ARU 317: Bldg. Util.

2
CHAPTER II:
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
AND MATERIALS
(WIRING)
GROUP NO.2
BANATICLA, Nerissa Jenn Cayanong
FERNANDO, Victor Luis Andres
PILAR, Lakeisha-An Kye Siaron
SANGIL, Clarissa Anne Compoto
SIMBAHON, Jhon Paul Solon
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 INTRODUCTION 10 CONDUCTOR INSULATION AND JACKETS 19 CABLE TRAY

02 SYSTEM COMPONENTS 11 COPPER AND ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS 20 CLOSED RACEWAYS

03 NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE 12 FLEXIBLE METAL CLAD CABLE 21 FLOOR RACEWAYS

04 ECONOMICS OF MATERIAL SELECTION 13 CONDUCTORS FOR GENERAL WIRING 22 CEILING RACEWAY SYSTEM

05 ENERGY CONSIDERATION 14 NON METALLIC SHEATED CABLE PREWIRED CEILING DISTRIBUTION

23 SYSTEM
06 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RATING 15 SPECIAL CABLE TYPES
24 BOXES AND CABINETS
07 INTERIOR WIRING SYSTEM 16 BUSWAY

08 CONDUCTORS 17 CABLE BUS

09 CONDUCTOR AMPACITY 18 FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLIES

 01
INTRODUCTION:
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

VICTOR 01
 01 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

It is a network of components designed to generate, transmit, distribute,

and utilize electrical energy. It encompasses a wide range of technologies
and infrastructure that enable the generation and efficient delivery of
electricity to power various devices, machines, and systems.

Electrical systems play a fundamental role in modern society, providing the

energy necessary for lighting, heating, cooling, communication,
manufacturing, and numerous other essential functions.

VICTOR 02
 02
SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
 02 SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A building's power system is a complex network of components designed to

provide a reliable and safe supply of electrical energy for various purposes
within the structure. These major components may be arranged in the
following categories:

1. Generating Station
2. Wiring
3. Power Handling Equipment
4. Utilization Equipment

VICTOR 03
 02 SYSTEM COMPONENTS
GENERATION / POWER SOURCE
It usually where electricity is generated which then sent to homes,
businesses, and other locations through a network of power lines. These
includes:

GENERATOR UTILITY POWER PLANT

CONNECTION
VICTOR 03
 02 SYSTEM COMPONENTS
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENT
These are designed to manage and handle the distribution of electrical
power throughout the building from the main power source. These includes:

TRANSFORMER SWITCHBOARD CIRCUITBREAKER

VICTOR 03
 02 SYSTEM COMPONENTS
WIRING
Electrical wiring runs throughout the building, connecting the main panel to
outlets, switches, and devices. These includes:

CONDUCTORS RACEWAYS

VICTOR 03
 02 SYSTEM COMPONENTS
UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT
This refers actual utilization of equipment. These includes:

OUTLETS SWITCHES LIGHT FIXTURES APPLIANCES

VICTOR 03
 02 SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A Block Diagram indicates most of parts from complex electrical system

which are represented by blocks/rectangles.

VICTOR 03
 02 SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A One-Line Diagram or Single Line Diagram is a simplified notation of an

electrical system where various electrical elements are represented by
standard schematic symbols.

VICTOR 03
 02 SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A Riser Diagram is a schematic representation of the electrical distribution

system within a building, typically shown in a vertical layout.

VICTOR 03
 03
NATIONAL
ELECTRIC CODE
It is used by all inspectors, electrical designers,
engineers, contractors, and the operating personnel
charged with the responsibility for safe operation
 02 NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE

A set of standards and regulations that

govern electrical installations and systems
in the Philippines.

The Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) is based on

the National Electrical Code (NEC) of the
United States, specifically the 2014 edition.

VICTOR 03
 02 NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE

CHAPTER 2 - Wiring and Protection

Article 2.00 - Use And Identification Of
Grounded Conductors
Articles 2.10, 2.15, 2.25, 2.30 - Type of
distribution (services, feeders, branch
circuits), including load calculation
Article 2.40 - Overcurrent Protection
Article 2.50 - Grounding and Bonding
Articles 2.80 & 2.85 - Transient Protection

VICTOR 03
 02 NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE
CHAPTER 3 - Wiring Methods
Article 3.00 & Article 3.05 - General
Requirements
Article 3.10 - Conductors for General Wiring
Article 3.12 & 3.14 - Enclosures
Articles 3.15, 3.20 – 3.40 - Cables
Articles 3.42–3.62 - Circular raceways
Articles 3.66–3.92 - Noncircular raceways
Articles 3.93 – 3.98 - Other wiring methods

VICTOR 03
 ECONOMICS OF
04 MATERIAL
SELECTION

The selection of electrical materials involves not only

choosing a material or assembly that is functionally
adequate and, where necessary, visually satisfactory,
but also the consideration of economic factors.

