Supporting Information

A comprehensive review on Pulp and Paper industries wastewater

treatment advances
Ali Esmaeelia,b, Mohammad-Hossein Sarrafzadeha*, Siavash Zeighamia, Masoud Kalantarc,
Saeed Ghasemzadeh Barikid, Alireza Fallahie, Hashem Asgharnejadf, Seyed-Behnam
Ghaffaria

a UNESCO Chair on Water Reuse, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran,
Tehran, 11155-4563, Iran
b Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University

of Technology, Gothenburg, SE 412 96, Sweden

c Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
d School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran university of science and technology, Tehran, 13114-

16846, Iran
e Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
f Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T1J4, Canada

* Corresponding author: sarrafzdh@ut.ac.ir

 Number of tables: 11 (Table S1 to Table S11)

 Number of figures: 2 (Figure S1 and S2)
 Number of equations: 9 (Equation S1 to Equation S9)
 Table S1 Recent review papers on P&P wastewater treatment and their objectives

Title Objectives Reference

Trends and strategies in the effluent Reviewed various existing strategies with a 1
treatment of pulp and paper industries: A focus on eco-friendly "bio-based" treatment
review highlighting reactor options methods.
Review on pulp and paper activated sludge Reviewed waste streams generated during 2
pretreatment, inhibitory effects and paper making process, sludge management
detoxification strategies for bio-valorizationand valorization technologies, pretreatment
methods, various types of inhibitors, and
detoxification techniques.
Pulp and paper industry wastewater Discussing biological methods 3

treatment: use of microbes and their

enzymes
Effluents detoxification from pulp and Highlighting the use of microorganisms 4

paper industry using microbial engineering

and advanced oxidation techniques
Recent advances in removal of lignin from Focusing on lignin removal using biological 5
paper industry wastewater and its industrial treatment and the scope of lignin utilization
applications-A review
Pulp and paper mill effluent management Preventing water pollution through the 6
recovery of beneficial materials from
produced wastewater
Additive and additive-free treatment Reviewed the role of chemical additives in 7
technologies for pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment and treatment
effluents: Advances, challenges and methods based on their individual role and
opportunities their cumulative effects when combined.
Pulp and paper industry-based pollutants, Highlighting microbial fuel cells, anaerobic 8
their health hazards and environmental risks digestion, bleaching technologies, cleaner
production, and transformation pathways to
reduce pollutants
Recent advances in physicochemical and Reviewing physicochemical and biological 9
biological techniques for the management of methods
pulp and paper mill waste
Aerobic granulation: A recent Outlining the potential of PPW treatment 10
development on the biological treatment of using aerobic granulation.
pulp and paper wastewater
A review on bioremediation of pulp and Summarizing the degradation of the toxic 11
paper mill effluent – An alternative to compounds by using fungi, bacteria, algae,
conventional remedial technologies and enzymes.
A review and investigation of the effect of Investigating optimum conditions for 12
nano-photocatalytic ozonation process for phenol removal using photocatalytic
phenolic compound removal from real ozonation
effluent of pulp and paper industry
Title Objectives Reference
Limits and perspectives of pulp and paper Investigating conventional treatment 13
industry wastewater treatment; A review techniques and the state-of-the-art microbial
fuel cell (MFC) technology
Influence of pretreatment techniques on Assessing anaerobic digestion and 14
anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper mill enhancement of methane content in the
sludge: A review biogas.
Treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent Reviewing low-cost adsorbents and 15
using low-cost adsorbents: An overview affecting parameters in the removal of toxic
contaminants and heavy metals
Figure S1 Pulp and paper production process for a) virgin fiber-based raw material, and b) recycled fiber-based raw
material
Figure S2 Granular activated carbon (GAC) system configuration for treating contaminated wastewater
S2O8 2− / HSO5 − + light → 2 SO4 •− Equation S1

S2O8 2− / HSO5 − + heat → 2 SO4 •− (Ea = 33.5 kcal/mol)

Equation S2

S2O8 2− / HSO5 − + 2 e − → 2 SO4 •−

Equation S3

2 SO4 •−+ H2O → OH• + HSO4 −

Equation S4

SO4 •− + OH− → OH• + SO4 2−

Equation S5

2 H2O2 + 2e− → 2OH− + H2−

Equation S6

2 H2O → 4H+ + O2 + e-
Equation S7

O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → H2O2 (acidic pH=3) Equation S8

