Ancillary services for Power System operation

Review Paper 21

J.Dong at el [21] researches that Wind plant supplies discontinuous energy due to intermittent nature
of wind power which leads to power imbalance in the.
Different methods to enable a hybrid generation system to provide frequency support to the grid has
been discussed. The hybrid generation is 100% renewable and consist of a wind farm and
hydropower plant (HPP).
The grid–tie is composed of a Voltage-Source Converter based High-Voltage, Direct Current (VSC-
HVDC) junction that acts as frequency changer to maintain the grid nominal frequency. The HPP
provides two types of ancillary services: wind power smoothing and frequency drops mitigation to
avoid the use of thermal generation and battery energy storage.
It was shown by results that the frequency at the LFAC can tolerate mild drops to provide frequency
support to the grid. Simulation environment used was MATLAB and Simulink

Review Paper 22

Giulia at el [22] proposed ancillary services approach to increase the dynamics of generation and
flexibility of power system.
Power system are experiencing a big amount of renewable generation with highly unpredictable
characteristics. Because of this change in energy production implies significant consequences related
to the provision of ancillary services (AS). Current markets dedicated to the provision of Ancillary
Service are not able to benefit from the flexible energy resources. They also cannot cope with the
new level of stochasticity, non-linearity, and dynamics of generation and flexibility.
To overcome such issues and make full use of the potential of flexibility resources for this, AS 4.0
approach is proposed, which offers a comprehensive solution for the AS provision in the smart grid
era.

Review Paper 23

K Oureilidis [23] found that the high increase of converter-dominated Distributed Renewable Energy
Sources (DRESs) at the distribution grid level has gradually replaced the conventional synchronous
generators (SGs) of the transmission system, resulting in emerging stability and security challenges.
The SGs are currently used for providing ancillary services (ASs). This changing environment has
prompted the integration of energy storage systems as a solution for transfusing new characteristics
and elaborating their business in the electricity markets, while the smart grid infrastructure and the
upcoming microgrid architectures contribute to the transformation of the distribution grid.
It investigates the existing ASs in transmission system with the respective markets and proposes new
ASs at distribution grid level, frequency response, voltage regulation, fault contribution and
harmonic mitigation. The market tools and mechanisms for the procurement of these ASs are
presented evolving the existing role of the Operators.

Review paper 24

G.I.  Pereira[24] researched about The European Union (EU) transition to a smarter electricity sector
is driven by climate change adaptation and technological developments. For the electricity
distribution industry, this helps to understand how these network monopolies should adapt their role
and responsibilities for a redesigned electricity market. Considering this, a foresight study on
business model innovation, technological adaptation, and market design policy alternatives has been
presented by author.
A Policy Delphi method was applied, involving two iterative survey rounds and 207 European
experts, which assessed 57 policy alternatives. The results obtained highlighted challenges for
implementing new technologies. Experts support innovation and transition to new roles, and
innovative services, while warranting that core electricity distribution activities are secured. This
shift in roles is expected to be achieved through research and development (R&D) support policies,
innovation friendly regulatory frameworks, and concerted actions at the EU and Member States
level.
The results provided policy-adaptation guidelines for electricity distribution industry stakeholders.

Review Paper 25

Marie hyland [25] explained the Restructuring of European electricity markets : - A panel data
analysis. The European Union adopted many of its reform for making its electricity market
efficiencial.
The author provided detailed discussion on its policies of European Union 1996 2003 and 2009.
Restructuring of electricity involved separation of vertical integrity Monopolies, privatization and
regulation of electricity. But none of them results in good retail price at consumer end. So this
European Union reformed detailed analysis study is important for providing electricity price to
consumer to a good extent various variable detailed discussion which are affecting the price of
electricity is present in this paper. E.g. Transmission system operator, distribution system operation,
wholesale market, GDP, gas price, share of hydro, share of nuclear, etc.
These all factors termed as panel Hence, this study is known as panel data analysis for Restructuring
European electricity market. From the European Union model of 1996 2003 and 2009.
It was find out that complete unbundling of transmission system operator may lead to good
efficiency but also increase the price of electricity to consumers. However, the price of electricity in
Europe is very depend upon the European Union policy. This analysis emphasized the importance of
taking account of path dependency in electricity price. So dynamic and possible variation in the
factor which lead us to wrong effects of our restructuring the electricity market can’t be ignored.

