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IMPROVING THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF GRID

CONNECTED WIND FARMS USING MODERN UPFC

T.A. Sivakumar Assistant Professor , M. Mary Linda Professor

PII: S0141-9331(19)30630-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103015
Reference: MICPRO 103015

To appear in: Microprocessors and Microsystems

Received date: 23 November 2019

Revised date: 1 February 2020
Accepted date: 5 February 2020

Please cite this article as: T.A. Sivakumar Assistant Professor , M. Mary Linda Professor , IMPROV-
ING THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF GRID CONNECTED WIND FARMS USING MODERN
UPFC, Microprocessors and Microsystems (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103015

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 IMPROVING THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF GRID

CONNECTED WIND FARMS USING MODERN UPFC

T.A.Sivakumar1, Dr.M.Mary Linda2

1. Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ponjesly College
of Engineering Nagercoil-3,India, t.a.sivakumarphd@gmail.com
2. Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ponjesly College of
Engineering, Nagercoil-3, India.

ABSTRACT

Reliable power from Wind energy is one of the promising non-conventional energy
sources for the future. But the fluctuating nature of wind introduces power quality problems
affects the stability of the entire grid. Another issue is that power system grid is non-linear
dynamic system which needs plenty of real and reactive power to provide its load and power loss
is unreliable. Nowadays Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers are handling a
transmission line power surges which magnify the entire grid operation. This manuscript aims at
reducing the power quality issues using Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) which is
interconnected at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) to improves the transmission ability of
the system and enhance the dynamic response of ac grids. The distortions in the waveform are
reduced by the proper switching of the semiconductor devices of the UPFC. The switching is
controlled using a PI controller with current controlled Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The
gains of the PI controller are tuned using Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Technique
(MPSO). The power quality is then analyzed with Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) and the
performance is simulated in SIMULINK/MATLAB. These results are acquired by means of
modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO), to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed
method, the simulation conceded out on grid connected wind power system with Proportional
Integral Controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller, Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm and Modified
Particle swarm Optimization.
Keywords
Wind Power Systems, FACTS Controllers, STATCOM), SSSC, UPFC, Proportional Integral
controller (PI), Fuzzy Logic Controller, Phase Locked Loop, MPSO, ABC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fossil fuels are being replaced by non- conventional energy sources in India. There are a
lot of factors that drive people in search of different sources of energy due to resource depletion
and anthropogenic climate change [2]. A lot of new technologies are being created to generate
alternative energy sources. India places 5th in the globe for wind power capacity installed of
19,832MW as by June’13 and to contribute about 75% of the grid-connected non- conventional
source of energy in India [22]. With 23 large wind turbine manufactures, India has become one
of the world industrialized hubs for wind energy Turbines in the world. To reduce the
environmental impact, the wind energy should be integrated with power systems and this
minimizes environmental impact. In order to control the active power system, a proper scheme to
control the wind energy conversion system is needed to work under the normal working
condition.
One of the recent propositions is the Flexible AC transmission systems devices [23]. This
can be done by regulating the power flow all along transmission lines and improving damping in
power oscillations [3-4]. To maintain the power quality and technically manage the power level
connections with the commercial and residential wind turbines, a UPFC based control
technology has been proposed. The UPFC is one of the most crucial compensating devices which
can maintain the system’s stability. This stability improvement depends on enhancing suitable
control methodologies in UPFC converters. When the UPFC device is used on the interconnected
power generation systems, it can offer significant damping control on tie-line power fluctuation
via its supplementary control [24]. Various studies have been introduced different models for
UPFC, from where one of the ideas that all dynamic switches is modeled. This technique is not
appropriate for dynamic studies as it needs more time to be simulated [3]. Another method is the
source of current injection for UPFC analysis. The disadvantage of this technique is that the
application of reference frequency and dynamics of electrical parts are not considered [4, 6].
The proposed Unified Power Flow Controller which can automatically control most of
the parameters as it is a combination of Series Connected Static Synchronous Series
Compensator and Shunt Connected Static Synchronous Compensator . This comprises voltage
control Pulse Width Modulation and Current Control Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to
maintain output of STATCOM and SSSC respectively. The efficacy of the proposed UPFC
converter and controller for enhancing transient and dynamic stability of a power system are
established by a weakly connected wind energy system under various disturbances.
The grid-connected renewable energy system comprises of PV panels, wind energy
turbine, super capacitors, battery, and control of a grid-connected SPV-BESS hybrid system[1],
in which the voltage/current control loop of the voltage source inverter was carried out by PI
controllers [8, 9]. The dq components are determined by the external controllers of the reference
current for the current control loop. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System controller has been
implemented in the voltage/current control loop [20]. A comparison is made up of real-time
implementation of FLC and PI controllers in the power control loop of a voltage source inverter
which is connected with grid [11]. A ANFIS based voltage control has been applied to the 3ϕ
voltage source inverter for a hybrid renewable energy system which is connected with the grid
[16]. In the current control loop, various control schemes have been implemented, such as
hysteresis controllers, PI controllers, proportional resonant controllers, predictive controllers, and
H1 robust controllers. For SPV system, 3ϕ grid connected voltage source inverter was detailed in
[13], where PI controller performs the inverter current control. The hysteresis current controller
incorporated with ANFIS which controls the renewable interfacing inverter described in [12]. To
control the voltage and current in the control loop of the grid connected three level space vector
voltage source inverter, the Proportional–resonant controller was applied [10]. An analytical
current control method and its application of an inverter are mentioned in [14]. A current/voltage
control method based on H1 controller for grid-connected VSI is widely used option in the
voltage/current control loop which is relay on PI controllers because of their easy
implementation and simplicity. In this hysteresis control method two axis system is applied so
that the grid real and apparent power can be controlled separately [15].
For reactive power control through UPFC, the performance of PI controller is important.
PI gain parameters should be tuned properly in an optimized manner [18]. To obtain this goal,
Modified PSO algorithm is adopted with PI controller in UPFC. The main benefits of using
MPSO are its easy implementation and only a few parameters can be adjusted. The novelty of
this work is to demonstrate a MPSO based UPFC controller to recompense the reactive power
and mitigate the harmonics in this proposed Wind Energy Conversion System. The comparison
of transient stability of Wind energy power system by PI, FLC, ABC and MPSO for each
parameter measured with incorporation of UPFC device is analyzed. The major objective of this
manuscript is to analyze the efficiency and performance of UPFC under various parameters and
to design a PI-MPSO Controller which satisfies the design and the specification parameters.
The main motivation for choosing UPFC in wind farms is its ability to provide grid
voltage support either by supplying and/or absorbing reactive power into the system. In recent
years various control algorithms has been developed for controlling the voltage and current
harmonics developing in grid connected wind power system which has proved to be very much
essential.
Major contribution of this research work is how the UPC enhances the power quality of
the grid connected wind turbine which is subjected to external disturbances such as
unsymmetrical fault conditions and how the UPFC can contribute to faster recovery of the power
system to pre-fault condition is investigated in this paper.
The proposed UPFC control method for wind power generation using grid connection
has below objectives.