Fe3+ + e- → Fe2+ Equation S9

 Table S2 Performance of coagulation-flocculation on the treatment of various P&P mill effluent

Initial
Coagulant/flocculant Type Dosage (mg/l) Wastewater type TSS pH COD color Lignin Reference
(mg/l)
Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal
(ppm) (%) (Pt-Co) (%) (ppm) (%)
effluent of the
primary
Fe2(SO4)3 Chemical 5 3446 7.5 295 36 16
sedimentation
tank
CaCO3 Chemical 5 3446 7.5 295 25 16

M. oleifera seed paper mill

natural 150 20770 7.42 10752 97.28 - - - - 17
powder effluent
paper mill
Alum (Al2SO4)3 chemical 300 20770 7.42 10752 93.31 17
effluent
poly aluminium paper and
chemical 200 1572 11 10773 7.3 27.2 18
chloride (PAC) cardboard
PAC + Polymer chemical 200:15 1572 11 10773 16.6 25.5 18

PAC +
chemical 100:50:15 1572 11 10773 9.8 17.6 18
MgCl2+polymer
Polyethylene 19
chemical 1200 Black liquor 2 35733 75 95 16060
oxide(PEO)
Poly - dimethyl diallyl 19
ammonium chloride chemical 308 Black liquor 2 35733 56 93 16060
(Poly-DADMAC)
19
PAC chemical 2913 Black liquor 7 35733 47 95 16060
(Turbidity:
Poly-DADMAC P&P mill
chemical 1.2 6000 2900 96 4585 – 87 - - 20
(MW: 88 kg/mol) wastewater
NTU)
prehydrolysis
PEO chemical 400 - 2 131000 24 - - 8800 44 21
liquor (PHL)
prehydrolysis
PEO + PAC chemical 200:200 - 2 131000 28.5 - - 8800 37.5 21
liquor (PHL)
thermomechanical (Turbidity:
Poly-DADMAC TOC:
chemical 120 pulping spent - 2330 32 262 – 96.7 1007 31.7 22
(MW: 185.7 kg/mol) 740
liquor NTU)
pulp and board 23
MgSO4 chemical 3400 784 11 2820 84 6660 89
mill wastewater
pulp and board 23
(Ca(OH)2 (Lime) chemical 1400 784 11 2820 86 6660 92
mill wastewater
pulp and board 23
Alum chemical 1200 784 6 2820 93 6660 97
mill wastewater
C. obtusifolia gum natural 750 P&P mill effluent 841 5 1453 35.3 - - - - 24

Alum chemical 200 P&P mill effluent 841 7 1453 30

Paper mill
PAC chemical 250 3446 7.5 2050 65 - - - - 25
effluent
 Initial
Coagulant/flocculant Type Dosage (mg/l) Wastewater type TSS pH COD color Lignin Reference
(mg/l)
Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal
(ppm) (%) (Pt-Co) (%) (ppm) (%)
aluminum coagulants Paper mill
chemical 200 3446 6.5 2050 53
(PAX) effluent
(Aluminum Chloride
+ PAC) + Anionic
chemical 400:4 Black liquor 11455 3 28270 74 - 88 - - 26
Poly acrylamide
(PAM)
(Ferric chloride +
PAC) + Cationic Poly
chemical 400:4 Black liquor 11455 2 28270 81 80 26
acrylamide (PAM)

Aluminum chloride / Wheat straw pulp

starch-g-PAMg- Chemical/natural 1004/25.9 mill wastewater 5.7 1358 88.4 27

PDMC
Poly-DADMAC/
Model solution of
Calcium lactate Chemical/chemical 5.27/2.78 - 6.5 - - - - 2000 68 28
lignin
Poly-DADMAC/ Model solution of
Chemical/chemical 8/2 6.5 2000 65 28
magnesium hydroxide lignin
Poly-DADMAC/
Anionic Model solution of
Chemical/chemical 8/6 6.5 2000 65 28
polyacrylamide lignin
(APAM)
iron (III) trimesic (Fe- Synthetic lignin
chemical 2000 7.84 - - 368 93.48 300 62.5 29
BTC) wastewater
Pulp mill Deep Light
Ferric chloride chemical 30 36 6.7 1857 32 100 89 30
wastewater brown brown
Clay + Aluminum
sulphate chemical 100:300 P&P wastewater 10 6-8 260 - 1150 88 31

pre-hydrolysis
PEO chemical 350 liquor - 2 84800 20 - - 10300 22 32
 Table S3 Performance of membrane technologies on the treatment of various P&P mill effluent