Review Paper 26

Xiao Wang et al. (26) did evaluation of different inertial control methods for variable-speed wind
turbines simulated by fatigue, aerodynamic, structures and turbulence (FAST). Wind power has
becoming the important sources of power through renewable sources. But it's non study inertial
response and frequency fluctuation is biggest problem to any electrical engineer.
The author of paper helped to control this fluctuated initial response using two different inertial
control methods. These two IC methods are tested on CART -3 turbine (control advanced research
turbine 3). This study is done on CART 3 blade which is connected to 9 bus and 14 bus grid and also
considering different wind speed from every connected bus system. Different speed at every wind
power plant which is connected to this grid makes the study complicated but also a very useful
because an engineer must be ready for worst case.
Different frequency in the system had been calculated with the help of simulation tool. Two different
IC methods that we apply in CART 3 turbine are FBIC and TLIC method. The FBIC method present
adaptive feature by setting loop gain accuracy to current Kinetic energy. The TLIC method which
control the initial speed is very helpful during wind gust operation. Hence the active power and
torque that we get can easily be obtained during unwanted wind speed operation.

Review Paper 27

Kwok W. et al. designed a framework for energy and ancillary services dispatch for the interim ISO
New England Electricity Market. The unbundling of electricity became common after the federal
regular commission FERC order no. 888. This new electricity market is challenging new problem.
New ancillary services for this electricity market had been presented in this paper.
Optimisation methods were presented in this paper, this optimisation technique is based New
England power pool market rule NEPOOL. after the study of an NEPOOL. it is found out that the
hybrid dispatch method must be combined with the sequential dispatch method. This joint dispatch
method had been studied. This paper based study is according to the NEPOOL. This market will
grow in future as author had claimed.
Review Paper 28

P. MacDougall et al. [28] studied the Multi-Goal Optimization of Competing Aggregators using a
Web-of-Cells Approach.
This paper presented with web of cells technique. Each generating station, storage unit, load centre,
substation is treated as a cell. Each cell is monitored continuously and a large smart grid network will
take place. Further exchange of resources between connected cells is enabled to provide system wide
optimisation.
This cell technique realized into two lab setups TNO's hybrid energy system integration facility and
University of levein laboratory, Energyville. it also showed that web of cells provide stability,
expand market trading and has there is is increase in efficiency.

Review paper 29

Christos Protogeropoulos et al.(29) observed the RESEARCH ISSUES ON STAND-ALONE

PV/HYBRID SYSTEMS: STATE–OF–ART AND FUTURE TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVES
FOR THE INTEGRATION OF μGRID TOPOLOGIES ON LOCAL ISLAND GRIDS. This paper
represented a review of the state of art on standalone PV/Hybrid system.
According to the collected data from autonomous power station in Greece island it was seen that the
energy produced using conventional resources is expansive comparatively PV system. Specifically,
for remote areas the PV system is most viable solution for electrification. In this research the
prominence is given to the micro grid system because of some of its economic and technical
advantages over standalone system.
In micro grid system the ancillary services can be provided in a better way. The important features of
the micro grid facility on the island of Kythnos had been analysed and standalone systems were
analysed on the time scale of short to medium and medium to long. To get satisfactory and viable
results from solar electrification ancillary services are needed by utility. On the time scale of short to
medium term research issues for standalone system the main focus is to increase the life of system
as well as components of the system
From the overview of micro grid system on the island of kythnos it wass concluded that deep
research on the storage and integration of PV/ Hybrid and micro grid system is required. To get
satisfactory and viable results from solar electrification ancillary services are needed by utility. On
the time scale of short to medium term research issues for standalone system the main focus is to
increase the life of system as well as components of the system
.
Review paper 30

