Chapter one

1. Introduction

1.1 Background
In developing countries especially in sub Saharan Africa poverty and food
insecurity is the serious problem. In 1970s the number of people affected by
hunger and malnutrition is reach about 80 million in 1984.the current years and in
the 1990s there is projected to be 150 million [FAO, 2005.]

In Ethiopia food production was increasing at rate of 1.7% per annum compare to
the population growth of 2.9% annually during 1980s. The inadequate growth in
production has led to increase food insecurity in many parts of Ethiopia. this due to
inadequate and unrealizable rainfall, soil degradation, small land size, civil war and
ethnic conflict, poor transport and infra structure, policy and strategic problem,
rapid population growth, un improved seed using and livestock disease, gender in
equality and lack of storage facility. On the other hand, the minimum food
consumption requirement of the country is unable to meet even the
recommended level of minimum daily per capital food intake of 2100kca (225kg
per year) or approximately 616gm/person/day.[TGE, 1994]. As estimated by FDRE
in 1996 about 52% of the country’s population is below the poverty line.
(Mulugeta, 2002).

On other hand, in Dawo woreda which was found in south west Shea and located
96km from Addis Ababa city show the same situation as Ethiopia. But this area the
number of live stock in 1999 was 234221 which were decreased to 138167 in 2009.
The mai9in reason for this was drought that occurs in 2008 (BORD, 1999, 2009).

1.2 statement of the problem

Even if agricultural sector has received the attention in the countries development
strategy Ethiopia is still food deficient country. This is mainly due to dependency of

1
agriculture on rain fall, traditional way of cultivation, small land size, family size,
civil war, undiversified seed, unreliable rain and recurrent drought, inadequate
infrastructure, poor linkage between extension and researchers, misguided
economic policy and environmental degradation (mulugeta, 2002).

Agricultural production which was very vulnerable to manmade and natural

disaster makes it subject to famine and households have lack to with food
insecurity (bezabih, 2000). Drought shock have common occurrence in Ethiopia
during past. The probability of drought shock occur in Ethiopia is as high as three
(3) out of ten (10) year. the number of drought affected population in the county
since the big famine mid 1980 to 1995 range from a minimum of 2.53 million in
1987 to 7.85 million in 1992 (FDRE, 1996).Dawo woreda was also affected by the
same factor, especially in 2008. Agricultural production is mainly affected by
drought. As a result of drought in this woreda the number of livestock with
decrease by 96054 number in 1999 – 2009. This is cause for food insecurity in this
area. Since this area is mainly depend on livestock and crop production that is
vulnerable to drought poverty and food insecurity is the result (BORD, 1999, 2009).

1.3 objective of the study

The general objective of the study is to discuss factors affecting food security in
Dawo woreda of south west Shea zone.

1.3.1 Specific objective

1. To identify the food security level of the area

2. To identify the main cause of food insecurity

3 To prepare intervention for mitigation of food insecurity

1.4 research questions

1. What is the food security level or status of the woreda?

2. What are the main factors for food insecurity of the study area?

2
3. In what manner food security can be successful?

1.5 significance of the study

This study deals with the accessibility, availability and utilization of food security.
On the other hand this study used for planning, for project designing, for policy
formation and strategic performance in this area by the professionals of
government and non government. It can be used as a source of information for the
studies of related problems and constraint. Generally the significance of the study
is important to provide information and recommendation about identified
problem

1.6 scope of the study

The study focused on factors affecting food security in Dawo woreda of south west
Shea. It is start in 2010 and can be completed in 2011. The overall effect of food
insecurity on the living condition would not cover. Because it would lead an over
complicated issues the studying activity.

The studies cover food security level, the main causes of food insecurity and what
the studies consider to overcome food security problem.

3
 Chapter two
2. Related literate

2.1 Definitions of terms

Food security is defined in different ways by international organization and
researches. But major components of the most common definition are summed up
by the Maxwell and frankeenberger from over thirty reviewed definition. Food
security is achieved when all people at all times have physical and economical
access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their needs and food
preferences for an active and health life.(fao,1996.) Based on agro physical, socio
economic and biological factors food security has three fundamental elements.

 Food availability: is achieved when sufficient quantities of food are

consistently is available to individuals with in a country. Such food can be
supplied through household production, other domestic out or commercial
imports or food donation.
 Food utilization: is the proper biological use of food requiring a diet
providing sufficient energy and essential nutrients water and adequate
sanitation.
 Accessibility: is ensured when household and members of household have
adequate resources to obtain appropriate food for a nutritious diet which
depends on income and production. so that as secure access at all times to
sufficient food for health life. (maxwell and frankenberg, 1992).

