English Handout

PNFI

Profesora:
Haidée Briceño

haibricuptamca@gmail.com

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 Contenido

Lesson One: Meeting people

1.1 Greeting
1.2. Introductions
1.3 farewells

Lesson Two: Comprehension Written Texts

2.1 Part of speech and basic pattern of English sentences

2.2 Verbal tense and use of gerunds
2.3 Phrasal verbs

Lesson Three: Word Formation

3.1 Roof and derivation words, affixation

3.2 Compound nouns.
3.3 Synonyms and antonyms

Lesson Four: Prediction reading technique

4.1 Cognates. Definition and importance of cognates

4.2 Elements
4.3 Definition of Prediction reading technique

Lesson Five: Skimming reading technique

5.1 Definition of Skimming Reading technique

5.2 Acronyms definition

Lesson Six: Scanning reading technique

6.1 Apply scanning to get information from a English text.

6.2 Translate English text in active or passive voice

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 PLAN DE EVALUACIÓN

OBJ UNIDAD DESCRIPCIÓN PESO FECHA

Dialogue 20 % 26/ 02
1.1 Unit 1 Al
Elaborar diálogos, orales y escritos en inglés 28/02/2024
1.2
(EVAL: 1) empleando vocabulario usados para saludar,
1.3
presentarse y expresar buenos deseos

Prueba Escrita. 15 % 29/04

2.1 Unit 2 Al
Dado un texto escrito en inglés, reconocer las 08/05/2024
2.2
2.3 (EVAL: 2) diferentes clases de palabras, los tiempos verbales,
los verbos fraséales y uso del gerundios que
componen el mismo

Prueba Escrita 15 % 20/05

3.4 Unit 3 Dado un texto escrito en inglés, reconocer palabras Al
3.5 (EVAL: 3) 22/05/2024
3.6 derivadas, nombres compuestos, presente en el
mismo
4.1 Unit 4 Taller 10 % 01/07
4.2 Dado un texto, en lenguaje técnico, escrito en inglés Al
(EVAL: 4) 03/07/2024
y haciendo uso de la técnica de lectura
“Predicción”, reconocer y extraer cognados y
predecir de que trata la lectura en un resumen corto
de la misma
5.1 Unit 5 Trabajo Escrito 20 % 07/10
5.2 Identificar y traducir al idioma materno los Al
(EVAL: 4) 09/10/2024
diferentes Acrónimos, frases nominales y/o palabas
compuestas, presentes en un texto escrito en inglés
técnico mediante la aplicación de la técnica de
lectura “Skimming”
Unit 6 Trabajo Escrito 20 % 01/11
6.1 Dado un texto escrito en inglés y haciendo uso de la Al
6.2 (EVAL: 5) 13/11/2024
técnica de lectura “Scanning”, identificar, extraer y
traducir al español el texto

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 Unit One
Meeting People

1.1 Greetings and introductions:

Useful Vocabulary
Two ways to introduce yourself Two ways to introduce others
 I'd like to introduce myself. My name is _______. (formal)  I'd like to introduce ______. (formal)
 Hi! I'm ______. (informal)  This is _______. (informal)

Ways to respond to introduction

 It's a pleasure to meet you. (formal)  How do you do? (formal)
 Pleased to meet you. (informal)  Nice to meet you. (formal)

Greetings
Ways to greet Ways to respond to greeting
 How are you? (formal)  I trust everything is well (formal)
 How is everything (formal)  What’ up? (very informal)
 How are you doing? (informal)  Good to see you
 How is everything going? (formal)  Fine, thank you
 How are things? (informal)  Oh, no too bad
 How have you been keeping? (formal)  Great!
 How's it going? (very informal)

Expressions for Farewells

Just as there are several standard Greeting a person you haven’t seen for a long time
expressions for greetings, there Formal Informal
are also expressions of farewell.
 Goodbye  It has been a long time  Where have you been hiding?
 So long  It’s been too long  It’s been ages since we last met
 I have to run  It’s been such a long time  What have you been up to all
 Catch you later  It’s always a pleasure to see you these years?
 Bye  I’m so happy to see you again  Long time no see
 See you later
 I have to be going now

Note: On first meeting use, "It's nice to meet you", and when departing "It was nice to meet you". For future meetings use, "It's nice to see you
again", and when departing, "It was nice to see you again."
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 Arrival
Set One: Names
RECEPTIONIST: Good morning
DIANA: Good morning. My name´s Diana Trent
RECEPTIONIST: Ah, yes, Mrs Trent. Room 20. Here´s your key.
DIANA: Thank you

RECEPTIONIST: And what´s your name, sir?

