INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Basic Statistical Tools (Module_Part 3)

t-test for Independent sample: Unpaired data

The formula for the Independent t is:

 Where, Degrees of Freedom is (n1 + n2) – 2.

Example:

A placement exam in mathematics was given to fifteen who had a modern

math background and ten students who had a traditional math background. See
results below. Test at 5 percent level of significance for the two groups.

Modern Math Traditional Math

background background
23 20
34 30
32 36
20 25
25 16
30 23
18 22
17 28
32 35
25 18
26
18
29
38
21
Solution:

1.

2. Level of significance

α =0.05

3. Degrees of Freedom

(n1 + n2) - 2 = (15+10) – 2 = 23 ; Critical Value / Tabular value = 2.069

4. Decision Rule:

If computed t-test is ≥ 2.069 , reject Ho

If computed t-test is < 2.069, accept Ho

5. Test Statistic:
 6. Decision:

Accept Ho

7. Interpretation:

There is no significant difference between the means of the Modern math

and traditional math background of the respondents.

t-test for dependent sample: Paired data

The formula for the dependent t is:

 Where D is the difference between pairs of scores,

 Degrees of Freedom = (n – 1)
Example:

A Professor in a University administered a pre-test to his students before a

lecture was given, then after the lecture a post-test were administered to evaluate if
the lecture was effective. See table below for the scores of students in pre and post
test. Test at 95% confidence level.

Students Pre-test scores Post-test scores

A 3 6
B 4 7
C 5 4
D 8 10
E 3 8
F 6 9
G 2 5
H 8 9
I 6 3
J 7 10
K 5 8
L 4 6
M 7 12
N 9 7
O 8 14

Solutions:

Student Pre-test Post-test D D2

s scores(X1) scores(X2)
A 3 6 3 9
B 4 7 3 9
C 5 4 -1 1
D 8 10 2 4
 E 3 8 5 25
F 6 9 3 9
G 2 5 3 9
H 8 9 1 1
I 6 3 -3 9
J 7 10 3 9
K 5 8 3 9
L 4 6 2 4
M 7 12 5 25
N 9 7 -2 4
O 8 14 6 36

n =15

Solution:

1.

2. Level of significance

α =0.05

3. Degrees of Freedom

(n – 1) = (15 – 1) = 14 ; Critical Value/Tabular Value = 2.15

4. Decision Rule:

If computed t-test is ≥ 2.15, reject Ho

If computed t-test is < 2.15, accept Ho

5. Test Statistic:
 6. Decision:

Reject H0

7. Interpretation:

There is a significant difference……………………………

Correlation
 An inferential statistical tool that determine the degree of relationship between
two or more variables in a paired data.

 is an statistical tool that can show whether and how strongly pairs of
variables are related.

Popular Correlation Coefficient Calculations:

1. Pearson “r” Product Moment Correlation:

Where:

n – sample size/number of observations

 - summation of “x” variable measurements

- summation of “y” variable measurements

- summation of the product of “x” and “y” measurements

- summation of squares of “x” variable measurements

- summation of squares of “y” variable measurements

2. Spearman “rho” Rank Difference Method:

Where;

D2 – summation of squares of rank difference of the two

variables measurements

Examples:

*Consider the data below:

(PUPCET Grades)→ X: 84, 95, 87, 84, 70;

(HS Average Grades)→ Y:88, 92, 90, 80, 85.

x y xy x2 y2
84 88 7392 7056 7744
95 92 8740 9025 8464
87 90 7830 7569 8100
84 80 6720 7056 6400
70 85 5950 4900 7225
  TESTING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF “r”

Degrees of Freedom = (n - 2)

Solution:
1.

2. Level of significance

α =0.05

3. Degrees of Freedom

(n – 2) = (5 – 1) = 4 ; Critical Value/Tabular Value = 2.776

4. Decision Rule:

If computed t-test is ≥ 2.776, reject Ho

If computed t-test is < 2.776, accept Ho

5. Test Statistic:

6. Decision:

Accept H0

7. Interpretation:

There is no significant relationship……………………………

One-way ANOVA
One-way ANOVA is used to test for differences among two or
more independent groups. Typically, however, the one-way ANOVA is used to test for
differences among at least three groups, since the two-group case can be covered by
a t-test (Gosset, 1908). When there are only two means to compare, the t-test and the
F-test are equivalent.