2.2 measurement and indicator of food security

2.2.1 Classification of indicators

A number of indicators have been identified to make monitoring of food security

situation. First, food security supply indicators (rainfall, area planted yield for
casting and estimation of production. Second, social stress indicators (market
prices, availability of production in the market, labor pattern wage and migration.
Third, individual stress i.e. nutritional status, disease and mortality.(relief and
rehabilitation commission, 1990.) Another important indicator for food security is
copping strategy which is related to food access indicators. There is no fixed rule to
use indicator measurement. But they were used depending on the objective of the
study, availability of data and complexity of the situation (eele et al, 1993).

4
2.2.2. Measuring food security

At national level food security can be measured in terms of food demand

(requirement) and supply indicator. That is the quantities of available food versus
needs. The supply of food versus needs: the supply of food comes from production
while demand is determined on the bases of biological or nutritional requirement
of given society for certain period of time (Ethiopia nutritional institute1993).
Another way of measuring food security is, the food balance sheet system for each
household. The following variables entered the balance sheet as addition or
subtractions from own production of grain at household level. Grain purchases (+)
grain received gift (+) post harvest grain looses (-) cereals used for seed (-)
different conversion factor were used to convert the available grain to total
calories available for each household. Secondly the food supply at household level
calculated in the step one was used to calculate the calories available per kilogram
per person per year was used for each household. Thirdly following FDRE (1996)
2100calories to calculate kilo calorie required per person per year for each
household to measure calorie required (i.e. demand). Fourthly the difference
between calories available and calories demanded by household was used to
determine the food security status of the household (hailed et al, 2005). Lastly
household whose available per capital calories were found to be greater than their
demand were regard as food secure while household experiencing a calories
deficient and were regard as food insecure.

2.3. Food security situation in Ethiopia.

Food security situation in Ethiopia is cited in different ways. The gap between crop
production and total supply become wider especially in 1982/83 - 1994/95 by
showing the importance food imports into the country. The highest production
was in 1982/83 (i.e. about 4.874 million ton and 7.807million tons.) respectively
while the lowest production was occurred during the 1984/85 peak famine year
(Tasfaye and Tepee, 1995). The fact that the economy depend largely on
agricultural production which is vulnerable to natural and manmade disaster that
make it subject to famine household. Inability to cope with food insecurity is due
to successive productive faller manufactured itself as famine (Mulugeta, 2002).

2.4. Main cause of food insecurity.

5
The worsening poverty profiles. Falling income have entailed among other things
that is earning per month from single jobs with low amount is causes for low
purchase as a supply of food (world labor report, 1994.)

The employment situation; it has been characterized by rising un employment has

been grown and this cause for dependency and food insecurity was the
result.(international labor organization, 1994).

The demographic situation; the African population estimated 744 million in 1995
and will double in 23 years at the current growth rate of about 3%per annual. The
rapid rate of growth has made irrational management of recourse, as population
pressure contributes to un sustainable use of natural recourse and environmental
degradation which causes for poverty and food insecurity (world population
prospect, 1992).

Family size is factor that was expected to have an influence on food security status
of household. the majority of farm household in Ethiopia are small scale Semitic
substance produces with limited amount .agricultural input causes for low
production and increasing in family create pressure on food security (halie et
al,200).

Oxen owner ship; having an oxen from production also affect food security status
of the family .ox is serve as a source of traction in many developing countries.
Animal traction power enables house hold to cultivate greater areas of land and to
excuse agricultural operation timely (Govereh and Jayne, 1999.)

Fertilizer use; is used by most studies as a proxy for technology according to the
literature subsistence farming by in nature is production for direct consumption
studies by Rutch (2003) and smith and huang (2000) on the role of fertilizer in
agricultural production and influence the food security status of household. (Halie
et al, 2005.)

Education; is an additional factor which thought to influence the household food

security. Education helps to take new technology that used to increase production
at household level. (Najafi, 2003.)

Farm land size; is also an important factor to be considered ender to increase crop
production. According to Najafi (2003) food production can be increased by
increasing extensively through expansion of area under cultivation.

6
Household wealth status, from the other important source of livelihood, livestock
contribute to household economy indifferent ways. I.e. they are used as source of
food transport cash income and means of coping during crop failure and other
calamities. (Kangaroo et al, 2001.)

2.5 policies and strategic effort to address food insecurity

The food security strategy addresses both the supply and the demand side of the
food equation which means it address the availability and entitlement respectively.
it gives attention to three major area.

 increasing food and agricultural production

 improving food and agricultural production
 strengthening capability to manage food crises

The food production component focuses on the availability and distribution of

improved technology in areas of reliable rains and expansion of irrigation schemes
in areas where there is insufficient rainfall. The food entitlement strategies aim at
reducing alternative poverty reducing development schemes. They are three
components of food entitlement strategies, employment (income support
schemes, targeted programmed nutritional intervention.) The overall aim is the
transfer of recourse to the vulnerable population (Mulugeta, 2002).