PAUL: Roberts
RECEPTIONIST: Are you Mr David Roberts?
PAUL: No, I´m not. I´m Paul Roberts
RECEPTIONIST: Ah, yes. Here´s your name. Mr Paul Roberts.
Your room number is 202
PAUL: Thank you
RECEPTIONIST: And here is your key, Mr Roberts
PAUL: Thank you

Set Two: Numbers

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
oh one two three four five six seven eight nine ten
1. Say these room numbers
Room number Name of Guest
201 Trent, Diana
202 Roberts, Paul
305 Hall, Vince
406 Jones, Sally
708 Roberts, David
803 Tessler, Dean
902 Freeman, Della

You are in the Caracas Hilton Hotel. Your room number is

401. Talk to the hotel receptionist.
Open Dialogue
Receptionist: Good Morning
You: ……………………
Receptionist: Is your name Trent?
You: …………………..
Receptionist: Ah, yes. What´s your room number?
You: ……………………..
Receptionist: Thank you. Here is your key, Number 406
You: ……………………………..

Work in grups or five or six. One of you is a hotel receptionist. The others are hotel guests,
Make a list of people´s names and give them each a room number. They arrive at the
reception desk. Ask their names, give them room numbers and keys
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 1.2 Pleased to meet you
Set Three: Greeting and Introductions

Informal Conversation
Hello. Are you Here for the video
Diana:
conference?
John: Yes, We are. Are you?
Diana: Yes, I am
That´s great. I´m John Prince and this is
John: colleague
Helen
Helen: Hi. Nice to meet you, Diana.
Paul! Come and meet these people. Paul,
Diana: this is John and Helen. They are here for
the conference, too
Paul: How do you do
That´s neat! “How do you do!” You British
John:
are very polite

Formal Conversation
Mr John Prince: Good morning! My name is John Prince
Receptionist: Good morning, Mr Prince. May I help you?
Yes, I have a meeting with Mrs Marbelling Stone at 10
Mr John Prince:
0’clock
Ok, let me see. Wait a moment, please. (through the
Receptionist:
intercom) Mrs Stone Mr Prince is here.
Mrs Stone: Good. Could you send Mr Prince in now please, Shirly?
Right... Mr Prince? Mrs Stone would like to see you
Receptionist:
now if you are ready.
Mr John Prince: Oh. Yes … right. Thank you very much

Receptionist: You’re welcome

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 1 Diana: Hello. I´m Diana and this is A. Hello. I´m… and this
Paul Work in group of three. is …
Paul: Hi. Pleased to meet you Use your own names like B. Hi. Pleased to meet
John Hello. Nice to meet you this you
C. Hello

2 This is Mr Roberts Work in group of three. Mrs Trent Mrs reedman

How do you do Introduce these people Mr Roberts Miss Tessler
How do you do formally Miss Jones Mr Hall

3 Sally: Excuse me, Is your name Paul Roberts?

Paul: Yes, It is, Work in pairs. Introduce yourselves to
Sally: Oh good! I’m Sally Jones. How do you do. each other in the same way. Use your
Paul: How do you do own names.

1.3 Farewell and goodbye

At the hotel restaurant

SALLY: Hi, Paul. How are you? Just fine. And you?
PAUL: Very good. Would you like a cup of coffee?
SALLY: No, thanks, I´m in a hurry. I have an appointment right Work in pairs. Greet
PAUL: now and I almost late. It was nice to see you again. a friend in the same
SALLY: Bye way, say good bye
Good bye. Take it easy. Have nice day and express farewells
At the hotel hall
RECEPTIONIST: Mrs Trent, your taxi is here
DIANA: Oh, thank you. Well, everybody, I´m afraid it´s time to
VINCE: go
Good bye, Diana, and good luck. It was great meeting
DIANA: you.
Good bye, Vince. Good bye, John. Take care of
yourselves. Please tell goodbye to Paul. See you next
JOHN: year in Manchester
It´ll a pleasure to see you again. Bye, Diana

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 Unit Two
Comprehension of English grammar
Definition
2.1 The different kind of words that are used in a sentence or
speech are called part of speech
Set One:
1. A Noun is used to name people, objects , place and
ideas.
Example: Antony is an clever young man
city sun moon rose park university
2. Pronouns are used in place of a noun
Example: I built a house / I built it

