control strategy based on
stochastic control.
ωg rotor speed of generator (rad/s)
Jt rotational inertia of the turbine (kgm2)
Jg rotational inertia of the generator (kgm2)
J equivalent rotational inertia of wind turbine
(kgm2)
RΩ load resistance of boost converter (Ω)
A fluctuation amplitude of wind speed (m/s)
f fluctuation frequency of wind speed (Hz)
φ initial phase of fluctuating wind speed (rad)
vaverage average value of wind speed (m/s)
vfluctuation fluctuating wind speed (m/s)

N O M E N C L AT U R E
AC alternating current ORC ID
BP back propagation Xinge Zhang http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-7996
DAC disturbance accommodating control
DC direct current REFER ENCES
EKF extended Kalman filter 1. Ahmad M. Wind Energy. Operation and Control of Renewable
HCS hill climbing search Energy Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2017:153‐177.
H&I hybrid and intelligent 2. Samokhvalov DV, Jaber AI, Fillippov DM, et al. Research of
maximum power point tracking control for wind generator.
I&I immersion and invariance
2020 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in
KF Kalman filter Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus). 2020:
MPP maximum power point 1301‐1305.
MPPT maximum power point tracking 3. Chaicharoenaudomrung K, Areerak K, Areerak K, et al.
OT optimal torque Maximum power point tracking for stand‐alone wind energy
PMSG permanent magnet synchronous generator conversion sSystem using FLC‐P&O method. IEEJ Trans
PSF power signal feedback Electr Electr Eng. 2020;15:1723‐1733.
P&O perturb and observe 4. Abdullah MA, Yatim AHM, Tan CW, Saidur R. A review of
maximum power point tracking algorithms for wind
TPC three‐point comparison
energy systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2012;16(5):
UIO unknown input observer
3220‐3227.
VSCF variable speed constant frequency 5. Linus RM, Damodharan P. Maximum power point tracking
ω0 initial rotational speed when wind turbine method using a modified perturb and observe algorithm for
connected to the grid (rad/s) grid connected wind energy conversion systems. IET Renew
ωcut−in cut in rotational speed (rad/s) Power Gen. 2015;9(6):682‐689.
ω1 initial rotational speed when entering the 6. Ahmed B, Nurul H, Yusoff SH, et al. Paper review: maximum
constant speed region (rad/s) power point tracking for wind energy conversion system. 2020
ωmax limited rotational speed (rad/s) 2nd International Conference on Electrical, Control and
Instrumentation Engineering (ICECIE). 2020:1‐6.
Pt mechanical power of the turbine (W)
7. Ye H. Control Technique for Wind Generation System. China
Tt mechanical torque of the turbine (Nm) Machine Press; 2015.
Ttopt optimal mechanical torque of the turbine (Nm) 8. Keramat Siavash N, Najafi G, Tavakkoli Hashjin T,
Tg electromagnetic torque of the turbine (Nm) Ghobadian B, Mahmoodi E. Mathematical modeling of a
Tg * reference electromagnetic torque of the horizontal axis shrouded wind turbine. Renew Energy.
turbine (Nm) 2020;146:856‐866.
Ta net acceleration torque of wind turbine (Nm) 9. Bontempo R, Carandente R, Manna M. A design of experi-
ρ air density (kg/m3) ment approach as applied to the analysis of diffuser‐
R radius of the wind wheel (m) augmented wind turbines. Energy Convers Manage. 2021;235:
113924.
v incoming wind speed (m/s)
10. González‐Hernández JG, Salas‐Cabrera R. Maximum power
Cp power coefficient of wind turbine
coefficient analysis in wind energy conversion systems:
Cpmax maximum power coefficient of wind turbine questioning, findings, and new perspective. Math Prob Eng.
λ , TSR blade tip speed ratio 2021;2021:9932841‐9932847.
λ opt optimal tip speed ratio 11. Fortmann J. Modeling of Wind Turbines with Doubly Fed
β pitch angle (degree) Generator System. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden; 2015:
ωt rotor speed of turbine (rad/s) 11‐80.