2.6. Empirical studies on factors affecting food security

Since food security is relatively resent development there are only few studies on
the subject particularly in the developing countries including Ethiopia. Some
studies that were made to indentify factor affecting food security at household
level has been summarized below. The study on causal relationship between the
varies elements food availability, access and utilization and focus the link between
the resource commended by household, income and individual consumption
[young, 1992].farther more indentified that a range of important factors that lead
to the food insecurity of household in developing world. A number of factors are
combined to make the Ethiopian society vulnerable to food insecurity among the
major factor affecting food security are

 Physical (rainfall, soil erosion etc)

 Demographic (high population growth )
 Political factor (i.e. distorted state policies in past) and
 Cultural factors [shawl, 1993].

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 Chapter three
3. Methodology

3.1 Description of the study area

Dawo woreda is found in south west Shea zone of Oromya regional state. This
woreda is bounded the north by Dandi woreda, in the south by Bacho woreda, in
the west by Ilu woreda and in the east Waliso woreda and located 96 km to the
south west of Addis Ababa. There are 22 kebeles and one town was existed in the
woreda. 31% of climate condition is degas’ while 69% is Wayne degas with
topography of 2050-3100 m above sea level. the total land size of the area is about
4100094 hectares with 573944 hectares of grass land, 160 hectares of land not
suitable for cultivation 31446.29 land of cultivation and others where land of
house. The annual temperature and rainfall were 14-21 degree cent grade and
900-1400 mm respectively. The total population is about 86703 with 44018 male
and 42685 female. They depend on live stock production and cultivation of crop.

3.2. Data and data source

The studies would get data both from primary and secondary data sources.
Primary data were collected through enter viewing and observing while secondary
data was obtained from bureau of agriculture of the woreda.

3.3 Sampling technique

The sampling method to be used to conduct these researches was probability and
non probability sample. The studies would use purposive sampling to select the
woreda and woredas’ kebeles and probability sampling to select the household.
Thus sampling technique would be used to select 40 household.

3.4 Method of data collection

The researcher use key informant people to approach, then though observation
and inter viewing the people data would be gathered both quantitatively and
qualitatively. So that sample household will be interviewed to collect data.

8
3.5 Methods of data analysis

In order to analysis this data descriptive statistical tool is used by using SPSS
method. In this method cross tabulation, frequencies and percentile were used
addition to this tables would be included

9
 Unit four
Result and discussion

4. Introduction
In this unit, the result and discussion of collected data is analyzed. It is concerned
with measuring of food security status, the main cause of food insecurity and
making intervention to mitigate food security in the study area.

4.1. Measuring the level of food security

There is no fixed rule to use the indicator and measurement of food security, but
they can be used depending on the objective of the study, availability of data and
complexity of the situation. (Eele et al, 1990). In the following table different types
of crop used by household of this woreda ware presented

Table.4.1 Types of grain crop used by household of the woreda

no list of grain frequency percentage

1 wheat 37 92.5
2 barley 36 90
3 teff 35 87.5
5 maize 35 87.5
cereal crop
89.3%
6 bean 25 62.5
7 pea 20 50
8 chickpea 28 70
9 vetch 25 62.5
pulse crop
61.5%
10 meat rare
11 Milk and product 10 25
12 vegetables 20 50
Source own survey, 2010

As it is indicated in the above table about 89.3% of people in this woreda consume
cereal crop while about 61.5%of consumption was gained from pulse crops and
others. All this grain types is used as a content of food in this woreda. Food

10
security is achieved when all people at all times have physical and economical
access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their needs and food
preferences for an active and health life (FAO,1996). In order to undertake
analysis of food security status and factors affecting household food security, the
household expenditure per AE has been compared with the minimum expense
required to cover the minimum subsistence requirement per AE per annum that
can be used as a yardstick for measuring food security. It is difficult to know the
income of household directly but it possible to analyze their income from total
expense per AE per annual. Those expenses are total expense for consumption,
clothe, health and tax was presented in the following table.

Table 4.2: Estimation of minimum income required per AE per year

no expenses category expenditure *sources of

per AE information

in birr kg

1 staple food (cereals) 265 225 computed based

on min. calorie
requirement

2 .other food: pulses, 60 50.90 based on

relish, vegetables, monitored
stimulants, animal information in
products, etc storck et al.,(1997)

3 . clothes 40 33.90 storck et al. (1997

4 . health care 64 54.23 world bank (1993
5 land use tax 5.35 4.53 minimum tax, 25
birr /farm

6 total 434.35 368.56

Source secondary data * Sources of information for expenditure per AE

Note: 1 us $ was 8 birr in 1999

It is indicated in table 4.2 above, the food security of any household is decided
depending on the minimum total expenditure of 434.35birr or 368.56kg of cereal