I you he she it we they / this that these those

3. A verb is used to describe an action
Example: Andy travelled to Mexico last week

kill think eat write run walk dream work

4. Adverb refers to a word that describe a verb, an
adjective, another adverb
Example: Smoking is seriously harmful to your health

Loudly after never late soon always well

there quickly often
5. An adjective is used to describe or qualify a noun
Example: She is a pretty girl

large tall angry nice fat small awful

6. A preposition is used to show the relation of one
thing to another
Example: We are talking about you

At, in, on, about, to, for, from, out, of, after, and, etc
7. A conjunction is used to join words or group of
words to one another
Example: I prefer tea but I hate coffee

and, or, so, after, neither, until, before, etc

8. An Interjection is used to express some sudden
rush of felling or excitement
Example: Alas! We have lost the match

Yeah! Oops! Well! Aja! Oh! Hooray! Phew!

Exercise: Recognaize. Which part of speech is the underline word in the sentences below?. Choose a, b,
or c
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 1 I bought a beautiful dress at the mall. a) noun b) adjetive c) adverb
2 What did she ask you to do? a) conjunction b) preposition c) pronoun
3 I left my shoes under the kitchen table a) preposition b) pronoun c) adjetive
4 We finish our homework quickly a) adverb b) conjuction c) pronoun
5 I want to study at the university in USA a) Adjetive b) preposition c) noun
6 On Saturday I work from 5 to 9 a) noun b) verb c) adverb
7 I´m sure I have met your parent before a) verb b) conjuction c) adjetive
8 Andy knocked on the door but nobody answered a) adverb b) adjective c) conjuction
9 After lunch let´s go out for a coffee a) pronoun b) preposition c) verb
10 Well, I don´t think I´ll be home before 7 pm a) interjection b) preposition c) pronoun

2.2 Basic tenses of English sentences

Set Two
Past Tense Present Tense Future Tense
Present simple (Do / Does) Future (going to) Future (will)
Past simple (Did)

I studied German He is going to play tennis / He will play

I study at the university tennis

Past continuous (was/were + Present continuous (am/are/is + Ving)

Future continuous (will be+ Ving)

I was studying gItalian last year I´m studying Maths

He will be driving a car
Past perfect (had + p p) Present perfect (have / has + p p)
Future perfect (will + have / has + p p)
I had studied French for 2 years
I have studied French for five year
He will has driven a car
Past perfect continuous

(had + been + Ving)

Present perfect continuous
Future Perfect continuous
(have /has + pp)
(will + have / has being + p p)

They had been working hard She has been driving a car for 5 hs
He will has been driving a car for 5
years next week

Exercise: Recognaizethe sentence in the following sentences

1. I have a puppy.
2. My brother bought fifty varieties of fighter fish.
3. There is a three-storeyed house in the corner of the street.
4. Manu is the new manager.
5. Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
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 Basic patterns of English sentences

There are five basic patterns around which most english sentences are built

Present You get up… You don´t get up… Do you get up at 5 am?
He / She gets up at 6 am He / She doesn´t get up at 5 am Does he / she get up at …?
Past We did our homework We didn´t do our homework Did you do your homework?
Future We will stay here He will not (won´t) stay here Will he stay at this hotel?

Transformation of tenses: Read the following sentences and change the tenses as per the given directions.
You might need to make changes in the adverbs as well.

1. I will be writing my exam this time tomorrow. (Change into past continuous tense)
2. He will be waiting for us. (Change into present continuous tense)
3. I know this. (Change into simple past)
4. He will have thought about this. (Change into present perfect tense)
5. He wanted to know more about the job. (Change into simple present)
6. I am leaving for England tomorrow. (Change into future continuous tense)
7. She hadn’t thought about that. (Change into simple past)
8. He will not accept this proposal. (Change into simple past)
9. He will not pass the test. (Change into future perfect tense)
10. I always wanted to be a scientist. (Change into present perfect tense)
11. She will not tolerate this injustice. (Change into simple past)
12. She did not want to go. (Change into simple present)

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 3.1 Phrasal verbs
Set Three:

YouTube English Vocabulary : Phrasal verbs | phrasal verbs with sentences | listen and practice - YouTube

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Exercise 1 – Fill in the blanks
Complete the following sentences by choosing the most appropriate phrasal verb from the list given. Make sure
you conjugate them as well.
(Call off, turn off, bring up, give away, dawn on, break down, take off, call in, hold on, turn down, sell out, fill in,
take up, go through, take off)

1. The truth of the matter finally ____ Tina.

2. Please ____ your socks before you enter the room.
3. The employees ____ the strike.
4. The neighbour asked us to _____ the music.
5. Please ____ the lights when you leave.
6. The flight will ____ any moment now.
7. ____ the study materials the teacher gave you.
8. ____ the surgeon immediately, the patient needs her.
9. Please ___ this application and submit it there.
10. Tim and his family ____ the kid as their own.
11. All the tickets for the Avengers were _____.
12. My car ________ in the middle of the road.
13. The kid decided to ____ a new hobby.
14. The judges will ____ to their decision for a while.
15. Please don’t ____ all your money.