 UPFC is independent of real and apparent power. The reactive power control
is done by STATCOM and the current injection to transmission line
is done by SSSC.
 The technique is used to get variable outputs having higher fundamental
frequency components with fewer harmonic.
 Double Field Induction Generator helps to reduce the usage of wind energy supplied into
weak grids.
 To reduce the power quality issues of a grid connected wind power conversion system
(WECS) and to minimize the power quality problems, UPFC is used.
 To maintain grid stability, voltage and frequency control, active and reactive power
control, and power quality enhancement, PI controller with Voltage controller and
hysteresis current controller along with pulse width modulation is used.
 The purpose of the proposed MPSO optimization algorithm is for tuning the PI controller
and mitigates the power quality issues.
The manuscript is structured as follows: the proposed methodology of UPFC based WECS
and its mathematic modeling and also its control methodology are discussed in section 2
Subsequently, Section 3 provides the tuning of PI controller using FLC, ABC and MPSO
 optimization techniques. The controller performance is validated and the simulation results are
describes in Section 4. The final conclusion is given in Section 5 with proposal for future works.

2. SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS AND ITS MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

GRID DFIG UPFC LOAD

UPFC CONTROL SYSTEM PWM

Converter

Vabc
Vabc Discrete Vabc abc Idq
Iabc PI Iqref
Ant aliasing Filter 3 Phase PLL Controller q axis-PI
Vdc Iabc dq Idref Idq_ref controller & d
axis-PI
AC Voltage
controller
Regulator Mux
Current
Regulator

PI Controller
VdRef MPSO
DC Voltage
Regulator

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of UPFC based Wind Turbine Generator

Fig.1 demonstrates the control scheme of UPFC with Wind Turbine Generator. The main
features of the system are, it has two voltage source inverters, one is SSSC which is connected
serially with the transmission line via a series connected transformer and other one is
STATCOM which is connected parallel with the transmission line via a shunt connected
transformer. Initially, the SSSC is used to inject a voltage to be controlled in series with the line
and thus to maintain the power flow to a desired value. Generally, the series voltage source
inverter can swap both real and apparent power. An inverter is capable to supply the required
apparent power at its AC terminals, but it is incapable to the exchange of real power, unless if
there is a suitable power source at DC terminals. Consequently the SSSC has its dc terminals
connected to STATCOM, which does its main function by supplying exact amount of real power
requirement of SSSC. It gets this active power from the PCC. The STATCOM also used to
generate apparent power to maintain ac bus voltage. The UPFC has the ability to enhance the
active and reactive power flow on the transmission line independently.