11
crop. Accordingly, evaluating the extent to which household income covers the
minimum level of expense needed for subsistence can assess the extent to which
the sample households are food secure or insecure but depending on the
availability of data and total consumption requirement in terms Kca food security
status of household were analyzed in this way. The minimum daily per capital food
intake of 2100kcal (225kgper year) or approximately 616gm/person/day(TGE,1994)
which is applicable for cereal crop as it is indicated in table 4.2, but people of
woreda consume pulse, vegetables and animals product in addition to cereals as it
is indicated in table 4.1. Generally to analyze food security of this woreda 616gm
from cereal crop and 139gm from pulse, vegetables, animal product, and stimulant
and relish, this was totally about 755gm per day per person. To use this
measurement step by step is used. Firstly the amounts of grain used by household
for seven day of a week were added. Secondly changing the available grain used
into gram and divided it for seven days of a week than the amount of grain used
by all household members for a day were gained and divided it again to members
of household to get the amount of grain used by single person of them per day in
gram or kcal. Thirdly the minimum consumption requirement or 755gm per day
per person used to identify food security and insecurity at household level.
Fourthly household whose consumption is greater than 755gram is food secure
while household those consumption is less than 755gram is food insecure.

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 Table 4.3.Food security level of household

no consumption range(in level of food security percent

gm per person/day) >755gm of <755gm of
consumption consumption
food secure food
hh(n=10) insecure
hh(n=30)

1 below 550 13 32.5

2 551-650 - 10 25

3 651-754 - 7 17.5

4 above 755 10 - 25

total 10 30

total 25 75 100
percent
Source own survey, 2010

As it is analyzed in table 4.3 75% of household of the woreda were food insecure
while 25% of them were food secure. Information from sample household
indicates that high concentration of food insecurity existed between times of
planting have harvesting which is known as summer season.

4.1.1. Demographic characteristic of household

Food security of household is affected by different factors. From those factors

demographic characteristic of household have great relationship with food security
status of sample household. In the following table the food security status and
demographic characteristic such as marital status, age, head and education level
were described.

13
Table 4.3: Demographic characteristics and its effect on food security status

no demographic xcs level of security total percent

food food
secure insecure
1 age 30-40 2 6 8 20
41-50 1 5 11 27.5
51-60 6 10 16 40
61-72 1 9 10 25
2 head male 9 23 32 80
female 1 7 8 20
3 marital married 5 26 31 77.5
divorce 1 0 1 2.5
widowed 1 7 8 20
4 education illiterate 8 22 30 75
can read 2 8 10 25
and
write

Source survey, 2010

In the table 4.3, above the demographic characteristics of household were

indicated with the relationship of food security in this area. The first part of this
table show that food insecurity more high age between 61-72, which about 22.5%
sample household is food insecure out of 25%of this age category respondent
while in others it is found in rare way when their ratios were compared. The
second part is about head of household, from 20% female respondents 17.5% are
food insecure but from 80% male respondents 57.5% are food insecure. When
their ratios were compared male headed households are more food secure
(80/57.5 to20/17.5). This shows that high ratio of food insecurity is existed on
female headed household and they are vulnerable food insecurity than male
headed household.

The third part of this table concerned with marital status of household, it is shown
that more of food insecurity is existed on widowed which are about 17.5%
respondents out of 20% sample household. The other is about education level of

14
household; it is shown that as high number of illiterate people exists in food
insecurity level which was about 55% sample household out of 75% illiterate. The
number of food insecure sample household for those who can read was 20% out of
25%. When their ratios were compared food insecurity more for illiterate people.

4.2. Main causes of food insecurity

In this section, major cause of food insecurity is categorized into: environmental

problem, socio economic problem, lack of infrastructure and technical problems
and that intern has sub categorical problems.

4.2.1. Environmental problems

Environmental problem is one of the most serious causes of food security in this
woreda. It is out of control of farm household. Although there are different kinds
of environmental problems, the effect drought is considered as the main cause
food insecurity in the study area.

4.2.1.1. Agricultural drought

Drought: considered a period of abnormally dry weather that causes serious

hydrological in balance

Table 4.5: Effect of agricultural drought on livestock production

15
 n types years of collected data and decrease increase
o of number of live stock d d
livestoc number number
1999 2009
k of of
livestock livestoc
k
uni quantit uni quantit
t y t y

1 cattle no 10044 no 55780 44665

5

2 sheep no 14667 no 20080 5413

3 goat no 7823 no 10926 3103

4 horse no 2720 no 3161 441

5 mule no 723 no 9880 9157

6 donkey no 7809 no 9880 2071

7 hens no 10003 no 38068 61966

4

Secondary survey, DDPP, 1999, 2009

From the above table the number of cattle and hens are decreased by 44665 and
61966 between 1999 and 2009 respectively while others are not decreased. This
shows that cattle which contribute a great role for crop production, used by
themselves as a source of food and the copping mechanism during problem of
household were affected. Not only their number is affected but also their plowing
power and productivity were decreased. For example oxen plough 0.25 hector
during normal time but when they are affected they plough less than 0.25 hector
per day. The same is true for caws. This also intern affect food security of
household f the woreda

4.2.2. Socio economic problem

4.2.2.1. Lack of oxen

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Food security status of household is affected by oxen ownership. In this woreda
crop production is totally depend on oxen ploughed land.