Exercise 2 – Fill in the blanks

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate phrasal verb..
Give up, call off, get away with, work up, show up, make up, come up, put up, clean up, hang up)

1. Timothy finally ____ at the wedding.

2. Never ____ on your dreams.
3. ____ the room before you leave to play.
4. The convict is trying to _____ a story.
5. Mark Antony’s speech ____ the Roman people.
6. The convention was ____ due to the pandemic.
7. You can’t _____ such a horrible thing.
8. The parents couldn’t ____ with the naughty kid.
9. The speaker _____ on me.
10. Can you ____ with a new topic?

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Comprehension of grammar rules

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 Unit Three
3.4 Word Formation
Set One
The words which are not derived or developed from other words are called primary words. Primary
words are the original words in a language.

3.5 Compound words

Set Two
Some words are formed by joining two or more simple words. These words are called compound words.
Examples are: sunlight, however, kindness, undertake etc.

a) Read the sentences carefully and identify the compound nouns given below.
1. Write something on the blackboard.
2. My teacher had a heart attack.
3. They swim in the swimming pool.
4. Rahul’s father-in-law went to America last month.
5. My friend booked a dining – table for his colleagues in a restaurant.
6. In 2022, Argentina won the FIFA football match.
7. Do not drive without a driving licence.
8. Please underline the word.
9. Due to inflation, many Chinese companies shut down their company.
10. She is my mother-in-law.

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a. Complete the following sentence. Use the correct prefix
1. The newspaper led a campaign against social ….. justice (un / in / nonj)
2. His affairs brought ……honor. to the family. (dis / mis / un)
3. There are ……numerable stars in the sky. (un / in /dis)
4. You should never do business with ….. honest people. (un / dis / in)
5. Gasoline has a strong but ….offensive odor.(dis / un / in)
6. I am afraid I caught you at an ……………opportune moment.(in / un / non)
7. An ….. ordinare amount of money was spent on that project. (in / un / non)
8. 8. He has a/an …… satiable appetite. (un / in / non )
9. 9. Remove all …… pensabble items from the list. (dis / un / non)
10. 10. The accident …… figured her. (dis / un / mis)
11. 11. The letter made him …… sane with anger. (in / un / non)

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b) Write down the name of the person who does these things.
Example: farm famer
1. act ………….. 4. sing ………….. 7. economics …………..
2. employ ………….. 5. murder ………….. 8. translate …………..
3. football ………….. 6.. psychology ………….. 9. manage …………..

c) Complete the following sentences. Use the proper suffix to form nouns.
1. If you want to change your ___________ (appear) you must to buy new and modern clothes
2. Can you give me a __________ (describe) of the thief, please?
3. I wrote this letter as an ___________ (express) of my feeling
4. John is the ___________ (own) of this building
5. The __________ (develop) of technology have change our lives
6. It´s your __________ (responsible) to do the wishes after lunch
7. I´m Venezuelan. What is your___________ (nation)?
8. Let´s meet at the _____________(enter) of the museum
9. I hope you finally make right ___________ (decide)
10. When I had my first child my ___________(happy) was complete
11. My parents always gave me ____________ (strong) in every difficult time of my life
12. Can I give you ____________ (suggest) to your problem

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a) Write down an adjective (or adjectives) formed from these verbs or nouns

care careful comfort ………… sun …………

attract ………… knowledge ………… home …………
create ………… suit ………… fog …………
thought ………… fame ………… dirt …………
danger ………… rely ………… enjoy …………
politics ………… Use ………… music …………
pain ………… break ………… wash …………
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b) Fill in the gaps with the suitable adjective (or adjectives) from the exercises above
1. you must b very __________when you drive in wet weather
2. it was so __________this morningthat I couldn´t see more than 20 metre in front of me
3. Everybody in my country has heard about her, she is very ___________
4, The people in the tourist information office were __________ and answer the questions without any problems
5. It was very____________ when I hit my leg against the corner of the table
6. This bag is vey ________because I can use it for work, or when I go on holiday
7. This is a very _______ road, there were at least three serious accidents on it the last year
8. We´ve neverhad any problems with ourTV in ten years, It´s been very ______
9. The factory in the middle of the________ part the city, surrounded by other factory
10. I made some coffee but it was horrible. In fact, my sistersaid it was_________
11. I´m afraid my working hours are very __________; I have to start at exactly the same time every day and
finished at the same time everyday.
12. It seems terrible to me that there are so many ___________ people living in a city with thousands of empty
house