2.1. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF UPFC

A UPFC can be defined by two voltage source inverters which represent fundamental
frequency components of output voltage waveforms of the two voltage source inverters and its
impedance represent the leakage reactance of the pairing transformers. Fig.2 represents the
modeling of UPFC. System voltages are considered as reference vector and
.The source voltages and are regulated in both their phase angles and magnitudes.
Let and are per unit phase angle and magnitude of voltage source which is connected in
series and it works within the specified limits depicts by the Eq. 2.
(1)
Eq. (1) determines the active and imaginary power given by the series branch,
(2)
IL busj
busi Iij Xse
Vse

Vj
Vi
Xsh

Vsh

Fig. 2 Two voltage source model of Unified Power Flow Controller

Should be calculated as:

(3)
The two voltage source model has been further implemented by replacing source voltage by
a source current parallel with the line as given in Fig. 2, where

(4)

The current source has been modeled by injection of voltage and current at the sending end
and receiving end auxiliary buses i and j.

( ) (5)

( ) (6)

Injected powers and can be simplified by substituting Eqs. (3) and (4) into (5),

( ) (7)

By using Euler Identity,( ), Eq.(7) can be calculated as,

( )
( ) (8)

[ ( ) ( )] (9)

Eq. (9) can be simplifies by using trigonometric calculations,

(10)

Eq. (10) can be rearranges as real and reactive components

Where,

(11)

(12)

Similar alteration can be done to Eq. (6), final equation now turns out to be,

( ) ( ) (13)
Eq. (13) can also be rearranged into its real and imaginary parts, ,

Where,

( ) (14)

( ) (15)

In UPFC device, shunt branch is mainly used to offer both and

which are inserted to the system via the series branch. The total switching losses of the two
voltage source converters are calculated around 2% of the power transferred to PWM converters
which are based on thyristor. If the losses are to be included in the active power insertion,
can be defined as follows,

(16)

The reactive power supplied by the series converter is determined as,

( ) (17)

Real and reactive power provided by the series voltage source converter could be measured from
Eq. (17).

(( ) ) (18)

( ) ( ) )
(( ) (19)

( )
(20)

( ) ( ( ) (
)) (21)

Final form Eq. (21) takes the form of ,

Where,
 ( ) (22)

( ) (23)

The mathematical model of UPFC can be developed by adding the shunt power and
series power insertions at both bus i and j as give in Fig. 2.

The elements of equivalent power injections can be expressed as follows,

( ) (24)

( ) (25)

(26)

( ) (27)

The UPFC performance mainly reliable on how fast and accurately the reference signals
are generated. After taking out of the fluctuated signal, an appropriate dc-link current regulator is
utilized to form the actual reference signals.

2.2 DQ CONTROL STRATEGY FOR UPFC

UPFC connected at the PCC point to regulate the voltage, real power and apparent power.
The variable wind speed is given to the wind system for the different time period up to 0.2 sec.
Under the variable wind speed condition the UPFC operates to enhance the system voltage and
to lessen the harmonic levels. The control methodology applied for UPFC converter comprises of
two control loops. Generally the inner control loop is known as current control loop which
regulate the grid current and an outer control loop is known as voltage control loop which
regulate the dc-link voltage. The inner control loop (Current) is chargeable for power quality
problems like good power factor and low Total Harmonics distortion, whereas outer control loop
(Voltage) maintains the power flow in the Power system.
The d-q control is also known as synchronous reference frame control which is done by
transformation from abc frame of grid voltage and current into d-q frame for filtering and
controlling purpose [20]. The phase angle and grid frequency is sensed by transformed voltage
and the grid current is regulated by transformed current. The dq axis control method allows the
UPFC to do the adjustments in reference values like DC link voltage, real and apparent powers
and AC voltage, via the transmission line. By developing a dq controller it is feasible to give fast
reaction and to minimize the fluctuation between real and apparent power flow. The
transformation of a 3ϕ system to dq and dq to 3ϕ quantities are done based on Park’s
transformation.
2.2.1 PHASE LOCKED LOOP
The shunt converter using the shunt controller is for pulse generation. The shunt current
injection into the transmission line is done by generating the triggering pulses to resolve the
power quality issues and harmonics. The shunt connected controller is designed with the PI and
FLC Controllers and the gain parameters are tuned by MPSO and ABC algorithms. Few of the
major challenges are satisfied by Phase Locked Loop technology are power mitigation, cost
reduction while maintaining good spectral purity and economy in size. The PLL system is used
to harmonize three phase sinusoidal signals with set of variable frequency. When the automatic
gain control is enabled, phase error of the PLL regulator is given as its input is leveled to the
input signals magnitude and the PLL continuously verifies the phases of the output and input
signals.

