Numbering System

BITE Test (p 1 to 10 ‫) التحديد‬

Advantages:
• It allows the flight crew to be better informed about the state of the aircraft systems without
crew intervention)‫(تد ّخل‬.
• It provides the technician with advanced test functions and guidance on defect rectification.
• Following failed tests automatic reversion to back-up systems can be initiated without crew
intervention.
• The amount of field test equipment is reduced.
‫بوزلوف‬
Disadvantages:
• The BITE cannot check everything 100% in today’s technology.
• It is there to check the operation of all functions except that function which it performs
itself.
• Unless alternative monitoring is in place the crew, and technicians, could end up with less
information than they had on less sophisticated ( ‫)أقل تطورا‬aircraft.
• They could get false information.
• Since BITE is extra circuitry and software there is more to fail.
• Poor connections cause problems which may or may not be detected by BITE. Even if the
effect of a poor connection is detected the BITE is unlikely to be able to tell the technician
what the problem is, in fact it is likely to give instructions to change an LRU or board
which is perfectly serviceable.
 Honeywell

CRS FR NAV
1
57 NM
F 20 20

10 10

10 10
015 000
S

33 00 03 200 R
200 D A
H D
H

(a) State the type of display shown above and explain when it would
be used.

Composite display
In the event of a display unit failure, the remaining display can present a “Composite Display

(b) Identify the 8 information you are able to derive from the
electronic display shown above.

• Aircraft is flying straight and level-horizon ball roll indicator at top of display.
• Aircraft is 57 nautical miles from a navigation aid.
• 200ft decision height is selected, and the aircraft is at the decision height.
• The aircraft is flying due north
• Although magnetic heading selected is 15 degrees
• Command bars are indicating that the pilot should raise the nose of the aircraft and turn to
the right
• Aircraft is flying at correct speed
• Fast/slow indicator is central
• Aircraft is flying from the last way point-CRS FR
• Rad Alt is giving height information
 Data Bus

5. With reference to the ARINC 429 BCD word shown in Figure Q5(a) below;

(a) Identify which Bit numbers of the data word represent the SDI, SSM & Parity (P)

[4 Marks]

32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

MSB 32 Bit ARINC 429 BCD Word LSB

Figure Q5(a)

(b) Briefly explain the purpose of the SDI, SSM and Parity bit.

• SDI: To identify which source of a multi system installation is transmitting (1mark) the
data contained or to identify destination of multi system. Installation which is receiving.

• SSM: Equipment condition (fault/normal) ,operation mode, word validity, (content verified
or no computer data), sign (+ -, north, north west, left or right).

• Parity: odd parity bit 32, looks at BITS 1-31 & sets to 1 if there are an even number of bit,
which gives the whole word ODD parity. If 1-31 make an odd number of bits, BIT 32 set
to ‘0’ to retain to ODD parity.
Data Conversion:

• A clear pulse is used to reset the counter to zero.

• Clock pulses are then applied to one input of an AND gate.

• If the analogue signal to the comparator (vin) is greater than the output of the D to A
converter (Vd), then the output of the comparator will be logic 1.
• Converts digital signals to analogue signals
Logic 1 enables the AND gate and permits the clock pulse to pass through to the counter.

• The output of the counter is applied to the D to A converter, which produces an increasing
step type waveform at its output. The output from the counter is also the digital
representation of the analogue voltage.
• When Vd input to the comparator is equal/greater than the analogue input (vin), the output
of the comparator will give a logic 0. This logic 0 disables the AND gate, preventing the
clock pulses from passing to the counter. The loss of the lock pulse stops the counter; the
digital word representing the analogue input voltage is available on the counter output lines.
• A disadvantage of this system is that continuous conversion of analogue data is not
possible.
• It can therefore only be used to digitise “Static” analogue signals.
Q3. The operation of a digital circuit diagram shown below is as follows;
A and B are the inputs to the circuit and F1, F2, and F3 are the outputs of the circuit and
the operation of the circuit will be on following conditions.
When only A<B F1=1, if not F1=0
When Only A=B F2=1, if not F2= 0
When only A>b F3=1, if not F3=0

A F1

F2
B
F3

A. Prepare a truth table by considering A & B as Inputs and F1, F2, F3 as Outputs.
B. Write the Boolean expression for F1, F2, and F3.
C. Draw the logic circuit using logic gates that complies with the above conditions.