Table 4.6: Distribution of oxen at household level and its effect on food security

no number of oxen level of food security total percent

food secure food
household insecure
household
1 0.00 13 13 33.5
2 1 9 9 22.5
3 2 1 7 8 20
4 3 4 1 5 12.5
5 4 3 - 3 7.5
6 5 2 - 2 5
Source own survey, 2010

As it is indicated in table 4.6 above about 56% of food insecure households are
those who have less than or equal one (<=1) ox. From those 33.5%of sample
household have no ox while22.5%sample household one ox. This occurred because
crop production mainly depends on oxen traction power.

4.2.2.2 Small land size

Land size holding by household has a significant contribution for food security of
household. In this woreda, small land size has a great effect. in woreda every
household practices extensive type of production system.

Table 4.7: Effect land problem on food security of household

no response level of food security total percent

on land food food
size secure insecure
household household
1 yes 7 18 25 62.5

2 no 3 12 15 37.5

Source own survey, 2010

17
As it is indicated in table 4.7 above about out of 62.5% sample household those
have a problem of land 45% are food insecure. In this woreda land size problem is
the main cause poverty and food insecurity. About 62.5% of household have a
problem of land size for cultivation of crop and raring of live stock. The size of land
is decreased as the number population is increased per household.

4.2.2.3. Small land size

Income source of this woreda were depend on agricultural production that are
affected by natural and manmade problem.

Table 4.8: Source income at household level and its effect on food security

no source of level of food security total percent

income food sure food
household insecure
household
1 only from 8 22 30 75
farming
2 only from - - - -
trading
3 from trading 2 8 10 25
and farming

4 from - - - -
employment
Source own survey, 2010

It is indicated in table 4.8 above, about 55% of sample household were food
insecure from 75%of sample household those were depend on farming as source
of income. But even if their number is limited, those who depend on both farming
and trading as source of income are more food secure. Those household who
depend only on one kind of income source are more vulnerable to food insecurity.
In this woreda there is no employment opportunity because of low investment
activity both government and non government.

4.2.3 Technical problem

4.2.3.1 Low use of fertilizer, herbicide and fungicide

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In this woreda farmers use fertilizers the sake of name. They use in every small
amount because high price of fertilizer. Weed and yellow rest have a significant
impact on crop production in this woreda. Some of the collected information is
described in following manner.

Table 4.9: Use of fertilizer by house hold and effect of weed and yellow rest on
food security

no types of problem response level of food security total percent

food food
secure insecure
household household
1 use of fertilizer yes 8 22 30 75
no 2 8 10 25
2 effect of weed yes 10 23 33 82.5
no 0 7 7 17.5
3 effect of yellow yes 8 29 37 92.5
rest no 2 1 3 7.5
Source, own survey, 2010

As it is indicated in table 4.9 above from 75% those use fertilizer 55% are food
insecure while from 25% those does use fertilizer 20% are food insecure. When
their ratios (0.7 to 0.8) are compared those household who use fertilizer more
food secured. This shows that the household who use of fertilizer are not
vulnerable to food insecurity than non user one. The second part of the table is
about effect of weed on food security of household, it is indicated that out of
82.5% sample household those who have problem weed 57.5%sample household
were food insecure. It was highly affect pulse crop such as bean, pea etc. in daga
area and affect teff both in daga and weinadaga area. Because pulse crop affected
(sensitive) to herbicide chemicals to use it and in teff there un killed weed that
require human force. The third part of the table is about effect of yellow rest, it
shown that out of 92.5% sample household those who have a problem yellow rest
72.5% are food insecure. The effect of yellow rest comes because of high rain fall
continuously without any gab. It affect major crop of the woreda such as wheat,
teff etc. both in daga and weinadaga kebeles’. Generally low use of fertilizer, effect
of and yellow rest can have their own effect on food security of household.

19
4.2.3.2 Disease of animals and low use of veterinary service

In this woreda the infestation of disease and use of veterinary service is the main
challenges of house hold for livestock production. The recent establishment of
veterinary service, lack of awareness and location of the service from household
considered as problem.