Membrane Wastewater MWCO Configuration TMP Permeate Cross Area COD Color Lignin Refer
characteristic type (kDa) (bar) flux flow (cm2) ence
(l/m2.h) velocity
(m/s)
Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal

(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)

UF / ceramic Kraft lignin 1 Flat sheet 3 6 3.9 47 1.2 33

effluent mol/l

NF / TiO2 ceramic Softwood 1 Tabular 2-20 159 4 2000 63800 78 34

membrane Kraft black

liquor

NF / composite Softwood 0.2/0.6/ Tabular 5.35 81 4 400 63800 90 34

polymeric Kraft black

membrane liquor 1

MF (Al2O3) + UF Bleaching 0.1 µm + Tabular 2 100 + 20 5 10400 35-45 60-73 35

(Al2O3-TiO2) Effluent 20
from Sulfite
Pulp mill

UF (Al2O3-TiO2) Bleaching 20 + 1 Tabular 2 20 + 10 0.3 10400 35-40 45-65 35

+ NF (TiO2) Effluent
from Sulfite
Pulp mill

NF / polymeric Black liquor 0.5 – 0.6 Flat sheet 35 30-40 - 25.66 - - 36

PES membrane

UF/ polymeric Secondary 10 Flat sheet 3 - 4.5 l/min 154.8 3380 - 54 37

PES membrane 4930

clarifier
effluent of
RDF mill

UF / polymeric Woody spent 4 Tabular 5 30 2 26300 14000 94 38

modified PES liquor

membrane

MF / Paper mill 0.4 µm Flat sheet 0.75 20 1-1.3 948 84.3 7.49 84 95 82.5 39

polyetherimide wastewater abs

Membrane Wastewater MWCO Configuration TMP Permeate Cross Area COD Color Lignin Refer
characteristic type (kDa) (bar) flux flow (cm2) ence
(l/m2.h) velocity
(m/s)
Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal

(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)

UF / PES Paper mill 50 Flat sheet 0.75 12 1-1.3 948 80 7.49 75 95 76.5 39

wastewater abs

UF (ceramic) + NF Crude 5+1 Tabular 5 2400 - - - - 690 40 40

(TiO2-ZrO2) process
water from
TMP mill

NF/ Carbon Black liquor 1-1.2 Flat sheet 16 1.4 - 14.6 - - - - 66130 82-84 41

nanotubes and
polysulfone mixed
matrix membranes

PES and PS Pulp mill 5,10 – Flat sheet 3 84 >60 42

polymeric wastewater 30,54

membranes

MF / kaolin, Synthetic Tabular 3.4 – 13.3 - - - - - - 1000 82.2 43

quartz, calcium black liquor 17.2

carbonate-based
ceramic membrane

UF/ polymeric Biologically 5 Flat sheet 6 178 1.06 80 850 89 - - - - 44

PES membrane treated

wastewater

NF / ZrO2 ceramic Woody spent 0.75 Tabular 5 97 2 26300 - - - - 14000 89 38

membrane liquor

F/ TiO2 ceramic spent sulfite 1 1.8 - 2 6 8 110 - - - - 41 45

membranes liquor
5 1.8 - 2 5.77 8 110 - - - - 65

15 1.8 - 2 55.45 8 110 - - - - 45

 Table S4 Adsorption performance for the treatment of P&P wastewater

Adsorbent/Process Wastewater type Adsorbent pH Treatment time Agitation COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
dose (g) (h)/ HRT (h) speed (rpm) Removal
( %)
Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)
Plastic mix waste Kraft mill wastewater 1.25 8 7 184 885.33 - 657 96.48 113 94.25 - 46

activated carbon

Nano fly ash Agro-based paper mill wastewater 60 7.3 1 80 596 72.31 878 92.45 - - 71.61 46

Rhodococcus SP P&P mill wastewater - 6.5 - 110 776 53.23 - - - - - 47

NCIM 2891

Bacillus aryabhattai P&P mill wastewater - 7.6 144 120 774 72.22 1065 67 539 54 - 46