Fig.3 Simulink diagram of Phase Locked Loop

 Fig. 3 demonstrates the Simulink diagram of Phase Locked Loop. It determines the input
signal into frequency and magnitude components. If the two signals phases are not same, the
PLL stars to operate and continued till the phase performance is attained. For, balanced 3ϕ
circuits, the dq transformation reduce the two DC quantities from three AC quantities.

Fig.4 Simulink diagram of abc to dqo transformation

This Simulink block shown in Fig.4 executes the to transformation on a set of 3ϕ

signals. It calculates the direct axis , Quadratic axis and zero sequences quantities in a
two axis rotating reference frame based on the below transformation mentioned in Eq.(28-30).

[ ( ) ( ) ( )] (28)

[ ( ) ( ) ( )] (29)

[ ] (30)

Where denotes the rotation speed in rad/sec.

This Park transformation is commonly used for three phase system models.
2.2.2 SERIES INJECTED VOLTAGE CONTROL

The voltage should be injected serially with the appropriate magnitude and angle, to
obtain reactive and active power flow control. The voltage injected can be divided into two
elements which are phase voltage and reactive voltage with the transmission line current. The
active power can be efficiently enhanced by adjusting the series reactance of the transmission
line[5]. The reactive voltage injection is the reactance that inserted serially and it can be
independent of the line current. Hence, the power flow can be controlled by the reactive voltage.
It must be noted that the reference value of real and apparent power are attained from power flow
demands. The reference active power can also be adapted to increase the transient and damping
stability.

2.2.3 SHUNT INJECTED CURRENT CONTROL

The bus voltage can be controlled by using shunt reactive power injection[17]. Therefore
the shunt current is divided into phase voltage (real) and current (reactive) components. For the
capacitor voltage to be regulated, the reference value for the real current is set for power balance.
The bus voltage magnitude controller sets the current reference as reactive. To satisfy the steady
state reactive power requirements, the reference voltage of the voltage controller itself can be
adjusted.

3 TUNING OF PI CONTROLLER USING OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

The tuning of gain parameter of the PI controller is calculating the accurate values of the
multiplication constant is called as and in the integrator section the time constant is known
as . The convergence characteristics of the system output with due to the set point, based on
the values of and . The Simulink diagram of conventional controller is given in Fig.5
which is used in the control section of the UPFC converter due to its good performances and
simple configuration in a wide range of operating conditions.
 Fig.5 Simulink diagram of PI Controller

The conventional controllers are robust but it is not able to effectively control the
systems with strong nonlinearities or varying parameters, and they require continuous online
tuning of their gain parameters. To overcome the above difficulties Fuzzy Logic Control
algorithm and Modified Particle swarm Optimization with UPFC
controller is proposed in this paper in order to improve power quality of wind farm.

3.1 FUZZY-PI CONTROLLER DESIGN

The gain tuning parameters of the PI controller is adjusted by using the Fuzzy logic
controller under different operating conditions; thus a better performance in controlling the
parameters can be obtained. In Fuzzy Logic Control, since the q-axis and the d-axis components
are treated equal, the current control loop may be investigated by only one axis component. The
schematic diagram of controller for d-axis elements is given in Fig. 6.

e
+ de FLC

1/s

+ +
+ 1/ 1/s
_ X

Fig.6 Fuzzy - PI controller for d-axis current component

 Here the tuning parameters of PI controller are adjusted by FLC based on operating
conditions such as the change in error ( ) and error ( ) of the input signals, which
characterizes its derivative during control gain ( ) Inference engine works with if-then rules in
form of “If and , then ” is used to compute control signal for proportional gain. The input
of variables in fuzzy subsets is Positive Small (PS), Negative Small (NS), Negative Big (NB),
and Positive Big (PB) Zero (Z). The range of input membership function is also set [-1 1] as the
variation of the q-axis or d-axis current between -1 to 1 in per unit. Table I given fuzzy rule base
for gain . For inference mechanism, Mamdani’s max-min method has been used. For
defuzzification the center of gravity method is used.
Table I: Fuzzy control rule base
e/de

3.2 ABC ALGORITHM FOR PI CONTROLLER GAIN TUNING

ABC algorithm is the Meta heuristic swarm intelligence based optimization algorithms. It
depends on the foraging behavior of honey bees and applied various numerical optimization
problems. This is a stochastic optimization algorithm which is robust, simple, and population
based. Moreover, this algorithm is applicable for both constrained and unconstrained problems.
The gain parameters of PI controller and are optimized by ABC algorithm and the average
active power loss ̅̅̅̅̅̅is minimized. The objective equation model is selected as Eq. (31). This
optimization is processed in the behavior of real bees. This ABC algorithm has three agents
which are classified as Onlooker bee, Employed bee, and Scout bee. The employed bees stay on
a food source and give the neighborhood of the source in its memory. Onlooker bee obtains the
information of food sources from the employed bees and chooses one of the food sources to
collect the nectar. Scout bee is in charge for searching and finding new food from the recent
nectar and sources. The detailed explanation steps of ABC algorithm for optimal gain selection
are explained as follows:

Step 1: In first step, random populations Xi are initialized. Here, the random population are
denoted as gain of the PI controller and . Then, calculate the value of̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅.