Table 4.10 Low use veterinary service and its effect on food security

no types of level of food security total percent

services
food food
secure insecure
household household
1 prevention 1 7 8 20
2 treatment 5 11 16 40
3 both 0 3 3 7.5
4 no service 4 9 13 32.5
Source own survey, 2010

It is indicated that treatment and no getting service have the risk of food
insecurity. it is shown that about 32.5% of respondents were not get services in
which 22.5% respondents are food insecure household is because this problem.
That means treatment after they were affected and no getting services have high
probability death for livestock. in the study area the most common disease are abe
gorba and abe sang by local name that can kill livestock within a day so services is
available because of location veterinary service from rural people. Generally
livestock which contribute a great role for income source, for production and
copping mechanism of household food security is affected.

20
 4.2.4. Infrastructure factor

4.2.4.1 Health service and school

Table 4.11 Distribution of health services and school

types of health service schools

service
health clinics elementary high school preparatory
center government NGO
one at the One at about one one high one preparatory
town qarsa and three elementary school at school at town of
location woreda one at NGO school for town of woreda.(busa)
(busa) dawodirre clinics at each woreda.(busa)
town of kebeles
woreda
(busa)
no of 35 health 9 nursing 6 health about 11-20 40 teachers 25 teachers
workers workers for each services teachers
clinics workers.
Source secondary data, BORD 2010

With regard to the establishment rendering health services in woreda, there is one
health center and five clinics. The main problem affecting the health status of
people is lack of safe and adequate water supply, shortage of health professionals,
shortage of medical supply and equipment, shortage of health facilities and
location of the services from rural areas with no means of road service. To access
this services household expand high amount of money and household sold crop
and livestock to cover their payment. This has its own effect every household. On
the other hand, there are 23 elementary school with one elementary school for
each kebeles’ and one high school and one preparatory school. Still these services
have a problem of or lack of teacher and education facilities. This affect the quality
of education and students after complete high school are not competent full. This
affects employment opportunity of the woreda that increase dependence. As
number of dependency increase food security status of household is affected.

4.2.4.2 Telecommunication and electricity

Even if telecommunication and electricity was the key for poverty reduction and
food security its distribution has limitation in this area.

21
 Table 4.12 Distribution of telecommunication and electricity service

no types of location giving services

services

1 tale services at town of the woreda(Busa) every people want

to use
2 network at town of the woreda(Busa) use for all except
low land areas
3 electricity at town of the woreda(Busa) used only for town
Source own survey, 2010

In this woreda there is one tale and networking in the town and electricity services
only for town only. This affect the technology development, information services
and other service relate with development. As data collected, there is a big or
serious challenge from farms when improved seed and other technology to adopt
by farm household. This can decrease crop and livestock production of the woreda
which intern affect food security status

4.3 The identification of intervention to mitigate food insecurity

Perhaps the greatest challenge that the country faces is ensuring food security.
This is so because of low technological base of agriculture, limited rural
infrastructure and off-farm employment compounded by neglect and in
appropriate policies over many years. The food security strategy whose
implementation has begun is meant to break the complex problems to close the
food gap and ensure food security (Mekonnen, 2000: 14).

4.3.1 Using irrigation system

In this woreda they are 8 kebeles which use irrigation and other are not. in user
kebeles there are 3 types of irrigation.

 Traditional irrigation (using rivers by canal

 Under ground and rain fall irrigation
 Motor irrigation about 39 motors those with 4 inch are seven, with 3 inch
are 22 and with 2 inch are 10

All this types of irrigation is used to produce horticultural crops. These crops are
categorized under vegetable and fruits. From those bananas, papaya, mango,

22
avocado, coffee, apple, etc are cultivated but because of climate condition, their
maturation was take long time. That means the climate condition is categorized
under daga and weinadaga. On the other hand, vegetable are tolerant in this area
they are cultivated three time a years. The total land used for this purposes is
about 277 hectare which was take place in 8kebeles of the woreda from
22kebeles. In other 14kebeles there is no irrigation at all because of land feature
scarcity of water resource, lack of potential and coverage. To make sure the
security of food it is important to plan in the future. Since it solve the problem of
drought, and other meteorological problem.

4.3.2 Income diversification.

Most household of the woreda are subsistence farmer who have to be forced to
diversification into off-farm income to bridge their annual consumption gap while
some adult household effectively landless and depend entirely on non agricultural
source of income and food. This or income diversification insured through
combining the use of technology, economy, environmental management and use
and for motion social organization. In this woreda there is no formal organization
at household level that can the problem of marketing, employment, credit sources,
etc.

Table 4.13: Distribution of technology, credit source and social organization

formal Traditional input credit

organization organization
Improved bread chemical
seed

response yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no

frequency - 40 40 - 5 35 - 40 30 10 10 30

percent - 100% 100% - 13 87 - 100 75 25 25 75

Source: own survey, 2010.

In the above table it is indicated that formal organization and use of improved
breed is not existed at household level. Since the recent development focused with
formal organization it is significant to develop it. It is also shown that about 75% of
household do not use credit service. If people start to use credit service income of
household can improved. Generally using of credit, agricultural input and

23
establishment of formal organization can solve the problem of income at
household level.