Fly ash Alkali extracted wastewater 10 9 1 100 1264 79.31 1675 86 - - 63 46

Residual eucalyptus P&P mill wastewater 7 - 2 - 100 66 382 97.89 - - - 46

wood-activated
carbon

CoFe2O4-coated Papermaking wastewater 0.3 4 2 - 118.4 63.47 - - - - - 48

sand

Fly ash thermomechanical pulping spent 20 5.73 24 100 5627 94.67 3500 92.9 1980 90.9 - 46

liquor

Fly ash Kraft bleaching effluent 25 5.2 0.5 100 1313 67.9 - - 1290 81.6 - 46

P&P biological treatment effluent

Activated carbon Pulp mill bleaching effluent 1.2 8.6 6 - 371 78 390 98 - - - 46

Delayed petroleum P&P mill wastewater 15 2.1 4 - 2126 >90 230 >90 - - >90 46

cake-activated carbon
Recycled paper wastewater
Granular activared 5.4 - 2 - 1152 80-94 - - - - 98 46

carbon (GAC)

Activated carbon – - - 3 - 850 80 - - - - 96 46

sequence batch
reactor (AC-SBR)
 Table S5 Performance of ozonation and photocatalyst treatments on various P&P mill effluent

Treatment type Wastewater type [O3] catalys UV Treatment pH COD Color Lignin AOX Referen
(mg/ t (g/l) (W) time removal ce
min)
( %)
Initial Removal Initial removal Initial removal

(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)

Ozonation + nano- Pulp and paper effluent 9.2 [ZnO] 125 30 5 4751 4910 60 >99 - 12

photocatalytic =0.1
(ZnO) + UV light

Ozonation + nano- Pulp and paper effluent 9.2 [ZnO] - 30 5 4751 4910 60 >80 12

photocatalytic = 0.1
(ZnO)

Ozonation + UV Pulp and paper effluent 9.2 - 125 30 5 4751 4910 60 >90 12

light

Ozonation Paper mill effluent - - 81 49

Ozonation Eucalypt kraft pulp ECF 10- - - 7-8 1300 Slightly 40 5 50 Slightly 50

bleaching effluents 11

Nanofiltration + Alkaline bleach plant 300 - - 1516 65 1542 80 51

ozonation + effluent
biological treatment

Ozonation + H2O2 Biologically treated - - 90 35 52

effluent of paper mill

Ozonation + Weak black liquor from a 50 - - 30 600 65 95 42

activated carbon + hardwood Kraft pulp mill

H2O2 (2.6 mM)

Ozonation Bleaching effluent 100 - - 846 28 53

mg/l

Ozonation Condensate water 100 - - 156 60

mg/l

MBR biological RCF 2400 - - 12 2319 90 95 54

treatment + post mg/l

ozonation
Treatment type Wastewater type [O3] catalys UV Treatment pH COD Color Lignin AOX Referen
(mg/ t (g/l) (W) time removal ce
min)
( %)
Initial Removal Initial removal Initial removal

(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)

Solar photocatalyst RCF TiO2= - 30 m + 60 h 12 2319 85 54

(TiO2) + MBR 5 g/l

Biological
treatment

Electrogenerated Synthetic wastewater - [EGZr - 60 m 9 10 99 55

Zirconia (EGZrO2) O2]:

Nanoparticles under 0.4 g/L
UV light

TiO2/PS composite Synthetic wastewater - - 72.5 m 128 85 110 120 93.97 56

under UV-LED
radiation

α-Fe2O3 @TiO2 Raw woodchips - [H2O2 - 45 m 3.5 1200 93.75 57

@SO3H wastewater ] = 40
photocatalytic mg/l
process + H2O2

Table S6 Performance of Fenton-based treatments on various P&P mill effluent

Treatment type Wastewater type EC Treatment pH COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
(µS/cm) time removal

( %)

Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal

(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)

Ozonation + nano- Pulp and paper 125 30 m 5 4751 4910 60 >99 - 12

photocatalytic (ZnO) + UV effluent

light

H2O2 (0.277 M) + CuFe2O4 Pulp and paper 1868 120 m 3 2000 78.3 - - 1632 - - 58

wastewater
Treatment type Wastewater type EC Treatment pH COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
(µS/cm) time removal

( %)

Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal

(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)