Step 2: Examine the ̅̅̅̅̅̅ value by checking the fitness function evaluation.

Fitness function ( )

̅̅̅̅̅̅( )
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅( )
( ) { (31)
(̅̅̅̅̅̅( )) ̅̅̅̅̅̅( )

Step 3: From the initial fitness value, select maximum fitness and select the quality
of . Apply the best gain to controller and the active power loss variation of the
system is evaluated.

Step 4: In this step, the next cycle of employed bee phase is started and a new solution is
generated by the given Eq.32.

( ) (32)

Where is the gain value which is used in the first cycle, is the random number
between [1, 1], and is the comparison of two food positions observable to a bee. The
difference between the values of and is decreased. Therefore, the step length and the best
solution in the search space are adaptively reduced.

Step 5: Apply greedy selection between the two solutions and if one is improved, then set its trial
counter as 0 and replace the solution. Then, compute the probability values ( ) for the solutions
by using their fitness ( ) and the formula is described as follows:

( )
( ) (33)
∑ ( )
Step 6: In this step, new solution is produced by using onlooker bee phase. Depending upon
the ( ), the solution of onlooker bee is calculated. Using the generated values, the fitness is
calculated by Eq. (33).

Step 7: Apply gluttonous selection for the onlooker bee phase solution.

Step 8: The abandoned solution is checked by the trail counter in this scout bee phase and
generates a new solution randomly to replace with the abandoned one.

Step 9: Increase cycle = cycle + 1. The procedure is sustained until the stop criterion is attained
i.e., maximum number of cycle.

The ABC algorithm for optimal gain section is explained using Pseudo code as follows:

Initializing the population

Evaluating the fitness function ( )of population

Set cycle = 1

Repeating it for each employed bee

Producing new solution by using (10)

Calculating the value ( )

Applying greedy selection process

Calculating the probability values ( ) for the solutions

For every individual onlooker bee

Selecting a solution based on ( )

 Producing new solution

Computing the value of ( )

Applying greedy selection process

In case of an abandoned solution for the scout

Randomly change it with a new solution

Remember the best solution for so far

Cycle = Cycle + 1

Until

cycle = MNC (maximum number of cycle)

From the optimal gain and , ̅̅̅̅̅̅ is minimized by tuning the controller. Then, by
comparing the reference current to the load current the reference current values are calculated.
After that, the VSI gate is controlled by generating the control pulse.

3.3 MPSO ALGORITHM FOR PI CONTROLLER GAIN TUNING

A primary objective function is to be coined as a function of the variables and .

The objective function is achieved when the right value of and are chosen.

∫ [ ( )] (34)

( ) ( ) ( ) (35)

Where,

( )= reference value1

( )= actual value
3.3.1 GENERAL PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION

A PSO concept introduced by Eberhart and Kennedy were implemented through

simulation of bird flocking in two dimension space. The location of each agent is mentioned in
the XY axis and velocity is represented by and . The agent location is modified by using
the velocity and position information. Bird flocking is used to optimize an objective function.
Each agent knows its XY position and its best value (Pbest) [19]. Furthermore each agent
recognizes the best value in group (Gbest) among , the following information is used to
modify the position of each agent:

- The space between the Pbest and current position.

- The space between the Gbest and current position.

The concept of velocity is used in the modification process. The following equations are used to
modify the velocity of each agent

( ) ( ) (36)

Where = velocity of the agent i at kth iteration

( ) Iteration

W = inertia weight

Weighting factor

= Current position of agent at kth iteration

= Current position of agent at (k+1)th iteration

itermax = Maximum iteration number

rand1, rand2 = the numbers selected randomly between 0 and 1

= of agent i
 = of the group

(37)

The Eq.37 is called “Inertia Weights Approach”. Diversification characteristicand a

certain velocity is gradually decreased using the above equation, which gradually moves the
current searching point close to Gbest and Pbest and can be calculated. The position can be
modified by the Eq.38.

(38)

is change in time from two succeeding iterations.

3.3.2 MODIFIED PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION

To find out the most optimal values of the set of variables governing the performance of a
system, MPSO is the technique used and its flowchart is given in Fig.7. This technique
guarantees the best state of the solution. Normally, the efficiency of the standard PSO based
totally on its parameters. In the present research, a PSO with coefficients of time varying
acceleration is introduced, to maintain the performance and a better stability between local
exploration and global exploitation abilities of the PSO algorithm. Particles with a small social
parameter and large cognitive parameter at the beginning are permitted to move around the
search space, instead of moving towards the best population [25].
 Start

Re -
Select Parameters initialization
ofofMPSO
PSO

i=1

Yes
Estimate the value of
No Is Loading
each
eachparticles
particlesKp,
F, V
Ki
Change?