ZHANG ET AL.
12. Lubosny Z. Wind Turbine Operation in Electric Power Systems.
Springer‐Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2010:80‐81.
13. Zhang J. Control Technology for Doubly‐fed Induction Wind
Power Generator. Northwestern Polytechnical University
Press; 2018.
14. Wang Q, Chang L. An intelligent maximum power
extraction algorithm for inverter‐based variable speed wind
turbine systems. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2004;19(5):
1242‐1249.
15. Hua G, Geng Y. A novel control strategy of MPPT taking
dynamics of wind turbine into account. 2006 37th IEEE Power
Electronics Specialists Conference. 2006:1‐6.
16. Barendse P, Naidoo R, Douglas H, et al. A new algorithm for
improved dip/sag detection with application to improved
performance of wind turbine generators. Conference Record
of the 2006 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Forty‐First
IAS Annual Meeting. 2006:118‐123.
17. Cardenas R, Pena R. Sensorless vector control of induction
machines for variable‐speed wind energy applications. IEEE
Trans Energy Conver. 2004;19(1):196‐205.
18. Chakraborty S, Kramer B, Kroposki B. A review of power
electronics interfaces for distributed energy systems towards
achieving low‐cost modular design. Renew Sustain Energy Rev.
2009;13(9):2323‐2335.
19. Baroudi JA, Dinavahi V, Knight AM. A review of power
converter topologies for wind generators. Renew Energy.
2007;32(14):2369‐2385.
20. Chen Z, Guerrero JM, Blaabjerg F. A review of the state of the
art of power electronics for wind turbines. IEEE Trans Power
Electron. 2009;24(8):1859‐1875.
21. Molina MG, Santos ECD, Pacas M, et al. Advanced power
conditioning system for grid integration of direct‐driven
PMSG wind turbines. 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress
and Exposition. 2010:3366‐3373.
22. Patel MR. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Taylor & Francis
Group; 2013.
23. Barakati SM. Modeling and controller design of a wind energy
conversion system including a matrix converter. University of
Waterloo; 2008.
24. Wang QQ. Maximum wind energy extraction strategies using
power electronic converters. Vol 68. University of New Brunswick;
2003:6222‐6228.
25. Li H, Shi KL, McLaren PG. Neural‐network‐based sensorless
maximum wind energy capture with compensated power
coefficient. IEEE Trans Ind Appl. 2005;41(6):1548‐1556.
26. Qiao W, Yang X, Gong X. Wind speed and rotor position
sensorless control for direct‐drive PMSG wind turbines. IEEE
Trans Ind Appl. 2012;48(1):3‐11.
27. Soltani MN, Knudsen T, Svenstrup M, et al. Estimation of
rotor effective wind speed: a comparison. IEEE Trans Control
Syst Technol. 2013;21(4):1155‐1167.
28. Hooft E, Engelen T. Estimated wind speed feed forward control
for wind turbine operation optimisation. European Wind
Energy Conference, London; 2004:1‐9.
29. Zinck ØK, Per B, Stoustrup J. Estimation of effective wind
speed. J Phys Conference Series; 2008.
30. Knudsen T, Bak T, Soltani M. Prediction models for wind
speed at turbine locations in a wind farm. Wind Energy.
2011;14(7):877‐894.
20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
| 443
31. Johnson CD. Disturbance‐accommodating control: an over-
view. American Control Conference; 1986.
32. Odgaard PF, Damgaard C, Nielsen R. On‐line estimation of
wind turbine power coefficients using unknown input
observers. IFAC Proc. 2008;41:10646‐10651.
33. Odgaard PF, Damgaard C, Nielsen R. Unknown input
observer based estimation of wind speed for wind turbines
control. IFAC World Congress; 2008.
34. Ortega R, Mancilla‐David F, Jaramillo F, et al. A globally
convergent wind speed estimator for windmill systems. 2011
50th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control and European
Control Conference. 2012:6079‐6084.