Joan Rocabert (30) proposed Control of Energy Storage System Integrating Electrochemical
Batteries and Supercapacitors for Grid-Connected applications.
In this research article author says that to execute ancillary services in non - conventional energy
generation, the control over bidirectional power flow is required. For these kind of applications the
most helpful solution is came out as integrated energy storage systems(ESS). Though different
solutions for ESS are available in the market, even hybrid systems are offered to develop the overall
system performance.
In this research the combination of super capacitors with dynamic performance and batteries with
large storage capacity is taken This combination eases the implementation of energy and power
services and also avoids the oversizing of storage system and extends the life of the battery. The
combination of super capacitors with electrochemical batteries results in excellent performance
without any impact on their lifetime.
In this research article a control system is designed to manage the combined energy storage
technologies

Review paper 31

Hikari Nakano et al. (31) proposed Aggregation of V2H Systems to Participate in Regulation
Market. As the use of renewable energy sources increason with time and many of the renewable
resources like wind power plant and solar power plant supply variable power which can cause
instability in the power grid. Therefore, ancillary services become mandatory to maintain the
stability of power grid. The ancillary service market can be created in smart grid using resources like
EVs (electrical vehicles) they have enough potential to provide their own ancillary services.
The author found that the EVs and PHVs (Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle) become the main focus for
studies because they are convenient to install. GIV (grid integrated vehicle) mechanism is emerged
through some work which is done in the past and it degraded EVs and PHVs for ancillary service
market and for regulation market.
The author found that if we want to maximise the profit of user and effectiveness of resources using
EV and PHV it is become crucial to consider the individuals.
The author proposed V2H I.e. vehicle to home aggregator which makes free the individual to
participate in the regulation market by using EVs and PHVs. The outcome of this proposal is positive
and the profit can be increased of individual participant. From research article it is concluded that
100 MW to several MW capacity is required by TSOS and for that large number of EVs and PHVs
are needed for that a method is proposed I.e. EVs and PHVs equipped with HEMs.
Review paper 32

Anuradha M. Annaswamy et al. (32) discussed IEEE Vision for Smart Grid Controls: 2030 and
beyond. An important message in this paper is: As smart grids ( cyber - enabled power grids) are
emerging the control has become an important factor. In context of new designs for transmission and
distribution there are ample needs and opportunities for control. The rapid change In the system
condition and automated decision making is included in new designs. Opportunities for control are
innovation in market mechanisms, demand response, storage and central healing
The author in this research article discussed about to make power affordable green and reliable, the
development in control technologies are required for many problems including storage, cyber
security, market mechanism , transmission distribution etc. In this paper maximum discussion is
related to power grid and the author represented the outline for control of infrastructure systems.

Review Paper 33

Zhenyuan Zhang et al. [33] discussed the Market oriented optimal dispatching strategy for wind farm
with a multiple stage hybrid ESS. Wind energy has been considered as a clean and inexhaustible
energy source for electric power generation and its penetration level has been increased dramatically
world wide in recent years. However, irregular and fluctuating nature of wind is still a universally
faced challenge which impact the stability and reliability of wind power generation system in power
market. In order to overcome this, integrated energy power system (IEPS) and energy storage system
(ESS) are operated jointly. Thus, this hybrid ESS design, improves the supply reliability, stability
and power market revenue.
The author paper author developed the multistage hybrid ESS dispatching strategies to achieve the
maximum profit by limiting the fluctuations of integrated wind power generation. In first stage, ESS
(energy storage system) is designed for day ahead market (DAM) in which lead acid battery ESS is
installed with wind power generation system to achieve maximum market profit. In second stage,
ESS is designed for real time market (RTM) in which lithium ion battery is installed with wind
power generation system for eliminating forecasting errors and to smoothen the fluctuations in the
wind. The excessive power is stored in hydrogen combined cycle energy storage system (HCCESS)
as a backup power source to provide ancillary services.

