iAAi MMAMIMININIMMIMiMIM

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Chapter 2.7

DAMP PROOFING MATERIALS

N I A A A N I A I N I A I A A N I A I A N A I A I A A I I A I A A N A l A I A A I A U A I A .

*Damp proofing (or) water prooting of a surface is the

treatment of the surfaces to prevent the passage of water
like rain water or ground water from one side of a
structure to the other side to the normal or hydrostatic

press.

Dampness occur due to capillary action of water.

2.7.1 MATERIALS USED FOR DAMP PROOFING

The following materials are commonly used for damp

proofing.
1. Flexible materials like hot bitumen, bituminous felts
plastic sheets, metal sheet of lead, copper etc.

and other
2. Semi-rigid materials like mastic asphatts
combination of impervious materials.
3. Rigid materials like impervious bricks, stones, slate
cement mortar or cement concrette paint with bitume
etc.,
2.7.1.1 Advanced Materials and Application Methods
had

Over the past two decades, the construction industry' a

moving

technological advances in water proofing materials, n

from membrane sheet applications to intergral water pro
systems.
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 Integral systems work within the matrix of a concrete
Inte
itself waterprof quality. There
oiving the concrete a
strueture,
fane main types ol ntegral Wiler proofing systems the
he
are
hydrophobic systems.
hillic and
hydrop

A hydrophobic sjystem typically uses a crystallization

the water in the concrete with
ochnology that replaces
Various brands available in the market
unsoluble crystals.
elaim similiar properties,
but not all can react with a wide range

by products, and thus require caution.

of cement hydration
within
Hydrophobic systems use fatty acids to block pores
water passage. Different products have
the concrete, preventing
different performances.

PROTECTION WITH BITUMEN LAYER

2.7.2 TERRACE

Water proofing with bitumen membrances (felts) can

to the roof by simple torch on process or

-

be done by sticking it
bitumen. Many types of bitumen shects
hot applications of
works.
are used for water proofing

bitumen sheets were formely

In india, factory mode
introduces under the trade
namhe
made with hessian base
by impregnating vegetable
or
tarfelt. This tarfelt were made
bitumen to
animal fibre mat, which are obtained in rolls with
then stuck to roof
1oTm impremeable sheets. These sheets were

bitumen applied to
the roof at the
Surlace by meansof hot
Site. But these fibres tend to hold moisture
and cause blistering
been completely
replaced
e
nowadays these fibres have
and
materials like fibre glass
S h e e t s made of inorganic

C S . T h e manufacture and installation

ofbituminous sheets

loas shown in fig.2.17.

 A L
Fig. 2.17
2.7.3 SIZE OF BITUMEN SHEETS

The Bitumen sheets are available in Rolls in two

types.
One like the traditional self, which is to be stuck to the surface
with hot bloum asphalt and the other is designed so that the
underside of the sheets is a ther mofusible film which can be
heated by a gas flame At torch and then stuck to the hot
surface.

This bituminous system is called plastomeric system.One

of the major disadvantages is it is to be renuwed every five to
S1x years.

2.7.3.1 Preparation of Surface

If there is an old treatment it should be removed and

reneuwed for reinstallation.

The new surface should be extensively prepared tor

installation.

2.7.3.2 Method of Application

In the old system the membranes were stuck to the rou
nd
by painting the roof with hot bitumen. This is called pour an
roll system.
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 Tn the latest 'torch o n system, plastics used as
the c o n c r e t e surface and the membrane
nembranes and
are

torch working from a gas cvlinder

by a blow
heated
stuck auto the roof slab.
The membrane gets
In the pour and roll system, the treatment consists of
Such as
four courses.
1. Initial application of hot blown ashphat as bonding
material.

2. Application of bituminous felt.

3. A second layer of bonding material.

4. Final layer of stone grit or pla gravel.

In the six course treatment, two layers of bitumeu felt
are sandwiched between the bituminous pant and grit.

2.7.3.3 Maintainence

As the bitumeu produces a dark surface, they have to be

painted with aluminium paints or covered with light coloured
pebbles to reduce heat absorption.
2.7.4 WALL PROTECTION FROM DAMPNESS

Damp proof courses are built in masonry walls to

prevent dampness revetrating through the wall either froma
ne
foundation upwards or from the roof downwards or from
other exposed
surface inwards in the building.
The DPC is
provided on the plipth level, at the
ersection of the roof with walls, below chimney stock in rooi
level, above lintels over
cavity walls etc.
helower DPC built at plenth level should never be less
an
e m15cm above ground level. Generally it is kept at 45cm
from GL at gr
the pligth level.

