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Aim: To observe tests with the following cations: Ca2+, Al3+, Pb2+, Zn2+,Cu2+,Fe2+,
Fe3+, NH4+
Apparatus: 12 test tubes, 1 test tube rack, white background, 12 droppers, 8 * 100mL beakers
Materials: Aqueous ammonia, aqueous sodium hydroxide, cation samples, potassium iodide,
hydrochloric acid
Diagram
Procedure:
1. A few drops of aqueous sodium hydroxide were added to a test tube containing a
solution of cation
2. Observations were recorded
3. Aqueous sodium hydroxide was added in excess to the same test tube containing a
solution of cation
4. Observations were recorded. Where there was no formation of a precipitate, the
solution was gently warmed and tested for ammonia.
5. Steps 1-4 were repeated using another solution containing a cation
6. A few drops of aqueous ammonia were added in excess to the same test tube
containing a solution of cation
7. Observations were recorded
8. Aqueous ammonia in excess was added to the same test tube containing a solution of
a cation
9. Observations were recorded
10. Steps 6-9 were repeated using another solution containing cations
11. To a test tube with a solution containing lead cations, a few drops of aqueous
potassium iodide were added. Observations were recorded.
12. To a test tube with a solution containing lead cations, a few drops of hydrochloric acid
were added. Observations were recorded
13. Steps 11-12 were repeated using a solution containing aluminium cations
Observations:
Title: THE SODIUM HYDROXIDE CATION TEST CONDUCTED USING VARIOUS
CATIONS
Title:
Confirmatory Test
Lead solution + KI
Aluminium solution
+ KI
Aluminium solution ● No
+ HCL precipitate
was formed
Lab #
Lab Skill: ORR
Topic: Qualitive Analysis II
Title: Testing for anions
Aim: To observe tests with the following anions: I-, Br-, SO42-, SO32-, CO32-, NO3-
Apparatus: 7 test tubes, 1 test tube rack, white background, 7 droppers, bunsen burner, test
tube holder
Materials: barium chloride, barium nitrate, HCl, nitric acid, copper fillings, anions
DIAGRAM OF APPARATUS:
Procedure:
1. To a solution containing sulphite ions, barium chloride solution was added.
Observations were recorded
2. To the same test tube, dilute hydrochloric acid was added. Observations were
recorded.
3. Steps 1 and 2 were repeated using solutions containing sulphate ions and carbonate
ions.
4. To a solution containing nitrate ions, concentrated sulphuric acid was added.
Observations were recorded and then copper filings were added. The mixture was
heated and observations were recorded.
5. To a solution containing chloride ions, silver nitrate solution was added and
observations were recorded.
6. To the same test tube, aqueous ammonia was added. Observations were recorded.
7. Steps 5 and 6 were repeated using solutions containing Bromide ions and iodide ions.
Observations:
Br - Dropwise: Milky
white precipitate was
formed
(Clear and
In excess: pale
colourless) yellow, milky
precipitate
I- Dropwise: Light
green precipitate was
(Clear and formed
colourless)
In excess: Precipitate
remains and settles
to the bottom
TITLE:
Lab #
Lab Skill: ORR
Topic: Qualitative Analysis III
Materials: Solution X, aqueous sodium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, silver nitrate, barium
chloride, dilute hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, red and blue litmus papers
Diagram of Apparatus:
TITLE:
TITLE-
Sources of Error
Precautions
Conclusions
Reflection
Lab #
Lab Skill: ORR and AI
Topic: Redox and Electrochemistry
Title: Electrolysis of Sodium Bromide
Apparatus: beaker, connecting wires with alligator clips, 2 retort stands and clamps, 9 volts
battery, graphite rods
Diagram of Apparatus:
Procedure:
1. The ammeter, graphite rods and battery were connected as shown and the circuit
diagrammed.
2. Graphite electrodes in clamps connected to separate retort stands.
3. The electrodes were lowered into the saturated solution of sodium bromide and
immediately the stop clock was started and timed for 2 minutes
4. The current reading from the ammeter and any observations which occurred at each
electrode were recorded.
Results:
Current reading on ammeter:
Title-
Data Analysis: