Nonenveloped (RNA) (CHP)
convalescence or previously vaccinated
• Calicivirus
• Hepevirus
• Picornaviruses
Envelope (DNA)
• Hepadnaviruses
• Herpesviruses
Single-stranded, DNA virus. No envelope.
• Parvoviruses
Double-stranded, RNA. No envelope
• Reoviruses/ Rotavirus
HEPATITIS B (HBV)
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
• most reliable marker for identifying
HBV infection.
• It becomes evident in the patient’s
serum weeks before any biochemical
evidence associated with liver damage
(biochemical liver assays may show only
minimal elevation).
• It remains in the serum during the
acute and chronic stages of hepatitis B.
• The presence of HBsAg 6 months after
acute infection indicates that the
patient is a chronic carrier.
HBeAg (hepatitis B e antigen) (CE)
• indicates high infectivity and a chronic
carrier state.
HBV DNA in the serum
• The best indication of active viral
replication and a high state of
infectivity
IgM (anti-HBcAg) to hepatitis B core antigen
(HBcAg) (AC)
• appears early in the course of disease,
during the acute infection.
Anti-HBsAg (antibody to surface antigen)
• indicates the patient is in
and has developed immunity.
HSV-1 (KEP HCG)
• gingivostomatitis
• pharyngitis
• herpes labialis
• conjunctivitis
• keratitis
• encephalitis (in adults)
HSV-1 and HSV-2
• cause of: mucous membrane and skin
lesions and ocular, visceral, and CNS
disease
CELL LINES:
• Adenoviruses: A-549, HEp-2, and He-La
cells. Grapelike cluster cytopathic effect
(CPE).
• Herpes: A-549, MRC-5, or Vero cell -MAV
lines. Rounding, refractile CPE.
• VZV:
▪ In cell culture: CPE of small
clusters of ovoid cells in fibroid
cells such as MRC-5, HF, and
A549
▪ Shell vial cultures: cytoplasmic,
apple-green fluorescence
• Coronaviruses: Vero-E6 cell line
• CMV: human fibroblasts
• Influenza virus: Primary monkey kidney
(PMK) cell lines. Fail to produce a CPE.
• Enterovirus: CPE of visible cell rounding
and shrinking. Refractility and cell
degeneration
• Rhinovirus: MRC-5. CPE large and small
round refractile cells in the fibroblast
Coxsackie A
• Herpangina
 • handfoot-mouth disease • Filoviridae
Coxsackie B • Flaviviridae
• pleurodynia • Orthomyxoviridae
• pericarditis • Paramyxoviridae
• myocarditis • Picornaviridae
Hepatitis A virus • Reoviridae
• only hepatitis group of viruses capable • Retroviridae
of growth in cell culture • Rhabdoviridae
• Togaviridae
• Other Infectious Agents
Winter months • Prions
• Rotavirus
• RSV
• Metapneumovirus negative sense RNA
• Influenza virus • Orthomyxoviruses
• SARS coronavirus

Urine
• adenovirus Hemorrhagic fever
• mumps virus • Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, yellow fever,
• enteroviruses (fecal contamination) dengue, and other viruses
• CMV
• Measles
• Rubella
• BK

DNA Viruses (AHH P^4)

• Adenoviridae
• Hepadnaviridae
• Herpesviridae
• Papillomaviridae
• Parvoviridae
• Polyomaviridae
• Poxviridae

RNA Viruses (mostly enveloped)

• Arenaviridae
• Astroviridae
• Bunyaviridae
• Caliciviridae
• Coronaviridae