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 GL DPC in non-clayev soils

Fig. 2.18

In Non clayey soils DPC is provided only on a plinth

beam and in clayey soils they are provided even under
the
walls as shown in fig.2.18

In parapet walls, a DPC is provided under the coping

which is of previous nature or above the finished top levelo
the roof. It is carried out through the full thickness ofthe
wall above the roof level as shown in figure. DPC is
provided in parapet walls for prevention of moisture moving
downwards.

Coping

Roof slab

3 7ZITTTTTZZIITZ

DPC in parapet walls

Fig. 2.19
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 OF WATER PROOFING CHEMICAL.S
H 5 USE
CEMENT MORTORS.

onerally concrete having cement content of ver

in 1:2:4 mIx) and W-C ratio hetween 0.4 and

OuH) kg/m" ( as
i v e s good impermeable Concrete. C'ertain cheaper
proofing compounds likeCiCo
watet
chemicals called integral
o n powder or liquid form. They are added to the
are available
1Orlar at the time ot mixing at the rate of 1 kg per bag of
action Is fo improve workability with
cement. Their main
reduction in required quantity of waler for placement. This
water reduction reduces permeability.

Another additions are latex based polymers. They are

added to mortor or concrete to make polymer product. During
the process of hydration of cement coupled with polymeration
oflatex based polymers, the pores in the mortor or concrete
get coated with latex film which retards the capillary action of
water. Such latex based cement mortar can be used for
plastering of inside of small water tanks in residential buildings
to reduce leakage.

In 1942 a cementitious crystalline water proofing

Compound was developed. It contains portland cement and
quartz or silica sand which functions as a carrier for a propriety
Ompound of active chemicals. The chemicals are assumed to
Penetrate the capillary cavities in the cement paste by osmotic
Sure of water. Here they react with calcium hydroXide and
Tplary
the water to form insoluble crystallins complexes.
These cry
rystals block the capillary cainties preventing the
passagewater
of wate: but still allowing the vapour to escape. These
chemicals, thus
intep , Lhus once penetrated into the pores, become an
nlegral part of
wha
when concrete. In the absence presence of mo1sture
water cames in contact with conerete.
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 Itis claimed that unlike other waler prooling copoun
ounds,
the negative si
these materials are effective when pplied on
side
the il 18 pressure grouled ifs
the structure. In most of
cases
of
side.
is applied from the negative
The side where water acts 18 Called positive side
Note
and the dry side is called negative side. Most of
the water proofing materials are applied in tha
al
positive side.
ca
AND PRIMERS
2.7.6 SPECIAL PAINTS

There are a large number of modern elast0meric paints,

ready to - use cold applied elastie membrane .
which are

which are white i n colour used for water

forming compounds,
elastomeric features
proofing and are also solar reflective. Their

distinguish them from ordinary

paints.

Requirements
2.7.6.1 Ingredients and

paints aretheir flexibility

or
The requirements of such
range
be lost o v e r a large temperature
elasticity which must. not to
film thickness of 0.5
a r e applied in
and time. The coatings
or brush.
0.75mm using a roller, spray
than
ten times thicker
This thickness is approximately
of these
traditional paints. There are basically five types
of
paints. They are.

. Acryllic - based
2. Polyuretane based

3. Hypalon based

4. Polyviny / acetate Co polymer based

s and
elastomeric bitumeu penetiating o1s
5. Polymerized
other admixtures.

2.70
 s bond well with most building materials
These p a i n t s

ete, bricks, titles asbestos, bitumen, etc. There

h asconcrete,

give insulation for the roof.

s
ha
t n t sb e n g
hite also

Materials for Cracks

62 Filler Filler
with
elastomerie ints it is alsoto possible
Along
introduce very fine fibre glass mats as reinforce ment
fine

which will
will enhance the crack
with these
paints filling
along
a p a c i t y .

Epoxy m a t e r i a l s materials (the two phase system of araldite

hardener with o r without filling materials) are also

and
sed for
structural repairing of concrete as well as

terraces, toilets slabs etc.

usterproofing
7 WALL PROTECTION FROM CAPILLARY WATER
PRESSURE

4 3
DPC

1.Sand filling
2. lean conerete
3: DPC
4. Floor

GI

DPC in clayey soils

Fig. 2.20D
2.71
 Protecting the walls from capillary water pres
nothing but dampproofing of floors. Here water deo.
essure is
up through ground floors laid on the ground by
by cani.
capillar
Aeeps
action. Unless the floor is properly constructed, sweatinp
of
ground floor can occur due to capillary water rising from the
sail below the floor. The capillary rise can be as much as 10
to
15 metres.