en ify
Harden Beautify
Soften Clarify
Shorten identify

Ise / ice ate

Economize Complicate
Realize Dominate
Industrializ Irritate
e

a) Write down verbs formed from the following words

Recognition visual decor sweat pollen
Stable real short just special

b) Fill in the gaps with the suitable verb from the exercises above
1. This restaurant _________ in serving fresh food to the customers
2. In November the temperature drop and the days __________
3. Flowers attract more bees to the garden, which in turn means they ________both flowers and vegetables
4. He tried to _____________ his behavior by saying he was under pressure of his boss
5. The blood pressure tended to __________
6. I have problems to ____________ the difference between two of them
7. They couldn´t __________ the problem they would face later on for their behavior
8. I tried to _________ his house while he was describing it to me
9. We have been engaged to ___________ our new house

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 Upwards; downwards; Homewards anti-clockwise; clockwise; edgewise

calmly; easily; quickly

a) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the word given in brackets.
1. His parents disapproved of his ……………………….. to quit his job. (decide)
2. They have ………………………. condition. (pity)
3. He has invested a ……………………….. amount of money in real estate. (consider)
4. When he learnt that he had failed the test, his ………………………… knew no bounds. (disappoint)
5. They executed the plan ……………………….. (success)
6. Celebrities enjoy great ………………………. (popular)
7. He is still ………………………. on his parents. (depend)
8. A teacher should be ……………………… (patience)
9. I cannot see much …………………….. between these two pictures. (different)
10. You cannot treat a serious subject with ………………………. (frivolous)

b) Fill in the blanks using the appropriate form of the word given in the brackets.
1. Vaccination provides ………………………. against many diseases. (immune)
2. How can you ………………………. your rude behavior? (just)
3. Your remarks may ………………………….. my thinking about the question again. (necessary)
4. He lacks political ………………………… (convict)
5. He insisted that the ……………………… was baseless. (accuse)
6. Cats are ………………………. by nature. (curiosity)
7. I was not at all ………………………. (impress)
8. The doctor was booked for medical ………………………. (neglect)
9. I was ………………………… right in front of my parents. (humility)
10. The doctor asked the nurse to ……………………… the syringe. (sterile)

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 Unit Four
Set One 4.1 Use cognates

a) Draw a large X through each square containing a false cognate pair and then complete the next
exercise (B)

theme tema exit éxito contest contestar biography biografía

quarter cuarto thesis tesis compromise compromiso author autor
velocity velocidad record recordar pie pie transport transpotar
center centro object objeto identity identidad question cuestión
list lista library librería narrate narrar vary variar

b) List the false cognate pairs you found in the list above and explain the differences between their
definitions in the right-hand column. The first row provides you with an example

English-Spanish How did you determine that this was a false cognate pair?
False Cognate Pair
embarrass--embarazo Embarrass (Eng.) means to cause someone shame and embarazo (Sp.) means pregnancy

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 Making Prediction is an important reading strategy to
learn vocabulary. It encourage students to use details and
clues from the text to anticipate what happens next in the
story this prompts them to actively think ahead while
reading to help them better comprehend the text.
Readers can use some elements which help them to
predict what the reading is about. These elements are
title, images, bold letters, cognates, capital and italic
letters

Recycling is the act of recovering and processing waste materials,

Recycling
plastic items being sorted at a recycling centre
for use in new products. The basic phases in recycling are the collection
of waste materials, their processing or manufacture into new products,
and the purchase of those products, which may then themselves be
recycled. Typical materials that are recycled include iron and steel
scrap, aluminum cans, glass bottles, paper, wood, and plastics. The
materials reused in recycling serve as substitutes for raw materials
obtained from such increasingly scarce natural resources as petroleum,
natural gas, coal, mineral ores, and trees. Recycling can help reduce the
quantities of solid waste deposited in landfills, which have become
increasingly expensive. Recycling also reduces the pollution of air, water,
and land resulting from waste disposal

Answer

1. What is the Reading about? Make your prediction

2. Which elements you take into account to make prediction?

3. Take out the cognates presents in the reading

4. Make a list of the unknown word and look at them at the diccionary

5. Write a summary of the Reading. Use your own word

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 Evaluated activity

and has enabled the human kind at each end with the

intensity of the ultra-quick virtual world. Now the

experts from Assignment Help will tell you

everything in detail.