35. Merida J, Aguilar L, Davilla J. Robust sliding mode control for
large scale wind turbine for power optimization. Res Comput
Sci Adv Comput Sci control. 2012;59:65‐76.
36. Chen Z. Performance analysis and improvements for maxi-
mum power point tracking control of low wind speed wind
turbines. [Doctor]: Nanjing University of Science and Tech-
nology; 2019.
37. Datta R, Ranganathan VT. A method of tracking the peak
power points for a variable speed wind energy conversion
system. IEEE Trans Energy Conversion. 2003;18(1):163‐168.
38. Abdullah MA, Yatim AHM, Tan CT, Saidur R. Maximum
power point tracking algorithms for wind energy system: a
review. Int J Renew Energy Resource. 2012;16:3220‐3227.
39. Pan CT, Juan YL. A novel sensorless MPPT controller for a
high‐efficiency microscale wind power generation system.
IEEE Trans Energy Conver. 2010;25(1):207‐216.
40. Hong MK, Lee HH. Adaptive maximum power point tracking
algorithm for variable speed wind power systems. ICSEE 2010,
LSMS 2010. 2010:380‐388
41. Kazmi SMR, Goto H, Guo H‐J. Review and critical analysis of
the research papers published till date on maximum power
point tracking in wind energy conversion system. 2010 IEEE
Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition. 2010:4075‐4082.
42. Kazmi SMR, Goto H, Guo HJ, Ichinokura O. A novel
algorithm for fast and efficient speed‐sensorless maximum
power point tracking in wind energy conversion systems.
IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2011;58(1):29‐36.
43. Cheng Q, Cheng Y. Review on the method of tracking the
maximum power point in wind power generation system. East
China Electric Power. 2010;38(9):1393‐1399.
44. Koutroulis E, Kalaitzakis K. Design of a maximum power
tracking system for wind‐energy‐conversion applications.
IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2006;53(2):486‐494.
45. Patsios C, Chaniotis A, Rotas M, et al. A comparison of
maximum‐power‐point tracking control techniques for low‐
power variable‐speed wind generators. 2009 8th International
Symposium on Advanced Electromechanical Motion Sys-
tems&Electric Drives Joint Symposium. 2009.
46. Hua AC, Cheng BC Design and implementation of power
converters for wind energy conversion system. The 2010
International Power Electronics Conference—ECCE ASIA.
2010:323‐328.
47. Neammanee B, Sirisumranukul S, Chatratana S, et al. Control
performance analysis of feedforward and maximum peak
power tracking for small‐and medium‐sized fixed pitch wind
turbines. 2006 9th International Conference on Control,
Automation, Robotics and Vision. 2006:1‐7.

444 | ZHANG
48. Kesraoui M, Korichi N, Belkadi A. Maximum power point
tracker of wind energy conversion system. Renew Energy.
2011;36(10):2655‐2662.
49. Chen J, Cai K, Lin T, et al. Adaptive maximum power point
tracking control strategy for variable‐speed wind energy
conversion systems with constant tracking speed. 2019 22nd
International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems
(ICEMS). 2019:1‐5.
50. Femia N, Petrone G, Spagnuolo G, Vitelli M. Optimization of
perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method.
IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2005;20(4):963‐973.
51. Kazmi Syed Muhammad R, Hiroki G, Fuo H‐J, et al.
Maximum power point tracking control and voltage regulation
of a DC grid‐tied wind energy conversion system based on a
novel permanent magnet reluctance generator. 2007 Interna-
tional Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems
(ICEMS). 2007:1533‐1538.
52. Patsios C, Chaniotis A, Kladas A, et al. A hybrid maximum
power point tracking system for grid‐connected variable speed
wind‐generators. 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conference. 2008:1749‐1754.
53. Wang Z. Simulation analysis of control system of direct‐drive
square wave permanent synchronous wind generator. [Disser-
tation]. Tianjin University. 2008.
54. Xia Y, Ahmed KH, Williams BW. Wind turbine power
coefficient analysis of a new maximum power point tracking
technique. IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2013;60(3):1122‐1132.