SBR+ Fe2+ (3 mM) + H2O2 A mixture of - 30 m 3 1500 92.1 - 90.3 - - - 59

(9mM) alkaline and fiber

wastewater

H 2O 2 + FeSO4.7H2O Neutral sulfite 4060 60 m 3.8 3756 44 - - 1840 - - 60

([Fe2+]/[H2O2]:0.32) semi-chemical
effluent

Submerged UF filtration + Primary settling 2023 60 m 2.62 1576 83.9 - - - - - 61

Fe2+ + H2O2 ([H2O2]/ [Fe2+]: tank of a

11) wastewater
treatment plant
using wastepaper as
raw material

Submerged UF filtration + Primary settling 2023 45 m 6 1576 85.2 - - - - - 61

UV light + Fe2+ + H2O2 tank of a

([H2O2]/ [Fe2+]: 7) wastewater
treatment plant
using wastepaper as
raw material

Permanganate (PM) / Pulp and paper - 80 m 2.7 1450 95 0.58 - - - - 62

electro-Fenton (EF) + wastewater

Co3O4/Peroxymonosulfate
(PMS) + UV light
([H2O2]:9mM)

Coagulation (FeCl3) + FeCl3 coagulated - 30 m 4 1600 - - - 558 85 - 63

Fenton-like process wastewater sample

([H2O2]:98 mM) from pretreated
pulping effluent

Fenton process (Fe2+ + lignin wastewater - 120 m 3 666 67 - 99 250 100 - 64

H2O2) ([H2O2]:84 mM,

[Fe2+]/[H2O2]:0.05)

Fenton process ([H2O2]:160 D0 bleaching - 10 m 2.2 3100 - 1530 - - - 82.2 65

mM + [Fe2+]: 12.5 mM) wastewater

Treatment type Wastewater type EC Treatment pH COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
(µS/cm) time removal

( %)

Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal

(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)

Photo Fenton process D0 bleaching - 10 m 2.2 3100 - 1530 - - - 90 65

([Fe2+]: 1mM + UV light + wastewater

[H2O2]:178 mM)

Photo Fenton process Pulp mill effluent - 5m 5 400 - 0.78 82 - - 93 66

([Fe2+]: 2.5 mM + UV light (absm-

+ [H2O2]:50 mM) 1)

Fenton process ([Fe2+]: 2.5 Pulp mill effluent - 30 m 5 400 - 0.78 85 - - 18.5 66

mM + [H2O2]:50 mM) (absm-

1)

Modified Fenton oxidation Paper industry - 90 m 8 880 >93 5514 60 1145 55 - 67

(MFO) ([Fe(II)]:10.044 waste water after

mM/[Zn(II)]:9.095 mM/ primary treatment
[H2O2]:0.391 mM +
biological flocculation
process

Fenton process (Fe2+ + Lignocellulosic - - 3 - - - - - 90 - 68

H2O2) ([FeSO4]: 1 mM, 30 solution

wt. % H2O2)

Coagulation + Fenton Black liquor - - - 1043 55 - - - 25 - 69

process ([FeSO4]:
70mM+[H2O2]: 3M)

Synergistic catalysts of Synthetic - 240 m 7 - 100 - - 100 98.4 - 70

Fenton [Fe0]:7.6 mM+ lignocellulosic

[Fe2+]:9.88 mM + wastewater
[Fe3+]:14.25
mM/[H2O2]:376.45 mM

Fenton process ([Fe2+]: 1300 Black liquor - 90 m - - 94.8 - - OD280=1.978 85.6 - 71

mM + [H2O2]:1500 mM)

Photo Fenton process Paper mill - 60 m 3 6320 90 1.23 96 - - - 72

([Fe2+]: 200 mM + wastewater (abs)

[H2O2]:200 mM)
Treatment type Wastewater type EC Treatment pH COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
(µS/cm) time removal

( %)

Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal

(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)

Photo Fenton process Primary - - - 194 85.4 352 92.6 12 - - 39

clarification
wastewater,
followed by
biological treatment

Photo Fenton process+ Paper mill - - 2.5 964 75 4236 98 - - - 73

coagulation ([Fe2+]: 400 wastewater

mM + [H2O2]: 500 mM)

Solar photo Fenton ([Fe2+]: Paper mill - 60 m 4 2133 93 - 100 - - - 74

1000 mM + [H2O2]: 5000 wastewater

mM)

UV/visible Synthetic - - - - - - - - 90 - 75

radiation/Fe/RH-SiO2/ H2O2 wastewater

ZnAl2O4/BiPO4/H2O2 under Eucalyptus chemo- - 180 m - 173 73.98 456 84.54 - - - 76