Computer as we all know that is a part of or as a

result of technological development. Computer

Computer Technology: Innovation has transformed
technology is the combination of both hardware and
ourselves by expanding the speed of time. Since
software which made easier for the user to solve the
innovation is changing our lives each second.
complex and dynamic problems in an efficient
Robots are our new human model and toward the
manner. It is directly connected with the information
end, just robots control this world. Innovation is
technology and hence it covers a developing list of
presently attempting to go inside the human body
numerous software system devises and program.
and it’s nearly there and the objective is human
Computer technology basically includes networking,
blood and feelings.
programming, database design and various
Technology makes business and different fields
development that ensure proper working of the
quicker and simpler. Helps all understudies
computer and other devices..
including poor understudies and understudies with

inabilities, master essential and propelled Answer

aptitudes required for the universe of work. The 1. What is the Reading about? Make your prediction

technological and mechanical advancement has 2. Which elements you take into account to make

dependably given humankind the unexpected prediction?

headway that has dependably filled in as the way 3. Take out the cognates presents in the reading

for dynamic improvements. The development of 4. Make a list of the unknown word and look at them

the technology and accessibility of the web has at the diccionary

completely altered the world in an effective way 5. Write a summary of the Reading. Use your own

word

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 5.1 Acronyms 5.2 Skimming

Acronyms: Definition Example

An is formed by taking the Radar RAdio Detection And Ranging .
initial letters of a phrase and making a word
out of it. The classical acronym is also Gestapo- GEheime STAatsPOlizei, German for
pronounced as a word. Scuba was formed 'Secret National Police'.
from self-contained underwater breathing
RAM
apparatus. Occasionally, not just letters but a Random Access Memory
whole or part syllable can be used in the CRT –
formation of an acronym. These can be Cathode Ray Tube
thought of as a special case of acronyms. HDD
Another special case is one in which the initial Hard disk drive
letters form the acronym, but they are still CAT
pronounced as letters rather than according to Computer Assisted Translation
the rules of English spelling. Many ROM
organization names of this type. Read Only Memory
PPPAlU 1. Point to Point protocol
CU 2. Arithmetic-logic unit
DNS 3. Control unit
There are thousands of computer e-Commerce 4. Domain Name System
abbreviations that come in use every day. HTTP 5. Electronic Commerce
Some of these are the common ones, that even ISP 6. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
everyday folk know and use. IMAP 7. Internet Service Provider
Then there are some technical computer JPEG 8. Internet Message Access Protocol
abbreviations that deal with the technical KB 9. Joint Photographic Experts Group
aspects of computers and networking. 10. Kilobyte

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 Skimming is a reading technique or method
of rapidly moving of eyes over a text with the
purpose of getting only the main idea and a
general overview of the context.
Process
12. Read the title
13. Read the introduction
14. Read the first paragraph completely
15. Notice any chart, picture or graphic
COMPUTER SCIENCE
What is Computer Science?
Computer science is the third most popular
major amongst international students coming
to the United States. There are many reasons
that computer science is so popular, including
exceptional job security, uncommonly high
starting salaries, and diverse job opportunities
across industries. However, an international
student contemplating studying computer
science needs to ask themself, "What is
computer science?"
So, what is computer science? Generally speaking, computer
science (PSc) is the study of computer technology, both
hardware and software.
However, PSc is a diverse field; the required skills are both
applicable and in-demand across practically every industry in
today's technology-dependent world. As such, the field of
computer science is divided amongst a range of sub-disciplines,
most of which are full-fledged specialized disciplines in and of
themselves. The field of computer science spans several core
areas: computer theory, hardware systems, software systems,
and scientific computing. Students will choose credits from
amongst these sub-disciplines with varying levels of
specialization depending on the desired application of the
computer science degree. Though most strict specialization
occurs at the graduate level, knowing exactly what computer
science is (and where a student's interests fall within this vast
field) is of paramount importance to knowing how to study
computer science.
 How many noun compounds and acronyms can you
find? Make a list.
 What is the reading about?
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 Evaluated activity (20

Computer architecture is the arrangement of the components that

comprise a computer system (CS) and the engine at the core of the
processes that drive its functioning. It specifies the machine
interface for which programming languages and associated
processors are designed.
Complex instruction set computer (CISC) and reduced instruction
set computer (RISC) are the two predominant approaches to the
architecture that influence how computer processors function.
CISC processors have one processing unit, auxiliary memory, and
a tiny register set containing hundreds of unique commands.