STORAGE & TRANSPORTATION of ELECTROSTATIC SENSITIVE DEVICES (ESDS)

P4
Wherever there are ESDs, there will also be the problem of protecting them during transportation and
storage, and so specialised packaging is essential for individual devices, PCB modules and the complete
LRU. The packaging for devices and PCB modules takes the form of “Bags”. These bags are made from a
material which is “Quasi-conductive” (a material whose surface or volume resistivities are too high to be
conductive, but conductive enough to “bleed off” charges in no more than a few milliseconds). Other
protective measures involve shorting the connecting leads or pins of devices by means of wire, spring
clips, metal foil or by inserting the leads or pins into a conductive foam material. For PCB modules
having edge connectors, specially formed strips called “Shunts” are placed over the connectors to keep
them all at the same potential and also protect them against physical damage. Figure 2 shows the handling
of PCBs in Anti-Static Protective packaging.
10. With Reference to Electromagnetic Environment
Describe the packaging required for electrostatic sensitive devices.
[3 Marks]
A. What are three primary areas to be considered for aircraft operating in HIRF
environments?
[3Marks]

There are three primary areas to be considered for aircraft operating in HIRF environments.
1. Aircraft Structure - (aircraft skin and frame).
2. Electrical Wiring Installation Protection - (Solid or braided shielding/connectors).
3. Equipment Protection - (LRU case, electronics input/output protection).

B. What are the methods used of minimising Interference – Screening? [4 Mark]

7. The Fly By Wire (FBW) system provides a computer link between the pilot’s controls and the flight
control surfaces.
Draw a simplified diagram showing above architecture with brief description of each component
in the diagram.
[5 Marks]
b) Discuss what methods are employed to reduce failure of design.

Methods of Minimizing Interference:

Shielding It is often considered that the cable entry is just the penetration of wire, and only consider putting
filters across the wire once it reaches the interior of the box. What is failed to be perceived is that the
connector, which may be 1 or 2 inches in diameter is also a source of electromagnetic wave penetration. It
becomes significant above a few hundred MHz if wires are electromagnetically shielding from their origin
at another LRU. Therefore, we must apply pigtail terminations to the shielded cable at the entry to the box.
This is fine for protection from lightning and other low frequency electromagnetic interference, due to
power supplies and other avionics systems. However, this is totally inadequate for HIRF signals above a
few hundred MHz. In this frequency range, cables have already gone in to length resonance and have
standing waves on their shields. Drain wires or the pig tail connecting shields to the box, therefore, carry
large RF currents running in parallel to the other wires. Such RF current magnetically induces strong HIRF
current on interior wires the shield was intended to protect.
6. When working on Fiber Optic connected equipment, care is required for handling cables.

a. State the precautions that you are going to ensure before the examination of the face
of a fiber optic cable connected to an aircraft system.
If the equipment is energized, invisible light from the fiber optic cable can be sufficient to
cause damage to the eyes.

Before the face of the connector is examined either one of these conditions must be satisfied:
1. The connectors are disconnected from equipment at both ends of the cable.
2. The power to the equipment is set to “OFF”. When working on Fibre Optic connected
equipment, care is required when handling cables.

b. Explain what could happen if the above precautions are not adhered.
c. What do you check during the examination of fiber connections? Explain how to address
the observations.
Before connecting a fibre optic cable, examine it to make sure it is clean. Use only approved procedures
to clean the connectors and the fibre lenses. Examine the surface of the protective lens for any
contamination. If any contamination can be seen on the protective lens, clean the connector.

8.With reference to TCAS:

a) Briefly describe its purpose and state the levels of protection offered.
TCAS is an airborne traffic alert and collision avoidance advisory system, avoidance advisory
system, which operates without support from ATC, ground stations. TCAS detects the presence
of nearby intruder aircraft equipped with transponders that reply to Air Traffic Control Radar
Beacon Systems (ATCRBS) Mode C or Mode S interrogations.

b) How is TCAS test carried out?

[4 Marks]
c) How is TCAS performance monitored?