UV irradiation ([H2O2]: mechanical pulp

5000 mM, ([ZB3]: 800 mM) wastewater
(ECMPW)

Table S7 Biological treatment of P&P wastewater using different techniques

Biological treatment technique Mill type Reactor Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
type time
Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal Removal
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %) ( %)
Various activated sludge plants - - - 60-82 - - - - 45-65 77

Activated sludge VF Aerated 2d 660 60 - - - - 36 78

continuous
flow
bioreactors
Aerated stabilization basin VF Aerated 15 d 660 65 - - - - 53 78

continuous
Biological treatment technique Mill type Reactor Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
type time
Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal Removal
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %) ( %)
flow
bioreactors
Facultative stabilization basin VF Aerated 15 d 660 66 - - - - 51 78

continuous
flow
bioreactors
Anaerobic process VF Bioreactor 15 d - 42 - 70 - 25 15 79

Anaerobic process and then using VF Sequential 7+3 d - 75 - 76 - 69 82 79

microbrevis luteum bioreactor

Aerobic process using VF Two 2+7 d 5280 87 5205 88 6381 79 - 80

Paecilomyces sp (fungi) + sequential

Pseudomonas syringae pv myricae bioreactors
(CSA105) (bacteria) for fungi
and bacteria
Anaerobic process using Upflow 3+2+7 d 5280 84 5205 87 6381 76 - 80

Paecilomyces sp (fungi) + VF anaerobic

Pseudomonas syringae pv myricae sludge
(CSA105) blanket +
two
sequential
bioreactors
Aerated lagoon VF Mechanical SRT=15 d ~1200 ~75 ~1400 ~96 - - - 81

surface
aeration
Activated sludge VF Subsurface SRT=5 d ~1200 ~67 ~1400 ~86 - - - 81

diffusion
aeration
Activated sludge - - 20 h 1900 50 - - - - 63 82

Aerobic process using bacterial VF SBR 5h 1264 - 3420 88.18 Light - - - - 83

strain grey
Activated sludge process using - Activated 24 h - 97 - 97 - - 84

Pseudomonas putida (S1), sludge

Citrobacter sp. (S4), and
Enterobacter sp. (S5)/aerobic
Activated sludge VF Compact 1.5 h 500 86 - - - - - 85

AS reactor
Aerobic process using a bacterial - SBR 14 h 550-1000 72.3 600- 55 - - 45 86

consortium of Klebsiella sp., 1200

Alcaligens sp., and Cronobacter
sp.
Activated sludge VF,b Activated - - 73 - - - - 56 87

sludge
Activated sludge VF - - 910 89 - - - - - 88

Anaerobic process VF,b - 36 h - 35-40 - - - - 42 - 45 89

Biological treatment technique Mill type Reactor Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
type time
Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal Removal
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %) ( %)
Facultative stabilization basin VF,b - - - - - - - 56-83 - 90

Anaerobic process VF Fluidized 12 h - - - - - - 55 91

bed reactor
Anaerobic process VF,b UASB/FBR - 880-2100 30-70 - - - - 25-67 92

Anaerobic process for hardwood VF Single stage - - - - - - - 65 93

effluent
Two-stage - - - - - - - 71 93

Anaerobic process for softwood VF Single stage - - - - - - - 34 93

effluent
Two-stage - - - - - - - 40 93

Anaerobic process without VF,b - - - 31 - - - - 94

glucose addition
Anaerobic process with glucose VF,b - 66 73 94

addition
VF Activated - - - - - - - 46 95

Aerobic process sludge

Aerated - - - - - - - 34 95

stabilization
basins
Anaerobic process VF,b fluidized - 30 - - - - - 65 96

bed and
Aerobic process VF,b Aerobic 65 <65 96

trickling
filter
Aerobic process VF Batch 12 h 1160 - - - - - 75 97

Fungi (Phanaerochaete VF,b Rotating 10 d 3100 70 16500 65 - - 65 98

chrysooporium Burds. (BKM- biological

1776)) + anaerobic process contactor
Aerated lagoon + anaerobic VF,b - 6d 3100 56 16500 - - - 49 98

process
Anaerobic + anaerobic process - UASB + 5 + 6.54 h - 91 - 90 - - 58 99

CSTR
Anaerobic process VF,b Fixed-film 10 h 1450 20 - - - - 102 100

reactors
Activated sludge process using VF - 24 h - 96.8 - 97 - - - 84

Pseudomonas putida (S1),

Citrobacter sp. (S4), and
Enterobacter sp. (S5)
Activated sludge RCF 16 h 8750 95 - - - - - 101