These processors execute a task with a single instruction, making a programmer’s work simpler since fewer lines of code are required
to complete the operation.This method utilizes less memory but may need more time to execute instructions.A reassessment led to the
creation of high-performance computers (HPS) based on the RISC architecture. The hardware is designed to be as basic and swift as
possible and sophisticated instructions can be executed with simpler ones.
How does computer architecture work?
Computer architecture allows a computer to compute, retain, and retrieve information. This data can be digits in a spreadsheet, lines of
text in a file, dots of color in an image, sound patterns, or the status of a system such as a Flash Drive (FD).
 Purpose of computer architecture: Everything a system performs, from online surfing to printing, involves the transmission
and processing of numbers. A computer’s architecture is merely a mathematical system intended to collect, transmit, and
interpret numbers.
 Data in numbers: The computer stores all data as numerals. When a developer is engrossed in machine learning code and
analyzing sophisticated algorithms and data structures, it is easy to forget this.
 Manipulating data: The computer manages information using numerical operations. It is possible to display an image on a
screen by transferring a matrix of digits to the video memory (VM), with every number reflecting a pixel of color.
 Multifaceted functions: The components of a computer architecture include both software and hardware. The processor —
hardware that executes computer programs — is the primary part of any computer.
 Booting up: At the most elementary level of a computer design, programs are executed by the processor whenever the
computer is switched on. These programs configure the computer’s proper functioning and initialize the different hardware
sub-components to a known state. This software is known as firmware since it is persistently preserved in the computer’s
memory.
 Support for temporary storage: Memory is also a vital component of computer architecture, with several types often
present in a single system. The memory is used to hold programs (applications) while they are being executed by the
processor and the data being processed by the programs.
 Support for permanent storage: There can also be tools for storing data or sending information to the external world as part
of the computer system. These provide text inputs through the keyboard, the presentation of knowledge on a monitor, and the
transfer of programs and data from or to a disc drive.
 User-facing functionality: Software governs the operation and functioning of a computer. Several software ‘layers’ exist in
computer architecture. Typically, a layer would only interface with layers below or above it.

The working of a computer architecture begins with the bootup process. Once the firmware is loaded, it can initialize the rest of the
computer architecture and ensure that it works seamlessly, i.e., helping the user retrieve, consume, and work on different types of data.

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 Scanning is a reading technique or method Frecuently uso
for quickly looking through the reading
material to locate a particular piece of
information – a fact, a date, a name, an
address.

Process
1. Identify what you are searching for
2. Keep in mind the concept word, digits like
number or dates or information seeking.
3. Read looking for the specific information
needed.

Skimming Scanning
Skimming often refers to the way in which one
Scanning refers to the technique when one looks into
reads at a faster rate to gain the general idea
the document or the text provided for searching some
about the text without paying heed to the
specific text such as some keywords.
intentional and detailed meaning of the text.
Example - Now it may be applied to the real-life
For Example - When one reads the text only in
example of a dictionary, wherein one looks for a specific
order to understand the thesis statement, in
word meaning or a directory wherein one searches for
one or two lines.
the phone number of someone.

Skimming is achieved by reading that text

only which is considered to be relevant.
Skimming requires a lower understanding
of word recognition than compared to
scanning.
Scanning requires one to have a look at the
whole document quickly at least once.
Scanning requires a higher understanding of
word recognition compared to skimming.

Procedure - Read the introductory paragraph

and the conclusion paragraph very carefully. Procedure - You should search for headings and
You should search for headings and subheadings to get a good grasp of the idea, as to where
subheadings to get a good grasp of the idea. your required detail will be found.