Review Paper 34
Sumit Verma et. al [34] demonstrate the Optimal rescheduling of real power generation for
congestion management using teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm. This paper deals with
the the congestion management technique in a pool based market. This proposed method is tested
upon modified IEEE 30 and IEEE 57 bus system. congestion is a principal problem that an
independent system operator faces in past regulated era . with this method there is a reliable
congestion in the line with minimum deviation in initial generation. TLBO algorithm is a recent
population based algorithm which does not require any algorithm specific control parameters unlike
other algorithm is a powerful approach for solving optimisation problem. with the advantage that it
does not have any algorithm specific parameter to control.

Review Paper 35

Srikanth Kotra et al. [35] evaluated a supervisory power management system for hybrid micro-grid
with HESS. In this paper the author proposed a supervisory power management system (PMS) for a
micro grid with a hybrid energy storage system. In formulated power management system, the
reliability, stability and desire performance of micro-grid is obtained. Without measuring load
currents and power it can detect the operating modes of system and the current stress on the battery
reduces, by the use of supercapacitors. Therefore, for interactive hybrid micro-grid with HESS
(hybrid energy storage system), a unified power management scheme is formulated. In proposed
PSM the number of sensors requirements and complexity reduces because it does not require
forecasting of weather and measurement load power. It is studied that proposed PMS gives
continuous power supply and reliable operation to the local loads and enables the bidirectional power
transfer between the micro-grid and the utility grid which results in continuous and reliable power
flow.

Review Paper 36

Jiangmeng Zhang et al. [36] studied the Evaluation of demand response resources aggregation
system capacity under uncertainty. The author proposed a method to understand the impact of risk
and uncertainty of DRR (demand response resources) aggregation system. They studied that in order
to participate in the electricity market, demand response resources (DRR) are accumulated and the
uncertainty impacts the reliability of the demand response resources (DRR). This uncertainty occurs
due to the random failure and these are unavoidable. Therefore, they analyzed two demand response
resources (DRR) accumulation systems with 20 units and 1000 units to check the scalability and
effectiveness.
They found that computational time of the formulated method is comparatively less than the Monte
Carlo simulation method.

Review paper 37
Shmuel S. Oren et al. examined design of Ancillary Service Markets. In this research article the
author inspected the outline of selection protocols and rules in the ancillary service markets. These
kind of markets are operated by an independent system operator and there is a requirement to ensure
the secure operation of competitive power system. The types of the stores are identified in context
of : response time and their downward substitutability which means the stores which responds slower
can be replaced by the store whose response is faster. For such protocols analysis of efficiency,
distributional aspects and incentive compatibility is done.
In this article they also explored that how this downward substitutable is considered for alternative
market protocols. Using practical and theoretical analysis it is concluded that in the ancillary service
markets the stores with lower quality having higher price than the stores with higher quality. These
type of circumstance create irrationality and it will result in shortage of high quality stores. We can
avoid this price reversal by designing a market in which bids are selected with minimum bid price
and than selected bid are paid according the quality

Review paper 38
Chen-Ching Liu et al. Proposed New Methods for Electric Energy Contract Decision Making. In this
paper a summery was represented on the research i.e. on contract decision making in competitive
electricity market. There is a process that can be used by electricity supplier to decide the price and
amount of price, this process is known as Markov decision. In a bilateral market the pricing is
calculated by using: no- arbutrage principle and random optimization.
In this research author also proposed a method to reduce the uncertainty in profit. The important
terms in the research article are: power system economics, contract decision making, pricing, risk
management and strategic bidding. They developed a optimization method to assess transactions and
find out the amount of ancillary services that are required to match the system and reserve
conditions.