SIMBAHON
 05 ENERGY
CONSIDERATION

Energy costs are a major factor in ecof)omic analysis.

However, energy considerations are at least as
important, in and of themselves. In addition to purely
electrical characteristics, electrical equipment
possesses also economic and energy ' 'ratings''.
SIMBAHON
ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT 06
RATING
All electrical equipment is rated for the normal
service it is intended to perform. The ratings
may be in voltage. current, duty, horsepower,
kw. and so on.

SIMBAHON
 07 INTERIOR WIRING
SYSTEM
The function of any wiring system is to conduct electricity from one
point to another. The purpose of wiring system is to create a path for
the flow of electric current, whether it is being used to transport
electrical signal or electrical power.

Electrical Power System

An electrical power system's main function is to transmit electrical
energy to different loads or devices from an electrical source like a
generator or power plant.

Electrical Signal System

An electrical signal system, on the other hand, is intended to carry
data rather than energy.

SIMBAHON 21
 TYPES OF INTERIOR WIRING SYSTEM

Exposed Insulated Insulated Cables in Insulated Cables in

Cables Open Raceways Closed Raceways

SIMBAHON 01
CONDUCTOR 08
Conductors are materials that allow electric
current to flow through them easily. They contain
free electrons that are able to move in response to
an applied electric field, facilitating the flow of
electricity.

Conductors play a vital role in electrical systems,

providing the pathways through which electric

SIMBAHON
current can flow to power various devices,
appliances, and systems.
 TYPES OF CONDUCTOR

ALUMINIUM
The primary components of
conductors are copper, aluminium,
and high-strength alloys. It's critical to
understand how each of these metals
could impact a cable or wiring
application because they all have
unique qualities and degrees of
conduciveness. COPPER

SIMBAHON 01
 CONDUCTOR
09 AMPACITY

The term “ampacity” comes from “ampere

capacity.” It depends on a wide range of
factors, like the material the wire’s insulation
is made of and the ambient temperature in
which it is used.

Conductor ampacity is the maximum current a

conductor can carry without going above its
temperature rating or damaging something.

SIMBAHON 21
CONDUCTOR
INSULATION AND
JACKETS 10
The majority of conductors are covered in
insulation to keep them from coming into contact
with other wires or the grounded raceway and to
also avoid accidental contact. Wiring insulation
also acts as a physical shield to protect the
conductor from heat, water, and other
environmental factors.

SIMBAHON
Using the analogy from hydraulics, conductors are
analogous to pipes; when pressure is high, pipes
are heavier; when voltage is high; insulation must
be thicker.
 COPPER AND
11 ALUMINUM Copper and Aluminum are most
frequently used as the electrical
conductors in electrical cables due to

CONDUCTORS
their low resistance and excellent
conductivity.

COPPER
standard for electrical conductivity
pure copper is highly conductive
copper has approximately twice the
tensile strength of aluminium
very malleable and ductile
ALUMINUM
known for its high electrical
conductivity
three times lighter in weight
lower installation cost

COPPER ALUMINUM

SANGIL
 12 FLEXIBLE METAL
CLAD CABLE
Among the most common types of cable run
without raceways-is the NEC type AC metal
clad cable, commonly known by the trade
name "BX". It is an assembly of wires,
normally plastic insulated, bound together
with a tape or braid and then wrapped with a
spiral-wound interlocking strip of steel tape.

Durable
Flexible
can only be used with
metal electrical boxes

SANGIL
 NON-METALLIC
The NM and NMC, also known by the
trade name “Romex” are similar to type
(BX). However, not having the physical

13 SHEATHED protection of metallic armor, use is

restricted to small buildings, that is
residential and other structures not
exceeding three floors above grade.
CABLE (ROMEX)

Brief History:
NM cable was invented by
the Romex company in 1922
First listed by the NEC in
1926

SANGIL
 CONDUCTORS
14 FOR GENERAL
WIRING
The most common "building wire" types are THHN and THWN.
These type of wires consist of a copper conductor covered with
insulation, and in some instances with a jacket.

THHN - The term “THHN” refers to a set of design codes for building wire.
The “T” indicates the use of thermoplastic insulation. The “HH” indicates
high-heat resistance. The “N” indicates a nylon coating.