Damp roofing is especially important in clayey soils. In

normal cases a course sand layer under the floor above the
foundation soil is provided. In extreme cases, we may adda
porous layer of. lean cement concrete or brick jelly concrete
layer above the sand layer and below the floor concrete and
give bituminous membrane waterproofing applied on it as
shown in fig.2.20. Alternatively a continuous plastic shet
(PVC) can be laid on this lean çoncrete layer to prenent
renetration of moisture.
2.7.8 DAMP PROOF COURSE OF GRADE BEAMS
ABOVE GROUND LEVEL
The clamp course on the beam consists of simple
treatment of the rainforced concrete geode beam blu using arich
cement mortar of 1:2, 20mm thick along with a standard
27
waterproofing compound at the rate of 1 kg per cement bag.
This mortar layer is then coated with asphalt. Gr
2.7.9 DADOING OF BATHROOM AND KITCHEN
WALLS
tor
Usually the floor slab of toilets and bathroom is sunk
d
anu
easy drainage of floor, for conceraling of water supply
mahnitrap anu
sanitary pipes and to accomodate the depth of
the space
water closet drainage system. After laying the pipes
The toy
is filled with brick jelly concrete in lene without sand.
100mm can be the base concrete for the floor over the brickjel"
2.72
 from king the structure water
part
sanitary erproof the pipes
should also be watertight.
Joints should
As these
a n d

camealed
sant r he floor they are sealed with
are

y especially manufartured for that multipurpose

poxy
putty

not shrink and will be flexible purpose. These

hould
j o i n t ss h o u l d

to allow
nD:tuminous or asbestos slight
movements. B i t u n
rope coverings should
be
preferable provided to these cancealed portions of the pipes
f ffittings.
of ittings.
joints
and
2.7.10 CHE
HEMICALS USED FOR GROUTING/cOATING
OF OROUS CONCRETE SURFACES
Admixtures
S.No. Property
Calcium chloride Accelerates setting time
1.
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium silicate

Gypsum Retards setting time

Lime sugar

3. Finely ground Increased plasticity

bentonite Reduces grout shrinkage
4 Clay Reduces cost of grout
Ground shale Reduces strength of grout
Rock flour

2.7.10.1 Methods of Grouting

Grouting
It is the operation to correct the damaged portion of the
structure by filling some binding materials under pressure is
called grouting.
Materials used for Groutinggs
1. Cement and water
2. Cement, rock flour and water
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 3 Cement. ciay and water

Cement. clay. sand and water

. Asphalt

6. Clay and water

7. Chemicals

2.7.10.2 Methods of Grouting

i. Drill pa ttern and size

After the damaged portion has been tested to find the

extend of grouting required. a drilling pattern should be
adopted.
Depth. s1ze and spacing of the holes must be such that
best results are obtained at the lowest cost.

Generally the smallest holes will permit the desired

injection of grout.

ii. Drilling Injection Holes

Holes for the injection of grout are drilled with diamond

on Jack hamers.

The section of suitable drilling

equipment depends upon
type of material region, depth and size of holes
etc.
iii. Preparing for grouting
The preparation for grouting
of damaged porti0n. 0
example a dam structure, here 3 to 5 cm diameter ar
40 to 90 cm long pipes are provided in the grout ole.
The top end projects out a short distance for connect
to an air line (or) a
pump.
The space around the bottom of the pipe is closed w*
a suitable mateials.

2.74
 The balan of the space 18 filled with cement mortar,

melt
leod sulphur or it may be caulked with lead wood
ADMIXTURES
FOR CEMENT MORTAR AND
2.7.11 CEMENT C O N C R E T E

Admixtures are obtained in powder, paste or liquid form

consist of pore.filling or water repellant materials.
and may

materials silicate of soda, aluminium and zine

are
chief
The calcium chloride.
alphates
and aluminium and ide.
Adding calcium chloride brings down water-cement ratio,

on upto the limit

of 0.25, and it gives quick setting concrete.
not suitable for R.C.C.works.
But it is
The chemically inactive pore filling materials are chalk,
fullers earth and talc and these are usually very finally

ground.
ADMIXTURES
2.7.12 FUNCTIONS OF
The admixtures are chemically active pore fillers. they
activate the setting time of concrete and thus render the
Concrete more imperyious at early age.

The chemicllyinactive materials-improve the workability

and facillitate the reduction of water for given workability and

make dense concrete which is basically impervious.

2.7.13 ACCELETRATERS

ACCeletraters are used as grouting agents to haster the

In such a
Stuation where a plugging effect is desired.
ase calcium chloride or triethanolamine are used.