Send to PI
Controller

Next iteration
Measure V
Kp(i)
pu(i) Output the Error
t = t+1
and FKi(i)
pu(i)
index
index of the Gbest
of the Gbest

F Yes
Calculate fitness
value E No Convergence
criteria met

Better Individual Yes

Update Pbest, i
fitness value?

No

Better Global Yes

Update Gbest, i Sort Particle’s
fitness value? position

No
Yes
i=i+1 No i > Np Update particle’s
velocity & position

Fig. 7 Flowchart of modified particle swarm optimization

Though, a small cognitive parameter and a large social parameter allow the particles to
converge to the global optimum in the final part of the optimization. Table II gives the gain
parameters of PI controller.
Table II: PI Controller gain of FLC, ABC and MPSO algorithm
AC Voltage DC Voltage
Controller Regulator Regulator Current Regulator
Kp Ki Kp Ki Kp Ki
PI 0.5302 2559 0.00147 0.1881 0.7322 2.489
FLC-PI 0.3 2540 0.0011 0.17 0.73 2.3
ABC-PI 0.554 2507 0.0015 0.1554 0.8214 206
MPSO-PI 0.56 2504 0.0018 0.1624 0.8253 205

Table III: Implementation parameters of MPSO and ABC algorithm

MPSO Algorithm parameters ABC Algorithm parameters
Number of particles 10 Number of Bees 10
Error rate 0.1 Error rate 0.1
Inertia weight 0.9 Maximum number of cycle 20
Cognitive constant C1 1.2 Lower and upper band 0
Social Constant C2 0.12 Upper band 5
Number of iterations 100 number of iterations 100

Table III given the Implementation parameters of MPSO and ABC algorithm.

4 SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Simulation of the wind energy system is done in Simulink environment of MATLAB

and connected to a simulated grid network having a non-linear load as given in Fig. 8.
 Fig.8 Simulink diagram of WEC with UPFC

A wind farm having six, 1.5 megawatt turbine units are connected to customer by a
575/25 KV transformer and connected to a grid through 30 km, 25 KV line and 25KV, 100MVA
system. This model uses Double Field Induction Generators and the grid is directly connected to
the stator windings

Due to the variable wind speed conditions, changes occurred in the system parameters
and it causes the power quality problems besides produce harmonics in the system. So as to
maintain the system parameters by reducing the harmonics the FACTS device UPFC is coupled
at the PCC. The efficiency of UPFC with the PI controller, and optimization of PI controller gain
parameters by FLC, ABC and MPSO techniques are given in following simulation results. The
performance of the proposed system under dynamic condition is also given. The performance of
the wind energy system while connecting the UPFC with PI controller, FLC controller, ABC
algorithm and MPSO Algorithms are given below.
 PI Controller PI FLCController
Voltage(pu)

Voltage(pu)
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time(S) Time(S)
PI ABCController PI MPSOController
Voltage(pu)

Voltage(pu)
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time(S) Time(S)

Fig.9 Output Voltage of Wind energy system

PI Controller PI FLCController
1 1
Current(pu)

Current(pu)

0 0
-1 -1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time(S) Time(S)
PI ABCController PI MPSOController
1 1
Current(pu)

Current(pu)

0 0
-1 -1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time(S) Time(S)

Fig.10 Output Current of Wind energy system

Fig.9 and 10, gives the output voltage and current curves of Wind energy conversion
system.
 PI Controller PI FLCController
10 10
Power(MW)

Power(MW)
0 0

-10 -10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(S) Time(S)
PI ABCController PI MPSOController
10 10
Power(MW)

Power(MW)
0 0

-10 -10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(S) Time(S)

Fig.11 Output Power (Real) of Wind energy system

PI Controller PI FLCController
0 0
Power(MVAR)

Power(MVAR)

-5 -5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(S) Time(S)
PI ABCController PI MPSOController
0 0
Power(MVAR)

Power(MVAR)

-5 -5

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Time(S) Time(S)

Fig.12 Output Power (Reactive) of Wind energy system

Fig.11 and 12, gives the output power of Wind energy conversion system.