4.3.3 Research, Extension and Education.

Improved technological development, adoption and diffusion is the heart of
sustained agricultural development strong, effective research extension and
educational programs are essential to the continued development, dissemination
and adopted improved technology. The plant cultivates with improved
characteristics such as resistance or tolerance to

4.3.4 Following government strategy

The government’s strategy of agriculture development led industrialization (ADLI),

as formulated in 1994, views agriculture as the driving force of the economy, and
argues for investment in agriculture as both a motor for economic growth and a
means of ensure household and national food security. ADLI aims to promote
the adoption of improved technological inputs and practices, in order to raise
agricultural productivity and generate savings for investment in other sectors. the
major components of ADLI include: input provision to peasants, promotion of
small-scale irrigation, improved livestock herds, environmental protection and
natural resource management, grain marketing efficiency promotion of farmers’
organizations and women’s participation in agriculture, expanding rural roads (holt
and decaling, 1999:2).

Lack of education, information and training is frequently a key limiting factor to

small holder development. Bridging the gap between scientists and farmers will be
very key factors for agricultural growth of these small household farmers. Whilst in
past many development effort failed women. Because planner had a poor
understanding of women play in situation. It is increasingly recognized and
acknowledged by the development worker that the employment of women is the
key to raising levels of child and family nutrition of food and agricultural products
and enhancing the living condition of rural population. it has been conclude that if
women in Africa received the same amount of education as mean farm yield would
rise by between seven and 22 percent (FAO, 1990)

Similarly better access to credit, land and extension services would enable women
to make an even greater contribution to eliminating rural hunger and poverty. as
gender bias is progressively eliminate during coming years often in the face of
severe cultural and religious barriers and productivity with in many farming system

24
will be transformed. Generally the use of improved agricultural input, credit
service, information, extension service, increasing participation of women,
increasing irrigation system, establishing formal organization, improving natural
resource management and improving rural basic infrastructure can solve the
problem of food security and poverty.

25
 Chapter five
Summery, conclusion and recommendation

5.1 Summery and conclusion

The study takes places on factors affecting food security in Dawo woreda of south
west Shea which is located at 96km from Addis Ababa city. The study has three
objectives, the status of food security, the main cause of food insecurity and the
identification of intervention to mitigate food security status.

To evaluate the food security status of the study area the model of food balance
sheet system, the minimum consumption recommended by the country were used
depending on the availability of data and source of their food to get boarder of
food security and insecurity and as a data, daily consumption of single person of
household were used as identification.

The main causes of food insecurity in this woreda were categorized under:
environmental problem, socio economic problem, technical problem and
infrastructural factor. From those, the environmental problem: this woreda
agricultural drought is considered as serious problem. The second is about socio
economic problem which contain lack of oxen ownership, small land size, and
undiversified income source were covered. The third category technical problem
was categorized under low use of fertilizer; herbicide, pesticide, animal disease
and low use of veterinary service were discussed and analyzed. Lastly
infrastructural factors such as health service and school and telecommunication
and electricity were highly discussed and analyzed. The last part of the study is
about the identification of intervention to mitigate food security status. Under this
part using of fertilizer, irrigation, income diversification, research, extension,
education and intensification is used as an intervention to improve food security
status.

26
5.2 Recommendations

The fact that an interaction of multitude factors is involved causing food insecurity
in Dawo woreda calls for an integrated approach of dealing with the problem of
rural developments. In order to improve the households’ food security in the
woreda, the following recommendation is the major areas of intervention

 Improving natural resource management will be contributed for

environmental protection. the highly degrading environment should be
minimized and the existing land resource should be wisely used.
 promoting off farm and nonfarm employment opportunities through which
some proportion of the farmer could be shift from farming dependency
 Intensifying agricultural activity and increasing crop yield through the
application of modern farm input.
 Improving traditional farming system and increasing the participation of
man and women and modernizing indigenous knowledge of farmer.
 Increasing the use of irrigation system in the woreda should be encouraged
that can be rise crop production.
 Establishing the basic rural infrastructure should have pay attention that
can solve basic problems.
 Establishing formal organization should have planned that can help every
household by contributing different things such as marketing problem,
employment problem etc…
 Promoting the establishment of rural financial institutions in rural areas can
be solved the problem of credit services.
 Improving the prevention and treatments of veterinary services should be
encouraged.
 Giving more attention for female headed household can be improve the
problem of food security

27
Reference
Bezabih Inane, (2000).The role of new varieties and chemical fertilizer under risk. The case
of small householders in eastern Oromia, Ethiopia. Ph. D. Dissertation University of honor
shaker vertung, Germany.

Braun, Bevies Kumar and Pandora lorcha, (1992). Improving food security of poor concept
policy and pro grimes IFPRI, Washington. DC.le,

Hay and Hoddinot, 1993. Household food security and nutrition in Demark et al
understanding the social effect of police reform. The WB.WDC.