2.7.13.1 Retarders
Retarders
flect the pe
ers are used in a grout to aid pumpability and to

tthe penetration of grant into fine cracks or seams. They

2.75
include music acid, gypsum and a commercial brand
and know
as RAY (Ray Lig Blinder) etc.

2.7.14 AIR REPELLING CHEMICALS

Aquaproof Materials
It is a white powder to be mixed at 1 kg per bag of cem
It increases unpermiability of concrete.
emen
Impermno
This is also a water proofing compound added to cemen
men
to make it impervious.

CiCo
It is of the very popular waterproofing
one
additive
cement. It is a colourless paste to be mixed at 3 kg of CiCot
100 kg of cement (3%). The paste is dissolved in theconcre
mixing water and used for making concrete.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
PART A (One mark
1. Name two materials with which sand can form mortar.|
2. What are the constituents of cement mortar?
3. What are the constituents of a lime mortar?
4. On what basis mortars are classified.
5. What is a mud mortar?
6. Define concrete.
7. What do you mean by R.C.c?
8. Name some building materials.
9. Name some coarse
aggregates used.
10. What kind of water should be used for concrete
11. What is plain concrete?
12. What is curing of concrete?

2.76
 are retarding
agents added to R.M
Why
14. Define painis.

14 varnishes ?
are
What
15.
surtaces painted
16
How are
are distempers ?
What
17.
are the ngredients of a varnish ?
1S What
two solvents used in varnish.
19. Name any
are metals obtained ?
20. How
21, Name the types of metals used in construction.

22. What are the market forms of steel ?

23. What are the two types of plasties?

24. State few products
made îrom plasties used in

construction.

25. What is an asbestos?

26. What do you mean by YSD and TMT bars?

27. Name two defects in timber.

28 Name two types of timber.

29 Name any two timber products.

30. What are the methods of seasoning?
31 What is a knot in timber ?
32. What are shakes ?
33 What is a deadwood?
34. What are the uses of UPVC pipes & fitting?
35. Define
Roof coverings.
0Ast the general roof covering adopted in construetion
industry.
37.
Write the dimensions of mangalore tiles.
38
Describe the test for tiles.
39.
ame the chemicals used for grouting.

2.77
 PART B
(Twelve marks
1. What is the proportion of cement mortar ?
2. Define mortars and how they are used.

3. Name the special mortars employed.

4. Describe the properties of a mortar.

5. State the uses of mortar.

6. Classify the mortar based on binding material an
explain in detail.
7. Describe the preparation of cement mortar.
8. Differentiate plain concrete and R.C.C.

9. What are the main ingredients of concrete?

10.. Name some additions used to improve the quality d

concrete.
11. Mention some uses of concrete.
12. Name some types of concrete.
13. Write notes on ready-mix concrete.
14. Explain brief how curing is carried out in columns.
15. Give a detailed account of requirements of ingredien

of concrete.
16. Describe briefly the various types of concrete.
17. Describe with a sketch the mixing of concrete.
18. Write notes on compaction of concrete.
19. Explain the methods of using of concrete.
20. State the functions of point.

21. Explain briefly about painting wall surface.

22. How is a surface prepared befor painting ?

23 Explain emulsion paint.
varnish.
24. briefly the characteristics of a good
State
25. Discuss the ingredients of varnish.
2.78
 in detail any two types of paints.
Explain
6.
naseribe the process
of painting in detail
.27.
how a new woodwork is painted
Explain
28 a t e the defects in painting and the remedies.
29
ot varnish and explain them
a State the types
F x D l a i n in detail the process of varnishing on

surfaces.

steel used for R.C

32. Explain briefly

33 What are the characteristics of plastics ?2

34. Discuss briefly the uses of plastics
35. What are the advantages of plastics ?
36: What are the uses of asbestos?

37. What are the standard sizes of bars used.

38. Explain in detail the types of metals in construction.
39 Discuss the market forms of steel.
40. Discuss about the two types of plastics.

41. List out the plastics products and explain.

42. What do you understand by seasoning of timber ?

43. Write briefly the objectives of seasoning timber.

44. Write briefly about veneers and plywood.

5. Sketch and explain the défects in timber.

6. Discuss about seasoning of timber.

Explain briefly the timber products used in construction.
6.
Explain about Galvanised iron products.
49
Explain briefly stainless steel.
50.
Explain the Mangalore Tiled roofing.
2.79
51. Writte the properties, types of AC-sheets availabla
lable in
India.
52. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of AC sho
sheet
roofings.
53. Write briefly about fibre glass reinforced plästics.

54. Explain Galvanised iron sheets.

55. Explain with neat sketch of RCC roof slab.

.56. Write about the materials used for Damp proofing.

57. Explain about the methods adopted for groutings.

*****

2.80