Initiation To Translation

INITIATION TO TRANSLATION
A coursepack designed for semester 3 students
Designed and compiled by:

Pr. Abdelkarim El Amari
Revised Edition: September 2016
Content
1 Nature of Translation 4
1.1 Knowledge 4
1.2 Decision Makers 5
1.3 Translation as Rewriting 5
1.4 Criteria for a Good Translation 5
1.5 Three Steps for Novice Translators 6
1.6 Translation Problems 13
1.7 Translation Shifts 13
1.8 Possible Strategies in Translation 15
1.9 Contrastive Linguistics in Translation 24
2 Getting Words Across: Word-Level Translation Problems and Strategies 25
2 .1 Word-Level Translation Problems 27
2. 1.1 Lexical Gaps 27
2. 1.2 False Equivalents 30
2. 1.3 Borrowings 35
2. 1.4 Word Frequency 36
2. 1.5 Ambiguity 38
2. 1.6 Semantic Complexity 40
2. 2 Translation Strategies 42
2. 2.1 Translation by Deletion 42
2. 2.2 Translation by Substitution 46
2. 2.3 Translation by Morphological Unpacking 52
3. 2.2.4 Translation by Paraphrasing 54
2. 2.5 Translation by Transliteration 56
Exercises 59
3 Putting Words Together: Phrase-Level Translation: Problems and Strategies 63
3. 1 Translation Problems 64
3. 1.1 Structural Mismatches 64
3. 1.2 Functional Mismatches 66
3. 1.3 Structural Ambiguity 70
3. 2 Non-compositional Meaning 72
3. 2.1 Frozen Expressions 73
3. 2.2 Collocations 75
3. 2.3 Phrasal Compounds 79
3. 2.4 Idioms 81
4 Equivalence at word level 87
4 .1 The word in different languages 87
4.1.1 What is a word? 87
4 .1.2 Is there a one-to-one relationship between word and meaning? 88
4 .1.3 Introducing morphemes 88
1
4 .2 Lexical meaning 89
4 .2.1 Propositional vs. expressive meaning 89
4 .2.2 Presupposed meaning 90
4 .2.3 Evoked meaning 91
4.3 The problem of non-equivalence 93
4 .3.1 Semantic fields and lexical sets - the segmentation of experience 94
4.3.2 Non-equivalence at word level and some common strategies for dealing with it 96
4.3.2.1 Common problems of non-equivalence 96
2
Introduction
1. Background
Translation is a very promising activity. As an academic discipline, it enables students to enrich their
knowledge and improve their language competencies. As a professional activity, it opens up opportunities
(possibilities to access the job market) to a very open market, where the demand to translate is steadily
increasing.
Being aware of the skills and competencies that semester-three are expected to develop, I have designed
and compiled this course-pack titled ‘Initiation to translation’ with a major goal to guide our students to a
new field of activity. I started from the assumption that our students face lot of problems in understanding
and rewriting (translating) from one language into another ( culture to culture). They need to be smoothly
introduced to a very demanding field called translation.
2. Objectives
The approach adopted in this course-pack lies in providing semester 3 students with the basic tools and
mechanisms that enable them to translate. The goal is to make them appreciate a subject matter which fails
to attract Moroccan students, though it shows potentials and offers job opportunities.
3. Content and organisation of the course book
The course-pack opens with discussing the nature of translation starting with a brief definition of
translation and covering all other aspects that need to be taken into account while translating. Then it
moves to more specific components at word-level Translation and the problems that can arise and the
strategies followed to solve them appropriately. Next, The course-pack deepens the insight through
studying Phrase-Level Translation with related issues and strategies to resolve them. Finally, it discusses
equivalence at word level, a very crucial element in translation, to explain the impact on meaning
construction. This chapter was added to show that the key element in translation is the concept of
Equivalence that we intend to introduce to our students in a very soft way, though we belief, in its broader
sense, equivalence is an extremely complicated concept.
The linearity by which we built our course-pack is derived from our concern that semester three-students
strongly believe that translation operates at the level of the word and extends on the sentence. For fear not
to shake their beliefs, we narrowed the scope of the course-pack to concentrate on word and sentence-
Level in view to introduce more complex issues for semester-four students. I also prepared an exercise
book that goes hand in hand with the course-pack to allow students to deal with translation in an
autonomous way joining theory to practice.
In elaborating this course-pack, I relied on different resources that touch very closely on the issue I want
to tackle with my students. The references are the following:
1) Abulhassan Hassan B-E.( 2014). Between English and Arabic: a practical course in
translation, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
2) Mughazy M. (2016). The Georgetown guide to Arabic- English translation, Washington
DC: Georgetown University Press.
3) Baker M. (1992). In other words: a coursebook on translation, New York: Routledge.
3
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Initiation To Translation

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A coursepack designed for semester 3 students

Designed and compiled by:

We saw that individual words can somet +8&('/7(&'01),(6)0+7,'

;<! !=>?@ABCD< !

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Initiation To Translation

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Copyright

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Initiation To Translation

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INITIATION TO TRANSLATION

A coursepack designed for semester 3 students

Designed and compiled by:

We saw that individual words can somet +8&('/7(&'01),(6)0+7,'

;<! !=>?@ABCD< !

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;<! !=>?@ABCD< !