THWN - THWN wire is a type of building wire that features thermoplastic

insulation, a nylon coating, and is heat resistant and rated for wet
environments.

THHN - 90°C (Dry Environment) / 75°C (Wet

Environment)
THWN - 90°C (both Dry and Wet Environment)

SANGIL
 SPECIAL CABLE
15
TYPES
a.) Mineral Insulated Cable
This construction, comprises an integral assembly of
copper conductors, mineral insulation, and outer
copper jacket that serves as a water and gas seal
and continuous ground. Because of its unique
construction, it requires special fittings for
terminations. Despite its relatively high cost, it is
often the best solution to a difficult problem.

The mineral insulation is flame proof and cold

resistant, and the entire construction is explosion
proof, lightweight, non-aging, and self-contained-
making raceways unnecessary.

SANGIL
 SPECIAL CABLE
15
TYPES
b.) Jacketed Cables
These cables comprise an assembly of two or more
individually insulated conductors, cabled together and
covered with a plastic or metal jacket. Metal clad cables,
due to inherent rigidity, may be installed with cable clamps.
Plastic jacketed cables require continuous support. The
nature of the jacket material is determined by the cables
application.

SANGIL
 16 BUSWAY
When it is necessary to carry large amounts of
current (power) the usual alternatives are to use
several conductors in parallel or a single large
conductor. The former solution becomes
expensive· with the increasing size and number of
parallel cables, particularly where tap offs are
necessary. However the single large cable
becomes increasingly inefficient in wire sizes
above 750 MCM, becuse large cables require more
cross section per ampere than small ones.

SANGIL
 17
CABLE BUS
It consists of a metal casing that is vented and
contains completely insulated conductors
that are suspended at predetermined cable
spacing intervals.

BANATICLA
Its housing is made with cable support blocks
that aid in maintaining cable spacing and
preventing short circuits.
 17
CABLE BUS vs.
CABLE BUS BUS DUCT
constructed to
BUS DUCT/
adjustable, can
be cut
system weight
the exact
measurements,
BUS WAY
making it harder
joint resistance Cable bus has similarities to a
and other for alterations
power ventilated busduct, except that
possible consumption
vulnerabilities
needs to be insulated wires are rigidly
inspected and
are reduced adjusted on a
installed in an open space-
voltage drop
regular basis frame rather than busbars.
more effective in This system has the advantage
fire resistance due enclosure size
to high
lower combustive of having cables with an
energy due to lack of
concentration of
the same level of
ampacity rating in free air that
insulating materials insulation as cable is significantly greater than the
used in conductors buses conduit rating. The main issue
of cable bus is its bulkiness.

BANATICLA
TYPICAL
CABLEBUS
CONSTRUCTION
BANATICLA
17
 18
FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLIES
It is a wide cable having several wires or
conductors connected by a flat, broad band. Also
known as ribbon cables/flat ribbon cables.

The flat shape of the cable facilitates optimal use

BANATICLA
of space and helps with cable routing in tight
spaces. Its flexibility allows possible modifications,
without breaking the cable.
 FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLIES AND
18 LIGHTING TRACK
a) Flat Cable Assemblies
A specially designed cable consisting of
two, three or four conductors, No. 10
AWG, is field installed in a rigidly
mounted standard 1 5/8 in. square
structural channel.

AWG = American Wire Gauge; the higher

AWG number is, the smaller the wire diameter
is.

Small motors, unit heaters, and other

single-phase, light-duty devices can be
served without the necessity of "hard"
(conduit and cable) wiring.

BANATICLA
 FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLIES AND
18 LIGHTING TRACK

b) Lighting Track
This is a factory- assembled
channel with conductors for
one to four circuits
permanently installed in the
track

BANATICLA
 19
CABLE TRAY
It is a wide cable having several wires or
conductors connected by a flat, broad band. Also
known as ribbon cables/flat ribbon cables.

The flat shape of the cable facilitates optimal use

BANATICLA
of space and helps with cable routing in tight
spaces. Its flexibility allows possible modifications,
without breaking the cable.
 A cable tray is a continuous, open support system for
CABLE TRAY approved cables. This makes it useful useful in
19 (Open Raceway)
situations when there will be modifications in the
wiring system. Cables must be type TC, jacketed, self-
protecting cables.