From the above Fig.9-12 it is observed that the PI –MPSO controller outperforms the
proposed controllers in terms of settling time and has lesser ripples than other controllers.
4.1 VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENT CONTROL—VSI OPERATION

The wind power generating system connected with grid has fixed non-linear load. The
distortion caused by the non-linear load and wind generator is cancelled out from UPFC by the
3ϕ injected current in the grid.
PI Controller PI FLCController
4000 Va 4000
Voltage(V)

Voltage(V)
2000 2000
0 0
-2000 -2000
-4000 -4000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(S) Time(S)
PI ABCController PI MPSOController
4000 4000
Voltage(V)

Voltage(V)

2000 2000
0 0
-2000 -2000
-4000 -4000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(S) Time(S)

Fig.13 Injected Current by Voltage source Inverter

The IGBT based three-phase voltage source inverter is coupled to grid via the
transformer. The generation of switching signals from reference current is stimulated within
hysteresis band of 0.08. The current quality in the system is improved by the choice of narrow
hysteresis band switching. The inverter provides the compensated current for the nonlinear load
and demanded reactive power. Fig.13 shows the three phase inverter injected current.
4.2 UPFC—PERFORMANCE UNDER LOAD VARIATIONS

PI Controller PI FLCController
Voltage(pu),Current(pu)

Voltage(pu),Current(pu)
2 Va Ia 2

0 0

-2 -2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(S) Time(S)
PI ABCController
Voltage(pu),Current(pu)

Voltage(pu),Current(pu)
PI MPSOController
2 2

0 0

-2 -2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(S) Time(S)

Fig.14 Source Voltage and Source Current

The system performance is deliberated by switching the UPFC at time t= 0.05s in the
wind energy systems and the response of UPFC to give the step command for increase in extra
load at t=0.3s is shown in the Fig.14. When UPFC controller is ON, without changing of any
load parameters, UPFC starts to mitigate the harmonics for reactive power demand. The static
and dynamic performance is also conceded out by load variation at t=0.3s. This additional
requirement is fulfilled by UPFC compensator. Thus, UPFC can control the accessible real
power from source. The result of load current, source current, source voltage and load voltage
are given in Fig. 14 and 15 respectively.
 PI Controller PI FLCController
Voltage(V),Current(A)

Voltage(V),Current(A
5000 5000
Ia Va
0 0

-5000 -5000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(S) Time(S)
PI ABCController PI MPSOController
Voltage(V),Current(A

Voltage(V),Current(A
5000 5000

0 0

-5000 -5000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(S) Time(S)

Fig.15 Load Voltage and Load Current

PI Controller PI FLCController
4000 4000
Voltage(V)

Voltage(V)

2000 2000

0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(S) Time(S)
PI ABCController PI MPSOController
4000 4000
Voltage(V)
Voltage(V)

2000 2000

0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(S) Time(S)

Fig.16 Comparison of DC-link voltage

From Fig. 16, the DC-link voltage of proposed MPSO-PI controller is quickly to reach
2400V with fast response, less overshoot and less setting time. But, the PI controllers with FLC
and ABC have higher over shoot and settling to reach the stable DC-link voltage level.
4.3 POWER QUALITY AND HARMONIC ANALYSIS

Due to the consequences of non-linear load and wind generator, the source current on the
grid is exaggerated. Thus clarity of waveform might be lost on both sides in the system. The
inverter output voltage under UPFC operation with variation of load is shown in Fig. 15. The
inverter output voltage affects the dynamic load. The source current with UPFC operation is
shown in Fig. 15. This shows that for the source power the unity power factor is enhanced when
the UPFC is in operation. The Fourier analysis of this waveform is used and the THD of this
source current at PCC is given below.
At PCC the power quality improvement is observed, when the dq controller is in ON
condition. The UPFC is located in the operation at 0.1 s and source current waveform is given in
Fig. 17. It is revealed that the THD has been well improved within the norms of the standard.

PI Controller PI FLCController
5 5
Real Power (MW)
ReactivePower (MVAR)
Power

Power

0 0

-5 -5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(S) Time(S)
PI ABCController PI MPSOController
5 5
Power

Power

0 0

-5 -5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(S) Time(S)

Fig.17 Active and Reactive Power in the case of employing UPFC

 Fig. 18 THD comparison of phase A

Then, the THD in percentage value of PI controller, MPSO-PI controller and ABC-PI
controller are measured and given in Fig.18. The proposed controller reduces the current
harmonics of the load current due to the reason of good voltage regulation. In Fig. 18, the THD
comparison of phase A of PI controller, FLC-PI controller, MPSO-PI controller and ABC-PI
controller are presented and the values are tabulated in Table IV. It shows that the proposed
controller obtains very less percentage of harmonics when compared to other control methods.
The least possible THD of MPSO-PI controller in phase A is 0.76%.