ENI (Ethiopia Nutrition Institute.), 1968.food composition table for use in Ethiopia, Addis
Ababa.

FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization.), 1996. Rome Doll ration on world food security
and world food. Rome, Italy.

_________________________________, 2005. Food security strategy, Addis Ababa,

Ethiopia.

FDRE (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.), 1996. Food security strategy prepared for
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Frankenberg, 1992. Household food security concept indicator and measurement a

technical review of IFAID, New York, Rome.

Governed and Jayne. 1999. Policy synthesis effect of cash crop on food security.
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Halie, Alamo and Kudhlende, 2005. Cause of household food security in core degage
peasants association Oromia zone of Ethiopia. University of free state, South Africa.

MEDAC, 1997. Ethiopian economy in figures and selected indicators Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

MEDED, (Ministry of planning and Economic Development.), 1992. Analysis of household

food expenditure pattern in Ethiopia. Food and nutrition unit, Addis Ababa.

Mulugeta Tafara, 2ooo. Determinant of household food security in eastern Oromia,

Ethiopia. Alemaya University.

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and food relief .Addis Ababa.

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University of Queensland, Australia.

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TGE (Traditional Government of Ethiopia.), 1994. National police resource base its
utilization and planning for sustainability. National conversation strategy, volume 1.

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UN org. /pub/chronicle /2003/ issue 31030.

Smith and Huang, 2ooo. Achieving food security in North Korea Australian National
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29
Appendices one

Factors affecting food security

Objectives

To indentify the problem of food security in the study area

To prepare document on food security of the study area

To collect data and information for solving food insecurity problems

Check list for informant

Description of the study area

A, location of the area b, climate condition c, population size d, farming system e,

infrastructural opportunity

Is there any irrigation system in this woreda?

Is any use of extension package using system in the woreda?

What are the major achievements on food security?

A, many farmers detached from government assistance/help/

B, increment of farmers in the use of extension package

C, increment of crop product per hectare

D most farmers use nearly river /bone/

Appendices two

Part one; general information

Kebele…………………………………………………..

Village…………………………………………………..

Name of respondent…………………………….

30
Date of interview………………………………….

Part two household demography

2.2 All household characteristic

01 02 03 04 05 06 07
no household marital sex education currently age
members status level go school
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

no for code 02=1; head 2; wife 3; son 4; daughter 5; relative 6; raised 7; specify
others

For code 03=1 single 2; married 3; divorce 4; widowed

For code 04=1; male 2; female

For code 05=1; illiterate 2; can read and write

For code 06=1; 1-4grade 2; 5-8gade 3; 8-10grade 4; 11-12grade 5; specify others

For code 07=1; <=18 2; 19-35 3; 36-65 4; >65

Part three; land use information

3.1 What was the size of your land by hectors?

1 ;< =0.5 hectors 2; 0.5-1 hectors 3; 1-2hectors 4; >2hectors

Do you have a problem of land size? a; yes b; no

Part four; crop production

4.1 What types of crop do you produce?

31
1,wheat 2; teff 3; barley 4; maize 5; sorghum 6; chickpea 7; bean 8; lentil 9; vetch
10;others specify

Part five; livestock production

What types of live stock do you rare?

1; ox 2; caw 3; horse 4; donkey 5; mule 6; sheep 7; goat 8; poultry

Part six; house household consumption and income

6.1 Household consumption expenditure for seven days

no types of source total

crop home produced purchased expense
1 wheat
2 barley
3 teff
4 maize
5 pea
6 bean
7 chickpea
8 lentil
9 inset
10 sorghum
11 vetch

Part seven; what are the main problems of livestock and crop
production
7.1 What are the main problems of livestock production?

1; agricultural drought 2; disease 3; small land size 4; low use of veterinary services
5; low feeding system

7.2 What are the main problems of crop production?

1; unexpected rainfall 2; weed 3;yellow rest 4; cold weather condition 5; small

land size 6; low use of fertilizer 7; lack of improved seed 9;lack of oxen

32
Part eight; input used

8.1 do you use fertilizer? 1; yes 2; no, if yes

8.2 if yes which one it is? 1; inorganic fertilizer 2; organic fertilizer c; both

8.3 what other types of input do you use? 1; improved seed 2; improved breed 3;
chemicals

Part nine;

9.1 do you use credit services? 1; yes 2; no

9.2 What means of transportation do you use? 1; pack animals 2; vehicles 3;

human shoulder 4; specify others

9.3 What was your income source? 1; wage 2; employment 3; farming 4; trading

Part ten; organizational system

10.1 is there any traditional organization? 1; equib 2; indri 3; mahiber 4; dabo

10.2 is there any formal organization? 1; peasant association 2; cooperative 3;

specify others

33
34
.

35
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