55. Morimoto S, Nakayama H, Sanada M, Takeda Y. Sensorless
output maximization control for variable‐speed wind genera-
tion system using IPMSG. IEEE Trans Ind Appl. 2005;41(1):
60‐67.
56. Ermiş M, Ertan HB, Akpinar E, Ülgüt F. Autonomous wind
energy conversion system with a simple controller for
maximum‐power transfer. IEE Proc—Electr Power Appl.
1992;139(5):421‐428.
57. Hussein M, Senjyu T, Orabi M, Wahab M, Hamada M. Control
of a Stand‐Alone variable speed wind energy supply system.
Appl Sci‐Basel. 2013;3(2):437‐456.
58. Martyanov AS, Troickiy AO, Korobatov SV. Performance
assessment of perturbation and observation algorithm for
wind turbine. International Conference on Industrial Engi-
neering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM); 2018:1‐5.
59. Tan K, Islam S. Optimum control strategies in energy
conversion of PMSG wind turbine system without mechanical
sensors. IEEE Trans Energy Conversion. 2004;19(2):392‐399.
60. Su X, Xu D, Tan CH. Maximum power point tracking control
of wind turbine considering temperature and humidity. Trans
China Electrotech Society. 2017;32(13):210‐218.
20500505, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1313 by SRM College Of Pharmacy, Wiley Online Library on [23/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
ET AL.
61. Leithead WE, Connor B. Control of variable speed wind
turbines: design task. Int J Control. 2010;73(13):1189‐1212.
62. Kim KH, Van TL, Lee DC, Song SH, Kim EH. Maximum
output power tracking control in variable‐speed wind turbine
systems considering rotor inertial power. IEEE Trans Ind
Electron. 2013;60(8):3207‐3217.
63. Leithead WE, Connor B. Control of variable speed wind
turbines: dynamic models. Int J Control. 2000;73(13):
1173‐1188.
64. Bhowmik S, Spee R, Enslin JHR. Performance optimization
for doubly fed wind power generation systems. IEEE Trans
Ind Appl. 1999;35(4):949‐958.
65. Girsang IP, Dhupia JS, Muljadi E, Singh M, Pao LY. Gearbox
and drivetrain models to study dynamic effects of modern
wind turbines. IEEE Trans Ind Appl. 2014;50(6):3777‐3786.
66. Yenduri K, Sensarma P. Maximum power point tracking of
variable speed wind turbines with flexible shaft. IEEE Trans
Sustain Energy. 2016;7(3):956‐965.
67. You X, Zhou B, Zuo GJ, Guo HH. A novel algorithm for fast
and adaptive maximum power point tracking of wind
energy generation system. Adv Mater Res. 2012;383‐390:
3633‐3638.
68. Hui J, Bakhshai A, Jain PK, et al. An adaptive approximation
method for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in wind
energy systems. 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and
Exposition. 2011:2664‐2669.
69. Trinh QN, Lee HH. Fuzzy logic controller for maximum
power tracking in PMSG‐based wind power systems. Interna-
tional Conference on Advanced Intelligent Computing The-
ories & Applications. 2010:543‐553.
70. Lee CY, Shen YX, Cheng J‐C, et al. Neural networks and
particle swarm optimization based MPPT for small wind
power generator. World Acad Sci Eng Technol. 2009;36:17‐23.
71. Pucci M, Cirrincione M. Neural MPPT control of wind
generators with induction machines without speed sensors.
IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2011;58(1):37‐47.
72. Lin WM, Hong CM. Intelligent approach to maximum power
point tracking control strategy for variable‐speed wind turbine
generation system. Energy. 2010;35(6):2440‐2447.
How to cite this article: Zhang X, Jia J, Zheng L,
Yi W, Zhang Z. Maximum Power Point Tracking
Algorithms for Wind Power Generation System:
Review, Comparison and Analysis. Energy Sci Eng.
2023;11:430‐444. doi:10.1002/ese3.1313