Skimming and scanning, therefore, are two very different strategies for speed reading. They are used for
different purposes, and they require different reading skills, but they are very significant to go about
reading comprehension

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 1) Look for cognates
2) look for
compound nouns
3) Look for
Acronyms
4) Write a summary
of the reading

Evaluated activity
Read the following text about “Components of Computer Arquitecchure” (20

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Components of Computer Architecture
1. Input unit and associated peripherals
The input unit provides external data sources to the computer system.
Therefore, it connects the external environment to the computer. It receives
information from input devices, translates it to machine language, and then
inserts it within the computer system. The keyboard, mouse, or other input
devices are the most often utilized and have corresponding hardware
drivers that allow them to work in sync with the rest of the computer
architecture.
2. Output unit and associated peripherals
The output unit delivers the computer process’s results to the user. A
majority of the output data comprises music, graphics, or video. A
computer architecture’s output devices encompass the display, printing unit,
speakers, headphones, etc.
To play an MP3 file, for instance, the system reads a number array from the
disc and into memory. The computer architecture manipulates these
numbers to convert compressed audio data to uncompressed audio data and
then outputs the resulting set of numbers (uncompressed audio file) to the
audio chips. The chip then makes it user-ready through the output unit and
associated peripherals.
3. Storage unit/memory
The storage unit contains numerous computer parts that are employed to
store data. It is typically separated into primary storage and secondary
storage.
Primary storage unit: This component of the computer architecture is also
referred to as the main memory, as the CPU has direct access to it. Primary
memory is utilized for storing information and instructions during program
execution. Random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM)
are the two kinds of memory:
 RAM supplies the necessary information straight to the CPU. It is a
temporary memory that stores data and instructions intermittently.
 ROM is a memory type that contains pre-installed instructions,
including firmware. This memory’s content is persistent and cannot be
modified. ROM is utilized to boot the machine upon initial startup.
The computer is now unaware of anything outside the ROM. The chip
instructs it on how to set up the computer architecture, conduct a
power-on self-test (POST), and finally locate the hard drive so that the
operating system can be launched.
Secondary storage unit: Secondary or external storage is inaccessible
directly to the CPU. Before the CPU uses secondary storage data, it must be
transferred to the main storage. Secondary storage permanently retains vast
amounts of data. Examples include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state
drives (SSDs), compact disks (CDs), etc.
4. Central processing unit (CPU)
The central processing unit includes registers, an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU), and control circuits, which interpret and execute assembly language
instructions. The CPU interacts with all the other parts of the computer
architecture to make sense of the data and deliver the necessary output.
Here is a brief overview of the CPU’s sub-components:
1. Registers: These are high-speed and purpose-built temporary
memory devices. Rather than being referred to by their address, they
are accessed and modified directly by the CPU throughout execution.
Essentially, they contain data that the CPU is presently processing.
Registers contain information, commands, addresses, and
intermediate processing results.
2. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): The arithmetic logic unit includes the
electrical circuitry that performs any arithmetic and logical processes
on the supplied data. It is used to execute all arithmetic (additions,
subtractions, multiplication, division) and logical (<, >, AND, OR,
etc.) computations. Registers are used by the ALU to retain the data
being processed.
3. Control unit:The control unit collaborates with the computer’s
input and output devices. It instructs the computer to execute stored
program instructions via communication with the ALU and registers.
The control unit aims to arrange data and instruction processing.
The microprocessor is the primary component of computer hardware
that runs the CPU. Large printed circuit boards (PCBs) are utilized in
all electronic systems, including desktops, calculators, and internet of
things (IoT) devices. The Intel 40004 was the first microprocessor
with all CPU components on a single chip.
In addition to these four core components, a computer architecture
also has supporting elements that make it easier to function, such as:
5. Bootloader
The firmware contains the bootloader, a specific program executed by
the processor that retrieves the operating system from the disc (or
non-volatile memory or network interface, as deemed applicable) and
loads it into the memory so that the processor can execute it. The
bootloader is found on desktop and workstation computers and
embedded devices. It is essential for all computer architectures.
6. Operating system (OS)
The operating system governs the computer’s functionality just above
firmware. It manages memory usage and regulates devices such as the
keyboard, mouse, display, and disc drives. The OS also provides the
user with an interface, allowing them to launch apps and access data
on the drive.
Typically, the operating system offers a set of tools for programs,
allowing them to access the screen, disc drives, and other elements of
the computer’s architecture.
7. Buses
A bus is a tangible collection of signal lines with a linked purpose; a
good example is the universal serial bus (USB). Buses enable the flow
of electrical impulses between various components of a computer’s
design, transferring information from one system to another. The size
of a bus is the count of information-transferring signal lines. A bus
with a size of 8 bits, for instance, transports 8 data bits in a parallel
formation.
8. Interrupts
Interrupts, also known as traps or exceptions in certain processors, are
a method for redirecting the processor from the running of the current
program so that it can handle an occurrence. Such an event might be a
malfunction from a peripheral or just the fact that an I/O device has
completed its previous duty and is presently ready for another one.
Every time you press a key and click a mouse button, your system
will generate an interrupt.
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