Advantages: free-air rated

wires, easy installation and
maintenance, affordability

Disadvantages: bulkiness

*Can support wirings such as:

High Voltage Power Lines
Power Distribution Cables
Control cables
Telecommunication cables
Fiber Optical Cables

BANATICLA
 19 TYPES OF CABLE TRAY SYSTEM

LADDER PERFORATED SOLID BOTTOM WIRE MESH CHANNEL TYPE

TYPE TYPE TYPE or basket cable suitable for
two side rails ventilated ideal for fiber- tray, mainly installation of
connected by bottom with optic cable used for low small cables.
rungs; ladder side rails; installations voltage,
rungs provide provides better where drooping telecommunicati
easy access to support of cables might ons, and fiber
the cables affect system optic cables
performance.

BANATICLA
 20
CLOSED RACEWAYS
A raceway, also known as a raceway system, is
a contained technique that uses conduit,
tubing, or other confined structures to shield

BANATICLA
electrical wires and cables from physical
hazards, corrosion, and water.
 TYPES OF CLOSED RACEWAYS:
20 Steel conduit refers to the solid steel enclosures,
1. STEEL CONDUIT shielding wiring conductors from external threats.
*What does steel conduit do?
Protect the enclosed wiring from mechanical
injury and corrosion;
Provide a grounded metal enclosure for the
wiring to avoid shock hazard;
Provide a system ground path;
Protect surroundings against firehazard as a
result of overheating or arcing of the enclosed
conductors;
Support the conductors.

*To make it corrosion-resistant:

1. Hot/Galvanized
2. Enameled
3. Sherardized
4. Plastic-covered

BANATICLA
 TYPES OF CLOSED RACEWAYS:
20 TYPES OF STEEL CONDUIT

Rigid Metal Conduit Intermediate Metal Electric Metallic

(RMC) Conduit (IMC) Tubing (EMT)
a thick-walled threaded lighter than RMC but preferred due to it
tubing; thick enough to heavier than EMT being less expensive
allow it to be threaded and lighter than RMC

BANATICLA
 TYPES OF CLOSED RACEWAYS:
20 1. STEEL CONDUIT

BANATICLA
 20 PULL BOXES/CONNECTOR BOXES

The box shields the connections

from wire splices, hazards, and
accidental contact.
Typically, these boxes are
circular, octagon, or
rectangular in shape, with holes
punched to accommodate
conduits that terminate there.

BANATICLA
 PULL BOXES/CONNECTOR BOXES
20 To prevent cracking, the top of any conduit must be at least 3/4 inch below
the finished floor surface.

The following guidelines must be followed in general and mentioned in all

specifications for conduit work in concrete slabs.
At its thinnest point, the outside diameter (00) of conduits must not exceed 1/3
of the slab's thickness.
The center-to-center spacing between parallel conduits must be at least three
times that of the greatest conduit's OD.
Conduits running parallel to beam axis shall not run above beams.
Conduit crossing shall be as near to a right angle as possible.
The minimum cover size for conduits is 3/4".

BANATICLA
 TYPES OF CLOSED RACEWAYS:
20 2. ALUMINUM CONDUIT

Aluminum resists corrosion better.

It doesn't ignite, it's nonmagnetic, which
reduces voltage drop, and it usually doesn't
need to be painted.
Its detrimental effect on various forms of
concrete, which results in spalling and
cracking when placed, is its main
disadvantage.

BANATICLA
 TYPES OF CLOSED RACEWAYS:
20 3. FLEXIBLE METAL CONDUIT

Known to the trade as "Greenfield."

Flexible conduit is primarily used for motor
connections, or other locations where
vibration is present, movement is
encountered, or physical obstruction makes
its use necessary.
Its most important application is providing
acoustic and vibration isolation

BANATICLA
 TYPES OF CLOSED RACEWAYS:
20 4. LIQUID-TIGHT FLEXIBLE METAL CONDUIT

Also known as "sealtite"

Similarly to flexible conduit, except
that it is enclosed in a jacket that
is liquid-tight.
Not intended to be a general
purpose conduit

BANATICLA
 TYPES OF CLOSED RACEWAYS:
20 5. NON-METALLIC CONDUIT

Moisture- and chemical-corrosion-

resistant
This conduit needs to be robust,
flame retardant, sunlight, and low
temperature effects to be used
above ground
Asbestos cement, fiber, and PVC
plastic are the preferred materials
for outdoor and underground use,
and PVC conduit is the material of
choice for indoor exposed use.

BANATICLA
 TYPES OF CLOSED RACEWAYS:
20 6. METAL SURFACE RACEWAYS

Surface metal raceways and multi-outlet

assemblies are often limited to wiring
that operates at voltages lower than 300
volts and should only be used in dry,
non-hazardous, and non-corrosive
environments.