Step-by-Step Computational Procedure: One-Way Analysis of Variance for

Independent Samples

Step 1. Combining all groups together, calculate Sum of Squares Total(SST )

Step 2. Calculate the Sum of Squares Between groups (SSb)

Step 3. Take the Sum of Squares Within groups (SSw)

Step 4. Determine the Degrees of Freedom (DF) for Between and Within Groups

DFb = K – 1 DFw = NT - K
Step 5. Compute for the Mean Squares Between groups (MSb)

Step 6. Compute for the Mean Squares Within groups (MSw)

Step 7. Calculate F-ratio

Refer the calculated value of F to the table of critical values of F, with the appropriate
pair of numerator/denominator degrees of freedom.

Example:

*Three groups of students, 5 in each group, were receiving therapy for severe
test anxiety. Group 1 received 5 hours of therapy, group 2 - 10 hours and
group 3 - 15 hours. At the end of therapy each subject completed an evaluation
of test anxiety (the dependent variable in the study). Did the amount of therapy
have an effect on the level of test anxiety? Test at 99% confidence level.

The three groups of students received the following scores on the Test Anxiety
Index (TAI) at the end of treatment.

TAI Scores for Three Groups of Students

Group 1 - 5 hours Group 2 - 10 hours Group 3 - 15 hours
48 55 51
50 52 52
53 53 50
52 55 53
 50 53 50

( We will work on this during our virtual meeting….but purposes of smooth discussion
compute all necessary statistics to be applied)

Exercises:

1. Consider the data below to determine if there exists a significance difference in the
degree of seriousness encountered by the College Freshmen Students. Use 0.01
as the level of significance.

Student Before After

1 3.5 3.6
2 2 2.75
3 2.75 3.5
4 3 3.75
5 2.5 3
6 3.75 4
7 4 4.52

2. A researcher tried to test if there is a significant difference in the knowledge of

students before and after the subject was taken using pre-test and post-test with an
alpha of 0.05.
The following data was obtained.

Student no. Pre-test Post test

1 40 80
2 35 75
3 30 76
4 50 79
5 55 81
6 42 74
7 49 75
8 59 78
9 62 75
10 47 80
11 31 73
12 43 74
13 51 78
14 62 90
15 58 82
3. John is an investor. His portfolio primarily tracks the performance of the S&P 500 and
John wants to add the stock of Apple Inc. Before adding Apple to his portfolio, he wants
to assess the correlation between the stock and the S&P 500 to ensure that adding the
stock won’t increase the systematic risk of his portfolio. To find the coefficient, John
gathers the following prices for the last five years

Test at 0.05 level of significance.

4. A researcher tried to test if there is a significant relationship in the knowledge of

students before and after the subject was taken using pre-test and post-test with an
alpha of 0.05.

The following data was obtained.

Student no. Pre-test Post test

1 40 80
2 35 75
3 30 76
4 50 79
5 55 81
6 42 74
7 49 75
8 59 78
9 62 75
10 47 80
11 31 73
12 43 74
13 51 78
14 62 90
15 58 82

5. Consider the gain in weight of 19 female rats between 28 and 84 days after birth. 12
 were fed on a high protein diet and 7 on a low protein diet. Use 95% confidence
level.

High protein Low protein

134 70
146 118
104 101
119 85
124 107
161 132
107 94
83
113
129
97
123

6. Three different milling machines were being considered for purchase by a

manufacturer. Potentially, the company would be purchasing hundreds of these
machines, so it wanted to make sure it made the best decision. Initially, five of each
machine were borrowed, and each was randomly assigned to one of 15 technicians
(all technicians were similar in skill). Each machine was put through a series of
tasks and rated using a standardized test. The higher the score on the test, the
better the performance of the machine. The data are:

Machine 1 Machine 2 Machine 3

24.5 28.4 26.1
23.5 34.2 28.3
26.4 29.5 24.3
27.1 32.2 26.2
29.9 30.1 27.8

a. Perform an ANOVA on this data using 0.05 level of significance. Remember

that the program expect two fields, a Group field and Observation field. Are
there differences between the means by group?
b. What specific machines, if any, are different? Which machine would you
recommend for purchase?

7. A firm wishes to compare four programs for training workers to perform a certain
manual task. Twenty new employees are randomly assigned to the training
programs, with 5 in each program. At the end of training period, a test conducted to
 see how quickly trainees can perform the task. The number of times the task is
performed per minute is recorded for each trainee, with the following results:

Observation Program1 Program2 Program3 Program4

1 9 10 12 9

2 12 6 14 8

3 14 9 11 11

4 11 9 13 7

5 13 10 11 8

Perform hypothesis testing using 0.05 level of significance.

Prepared by:

Assoc. Prof. RENATO E. APA-AP

Research Coordinator – Science Cluster
Research Management Office