Table IV: THD comparison of PI controller, FLC, PSO and ABC algorithms
Controller THD in %
PI 1.39
FLC-PI 1.2
ABC-PI 0.82
MPSO-PI 0.76

Therefore, the signal power is calculated without distortion, with distortion and UPFC
with controllers. In Table IV, the power factors of all the methods are tabulated. The actual
power factor without distortion is 1.
Table V: Power factor analysis
Controller Power Factor
PI 0.9945
FLC-PI 0.9955
ABC-PI 0.9996
MPSO-PI 0.999

The proposed MPSO-PI controller has the good power factor value as 0.9999 is given in
table V. When compared to and ABC- , MPSO-
achieved good power factor.
Table VI Comparative analysis of System Performance for the controllers

TYPE PI FLC ABC MPSO

Rise time, tr(sec) 0.04 0.03 0.025 0.02
Settling time, t s(sec) 0.1 0.07 0.06 0.03
Peak time(sec) 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02
Steady-state error, ess (%) 0.04 0.02 0.001 0
ISE 0.62 0.51 0.47 0.44
IAE 0.42 0.34 0.33 0.32
ITAE 0.31 0.23 0.19 0.16

From table VI, it is clear that the Modified Particle Swarm optimization has better time
domain performance criteria and integral performance indices. All vital parameters such as
settling time, peak time, rise time, steady-state error, ITAE, ISE IAE are favoring only Modified
Particle Swarm optimization. In Modified Particle Swarm optimization the rise time, settling
time and peak time are 0.02sce, 0.03sec and 0.02sec, respectively which are 10% better than the
PI, FLC and ABC algorithm. Steady-state error is also reduced by 25% drastically in Modified
Particle Swarm optimization compared to other conventional techniques.
Table VII: Performance comparison among various control systems
Reference Papers Controller THD in % Power Factor
R.Karthika and PI 15.06 0.9945
V.S.Kumar (21) PSO-PI 2.86 0.9996
ABC-PI 1.97 0.9999
M.Rama Sekhara, Without UPFC 15.58 ---
and M. Vijaya ---
Kumar(26) With UPFC 1.83
P. Suman Pramod ---
Kumar, and V. E.
Sowjanya (25) Without UPFC 49.83
With UPFC 1.19 ----
PI 1.39 0.9951
Proposed System FLC-PI 1.2 0.9955
ABC-PI 0.82 0.9998
MPSO-PI 0.76 0.9999

Table VII gives the performance comparison in terms of THD and Power factor for
various control systems by referring different manuscripts. It is observed from the table that the
proposed method showing the highest performance than other methods.

5. CONCLUSION
A UPFC-based control methodology for power quality enhancement in grid connected
wind energy system with both fixed non-linear load is presented. The electric utility and power
quality problems along with its effects on the consumer side are also presented. The control
system developed for the UPFC based WES is simulated by MATLAB/SIMULINK for
maintaining the power quality and mitigates the power quality issues. The load current harmonic
parts are cancelled out. It enhances the current in-phase, source voltage, maintain the reactive
power requirement for the load and wind turbine generator at PCC in the grid system,
consequently it provides an opportunity to enhance the utilization factor of transmission line. The
proposed MPSO-PI controller-based harmonic compensation method was implemented in
MATLAB/Simulink platform. Then, the THD and the power factor are evaluated. The results of
the MPSO-PI controller are compared with PI controller, FLC-PI Controller, ABC-PI Controller
Under sinusoidal supply, MPSO-PI controller having minimum THD in phase A is 0.76% and
good power factor value as 0.9999. Thus the power quality norms as per the IEC standard 61400-
21 are fulfilled using the proposed scheme in the grid connected system.
In the current power scenario the smart grid technology is one which is expected to rule
the power sector shortly and micro grids are a part of the smart grids. Also the protection issues
related to the smart grid is not dealt with in terms of the back-to-back connected converters,
which can be looked into. The overall simulation results satisfied the aims of this work. This
success should justify a scaling up of the simulation to a laboratory-based system incorporating
the proposed power controller. Also this setup can be tested and validated with deferent types of
controllers with different optimization techniques.

Confilicts of interest

The authors have no confilicts of interest

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 Authors Biography

T.A Sivakumar received the B.E degree in Electronics and communication

Engineering and M.E degree in “Power Electronics and Drives” from Anna university Chennai
in 2010 and 2012 respectively. He received MBA degree in project management from Alagappa
university ,karaikudi in 2014. He is working as an assistant professor in the deparment of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, ponjesly college of Engineering since 2012. He is
pursuing phD in power quality. He is a life time member of ISTE. He is amember of IET. He has
published four international journals. He has participated in seven international conferences. His
area of interest are wind energy conversion, power quality, power Electronics and smaet grid.

DR. M. Mary Linda received the B.E degree in Electrical and electronics
Engineering from MS university in 2002, M.E degree in power systems from kalasalingam
college of engineering in 2005 and phD degree in power system stability from Anna University
Chennai in 2012. She is working as head of the department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering in Ponjesly college of Engineering.She is a lifetime member of ISTE. She published
26 International Journals and three books. Her area of interest are power systems, control
systems, optimization techniques.