Digestive system

Functions:

• Digestion - breaking down of larger food particles into small molecules.

• Absorption - passage of these smaller molecules into blood and lymph

Basic process of digestion

• Ingestion
• Secretion
• Mixing and propulsion
• Digestion (Mechanical and chemical)
• Absorption
• Defecation

Wall of the GI tract

Has 4 layers:

• Mucosa (inner most layer) has structure:

➢ Folds – inc sfa and helps in digestion
➢ Glands – mucosa glands which produce enzymes for digestion
➢ Villi – present in mucosa of small intestine for absorption
➢ Crypts – depressions in the follicle for digestion
➢ lymphatic nodules – organs of immunity
MAKE NOTE ONE FOLD IS FOLLICA/MORE FOLICAE
Mucosa is lined by:
- epithelium
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosae
• Submucosa
• Muscularis
- outer longitudinal (sm)
- inner circular (sm)
*oblique layer is present only in the stomach
• Serosa/adventitia – covers organs of the abdominal cavity, stomach, and also pharynx in the
neck region

Organs of digestive system

a. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Starts from oral opening called rima oris and ends in anal opening. It consists of 3 parts:
1. Foregut (ant. part) – rima oris, mouth/oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach
2. Midgut - small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
3. Hindgut (post. Part)- large intestine: cecum, appendix, colon ARROW
ascending/transverse/descending & sigmoid AND rectum (ends in anal opening)

b. Accessory structures (the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas)
Oral cavity
Divided into 3 parts:
1. vestibule (ant to teeth & gums) - space bounded
• ant/ext - by lips and cheeks
• post/int - by gums and teeth
2. Proper oral cavity (post. To teeth & gums) - space bounded
• Anterolaterally by teeth & gums
• superiorly by palate
• inferiorly by mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles (oral diaphragm)
*b/w vestibule and proper oral cavity are teeth and gums
3. fauces isthmus - opening between the oral cavity and pharynx. fauces is surrounded
• superiorly by uvula
• superolateral by muscles of soft palate (palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal)
• inferiorly by root of the tongue.
fauces isthmus is surrounded by Limphoepitelial circle and consists of:
• palatine tonsils
• lingual tonsils
• paryngeal tonsil
• tubarial tonsils.

*Oral cavity consists of palate, tongue, and teeth.

I. Palate (has 2 parts)
Anterior part - hard palate (palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of the
palatine bone)
Posterior part - soft palate consists of muscles:
• uvula
• levator veli palatini
• tensor veli palatini
• palatoglossus (tongue in greek) makes arch
• palatopharyngeus makes arch
MAKE ARROW FOR PAIRED
ARCHES MAKE PALATINE TONSILS
Inferior wall is formed by oral diaphragm which is made by suprahyoid muscles (mylohyoid,
geniohyoid)

II. Tongue
Covered by mucosa.
Function: mechanical digestion, swallowing, speech, taste
Parts: root, body, tip(apex). Root and body are separated by terminal sulcus. In the center of
sulcus is foramen cecum. MAKE ARROW
*Foramen cecum is remnant of thyroglossal duct. Thyroid gland has duct which obliterates
after birth.
Surfaces: dorsum (upper), inferior (lower)
Muscles: skeletal voluntary muscles
• Extrinsic – originate from bones and inserts to the tongue. They are:
 -palatoglossus (m of soft palate)
-styloglossus (from styloid process)
-Hyoglossus (from hyoid bone)
-Genioglossus (from mandible)
• Intrinsic – originate from the tongue and insert to the tongue. They are:
-sup and inf longitudinal m
-verticalis
-transversus m
MAKE ARROW ALL ARE PAIRED
Papillae (contain tastebuds):
• filiform
• fungiform
• conical
• foliate – on lateral margins of the tongue
• circumvallate (the largest) - are in front of terminal sulcus.
• Frenulum & fimbriate folds - On the inferior surface
MAKE ARROW filiform, fungiform, conical are located on the dorsum.

Under the tongue:

• Sublingual papillae/caruncle (paired)

• Sublingual folds – contain openings for salivary glands’ ducts

III. Salivary glands

Function: secretion of saliva
Saliva: cleanse the mouth and teeth, lubricates, dissolves, begins the chemical breakdown of
the food
Major salivary glands:
1. Parotid (largest) - located on the ramus of mandible and masseter muscle. Has
superficial and deep parts. Parotid duct penetrates buccinator muscle and opens in
the oral vestibule at the level of the superior second molar.
2. Submandibular – located posterior to mandible on the oral diaphragm. duct opens
in the sublingual caruncle/papilla)
3. Sublingual - located under the tongue. has main duct (opens in the
caruncle/papillae) and 18 small ducts (open in the sublingual folds)

* Submandibular & Sublingual main duct both open in the sublingual caruncle/papilla

Minor salivary glands:

1. buccal
2. lingual
3. palatine

IV. Teeth
1. deciduous (milk) 20
 2. permanent 32

Groups of teeth:
2. Incisors – anterior (4) 2 right, 2 left from midline
3. Canines – (2) 1 right, 1 left
4. Premolars – “” 4
5. Molars – (6) molars 3 right 3 left

Incisors, canines and premolars have 1 root

Superior first molar root is divided into 2 parts so it biphid (of the apex region)

Inferior molars have 3 roots CHECK

ARCHES:

1. Superior/maxillary dental arch

2. Inferior/mandibular dental arch

MAKE ARROW each arch has 16 teeth in adults and 10 in children

Parts of the tooth:

Root – has apex which contains apical foramen.

neck, crown, root canal, pulp cavity
pulp & root canal contain – connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves
Vessels and nerves enter through the apical canal foramen

Composition:
2. Dentin – inside is pulp cavity in crown & root canal in the root
3. enamel - covers the dentin of crown.
4. cementum - covers the dentin of root.

Surfaces of teeth:
1. vestibular – faces vestibule of the mouth
2. lingual – faces the tongue
3. medial – faces anterior tooth
4. distal – faces posterior tooth
5. occlusal – faces opposite to teeth CHECK

MOUTH CONSISTS OF RIMA ORIS (OPENING B/W LIPS) AND ORAL CAVITY