Review paper 39
In this paper the author D.J. Wu studied the interaction of long-term contracting and spot market
transactions between Multi-Gencos(Generators) and Multi-Discos (Load side serving entity) for
electric power. How they sell to their customers, Gencos and Discos may either contract for delivery
in advance or they may sell/buy some or all of their output/input in a spot market. Contract pricing
involves both a reservation fee per unit of capacity and an execution fee per unit of output if capacity
is called.
Discos’ optimal portfolios are shown to follow a merit order(or greedy) shopping rule in this paper.
When Gencos properly anticipate demands to their bids, then bidding a contract execution fee equal
to variable cost dominates all other bidding strategies. The optimal capacity reservation fees are
determined by Gencos to trade off the risk of underutilized capacity against unit capacity costs.
Existence and structure of market equilibria are characterized for the associated competitive game
between Gencos.

Review Paper 40
A.A. Abou El Ela et al. presented in this paper different modified particle swarm optimization (PSO)
models for a problem called optimal market payment. These PSO models use more particles'
information to control the global optimal solution search. An adaptive strategy is used for choosing
PSO parameters to assure the convergence of the proposed models. Also, the proposed models
attempte to generate initial population that are scattered uniformly over the feasible solution space
that is leads to the capable for obtaining higher quality solutions.
The simulation results in this paper showed that the proposed models prove practical for modelling
the impact of different emergency conditions on the expected generation payment under the
competitive environment.

Review Paper 41

Kuala Lumpur et al. [41] provided stimulation on Power Plant Optimization in a Regulated
Environment Electricity Supply Industry: A Least Cost Generation Approach. The electricity market
must be met with the two major tasks that is reliability and Economic operation.
This method was based on the unit commitment, in which demand is meant by that generating station
whose cost of generation is low and then if demand increases then again use that next generating
station whose cost is low. The author did the simulation and prove the result in VB Excel macro.
This methodology was found useful.

Review Paper 42
Jenny Reisz et al. [42] proposed Frequency Control Ancillary Service Market Design: Insights from
the Australian National Electricity Market. Ancillary services help provide customer with better
reliability and low cost at consumer end. This paper deals with the frequency control ancillary
services FCAS. These services provides proper match between supply end and consumer end for
short term duration of supply need. This services require precise control. This services are
implemented in the Australian National electricity market according to them this services is very
effective reduced cost also it integrates large quantity of variable renewable such as wind and solar
photovoltaic cells. But some of the electricity market criticize it due to its complex designs. the
author also shows that if the services is implemented properly then it will be very beneficial to
electricity market.

Review Paper 43

Pandeils N et al. proposeed the European Electricity Market Integration With Mixed Market Designs
—Part II: Solution Algorithm and Case Studies. This paper deled with the marketing splitting
approach. The internal electricity Market scenario was discussed. The Europe is full with market
splitting approach indicating 22 power exchange comprising 42 bidden areas. The model wass tested
in terms of problem solving ability to its limits, considering a day-ahead market clearing time
threshold equal to one hour. The results demonstrate that a viable solution to the clearing of the
Internal Electricity Market can be attained with the current state-of-the-art of computers’ processing
power.

Review Paper 44

Erik Ela et al. [44] discussed on Market Designs for the Primary Frequency Response Ancillary
Service—Part I: Motivation and Design. This paper showed to various power system market
engineers for motivating them to install the primary frequency response PFR.
PFR is the quick, regular response of generation and demand to frequency deviation. This response
is very useful for avoiding instability that will lead to complete damage to system. Since the
ancillary services required for power system. This PFR technique is very crucial to meet the new
and recent trends. The electricity market behaviour is changing randomly so this study carried out by
author may be very useful to make the new requirement.

Review Paper 45

Subhonmesh Bose et al. [45] studied aunified market power measure for deregulated transmission
constrained electricity market.
In this paper the author purposed a functional power market measure known as Transmission
Constraint Network Flow(TCNF). They found that it is acceptable for renewable Integration and for
demand response. They observed that TCNF is merging three classes namely, Residual supply based
measure, network flow based and minimal generation based. They traversed that from Matpower, the
probability of including detailed AC power flow models. They also looked into DC approximation in
the current power market.

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