BANATICLA
 21
FLOOR RACEWAYS
also known as floor cable management systems or floor
ducts, serve as channels or pathways installed beneath
the floor to organise and protect electrical, data, and
communication cables. can typically be found in various
commercial, industrial, and institutional settings, etc.

PILAR 21
 ADVANTAGES
Aesthetics
Safety
Durability
Accessibility
Space Optimization

DISADVANTAGES
Installation Complexity
Cost
Maintenance Challenges

The NEC recognizes three types of floor raceways:

underfloor raceways
cellular metal floor raceways
cellular concrete floor raceways

PILAR 21
 May be installed beneath or flush with the floor, are covered and find their widest
1. UNDERFLOOR application in office spaces, since their use permits placement of power and signal
outlets immediately under desks and other furniture, regardless of furniture layout.
RACEWAYS Underfloor duct systems are available in two basic designs-single level and two level.

SINGLE-LEVEL SYSTEM TWO-LEVEL SYSTEM NOTE: feeder ducts area

near the center to avoid
same level-the feeder ducts different level of feeder ducts the negative steel of joist
requires complex junction boxes do not require complex junction boxes near column
minimum concrete fill of 2 1/2 in minimum concrete fill of 3 5/8 in

PILAR 21
 1. Channel the floor and install a
conduit in the chase, connecting it
to the nearest wall outlet. Patch the
chased portion.
2. Drill through the floor and run a
conduit on the ceiling below to an
outlet below.
3. Drill through the floor twice and
connect the new outlet to an
existing outlet via a conduit on the
ceiling below, (This is expensive and
disturbs the occupant below)
4. Install a surface floor raceway.

Where such underfloor raceways are not employed, and it is desired

to place an outlet on the floor, one of the following methods is
necessary.

PILAR 21
 Random arrangements, such as these found in office landscaping, require a fully
2.CELLULAR METAL accessible floor-if indeed the floor is to be used for electrification. (The
underfloor duct system described in A) is best applied to known furniture.
FLOOR RACEWAY Layouts and the rectilinear arrangements).

3.PRECAST CELLULAR similar to cellular metal floor in application. A cell is defined as a "single,
enclosed, tubular space in a floor made of precast cellular concrete slabs, the
CONCRETE RACEWAY direction of the cell being parallel to the direction of the floor member.

PILAR 2
 22
CEILING RACEWAY
SYSTEMS
also known as overhead cable trays or overhead cable
management systems, are designed to organize, protect,
and route electrical, data, and communication cables along
ceilings or overhead structures. particularly desirable in
stores where frequent display changes necessitate
corresponding electrical facility changes.

PILAR 22
 ADVANTAGES
Space Saving
Ease of Installation
Flexibility
Accessibility
Safety

DISADVANTAGES
Visibility

PILAR 21
 Distribution ducts (laterals) tap onto the headers. Header ducts (wireways) connect to electrical
These laterals may act as subdistribution wireways panels and telephone cabinets in the power~ and
(foreground) or may feed fixtures and poles directly. telephone closets, respectively.

PILAR 21
 23
PREWIRED CEILING
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
also known as prewired overhead distribution systems or prewired
modular ceiling systems, are comprehensive solutions for electrical
and data distribution in commercial, industrial, and institutional
buildings. These systems typically consist of modular components
that are factory-wired and assembled off-site before installation.

PILAR 21
 24
BOXES AND
CABINETS
components in electrical systems, each serving specific
purposes in providing protection, organization, and access to
electrical equipment, wiring, and connections. Examples are
cabinets, pull boxes, and splice boxes

PILAR 21
 SPLICE BOXES
are placed in raceway runs at
points where splices or taps must
be made; the NEC prohibits having
splices inside conduits
PILAR
PULL BOXES
are placed in conduit runs where it
is necessary to interrupt the
raceway for a wire pulling point. This
depends on the pulling friction in
the system.
CABINET
When a box is equipped with a
hinged door and contains some
equipment other than wiring, such
as terminal board, referred to as a
cabinet.
21
CHAPTER II: ELECTRICAL SYSTEM AND MATERIALS (WIRING)

THANK YOU!
GROUP NO.2
BANATICLA, Nerissa Jenn Cayanong
FERNANDO, Victor Luis Andres
PILAR, Lakeisha-An Kye Siaron
SANGIL, Clarissa Anne Compoto
SIMBAHON, Jhon Paul Solon