Aerobic process VF MBBR 14 – 30 h 2022 60-65 - - - - - 102

Activated sludge - Batch - 800-1000 30 - - - - - 103

Modified activated Sludge - FlooBed® - - 90 - - - - - 104

reactor
Biological treatment technique Mill type Reactor Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
type time
Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal Removal
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %) ( %)
Activated sludge - - - - 70 - - - - 40-60 105

Activated sludge VF Pilot-scale - 1533 85 - - - - - 106

continuous
Anaerobic process - - - - 59 - - - - - 107

Aerobic process - MMBR 4-5 h 2000-3400 65-75 - - - - - 108

108
Aerobic process - MMBR >5 h 2000-3400 80
Aerobic process VF SBR 8h 1000 89-93 - - - - - 109

24 h 2500 93
12 h 1500 94
Aerobic granulation process - Aerated 24 h 780 90 - - - - - 110

SBR
Activated sludge Aerated - 780 92 - - - - - 110

SBR
Anaerobic process Synthesis Up-flow 24 h 2500 80 - - - - -
anaerobic 111

packed bed
reactor
(UAPB)

Table S8 Bacteria-based treatment of P&P wastewater

Microorganism Mill Reactor type Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
Removal
type time Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal ( %)
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)
Bacillus sp. (AY952465) and S. VF Batch shake 168 h 12800 99 1250 84 413 100 - 112

marcescens (DQ002385) flasks

Bacillus subtilis - Shaking Flask 9d 935-1005 94 - - - 95.1 - 113

Micrococcus luteus - Shaking Flask 9d 935-1005 89 - - - 89.3 - 113

Consersium of Bacillus subtilis, - Shaking Flask 9d 935-1005 92 - - - 97 - 113

Micrococcus luteus, Phanerochaete

crysosporium
Aeromonas Formicans - Batch 10 d 5400 71 7640 86 2.18 78 - 114

- Continuous 8d 5400 73 7640 88 2.18 77 - 114

Bacillus sp. (AY952466), - Batch Flask 6d - - - 65 - 37 - 115

Paenibacillus sp. VF Shaking flask 6d - - - 43 - 30 - 116

Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus VF Shaking flask 6d - - - 56 - 33 - 116

(AY856831)
Bacillus sp. (AY952465) VF Shaking flask 6d - - - 65 - 37 - 116
Microorganism Mill Reactor type Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
Removal
type time Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal ( %)
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)
Mixed culture of Paenibacillus sp., VF Shaking flask 6d - - - 69 - 40 - 116

Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus
(AY856831), and Bacillus sp.
(AY952465)
Bacillus cereus (ITRC-S6) VF Shaking flask 168 h 18766 60 3616 45 413 30 - 117

Serratia marcescens (ITRC-S7) 18766 50 3616 52 413 42 - 117

Mixed culture of Bacillus cereus (ITRC- 18766 90 3616 62 413 54 - 117

S6) and Serratia marcescens (ITRC-S7)

Citrobacter freundii (FJ581026) and VF Flask 144 h 12245 82 3100 80 663 60 79 118

Citrobacter sp. (FJ581023)

Pseudomonas putida (S1), Citrobacter sp. - Activated Sludge 24 h - 97 - 97 - - 84

(S4) and Enterobacter sp. (S5)/Aerobic

Klebsiella pneumoniae NX-1 - - 7d - - - - - 24 - 119

Pseudomonas putida NX-1 - - 7d - - - - - 28 - 119

Ochrobactrum tritici NX-1 - - 7d - - - - - 19 - 119

A bacterial consortium of Klebsiella sp., - SBR 14 h 550-1000 72.3 600-1200 55 - - 45 86

Alcaligens sp., and Cronobacter sp.

Pseudomonas fluorescents - Fixed-film 15 d - 79 - 75 - 45 - 120

bioreactor
Brevibacillus agri strain RJH-1 Synt Batch mode 5d 500 69 1000 47 - 37 39 121

hesis
Synt Semi-continuous 32 h 500 62 1000 37 - 30 40 121

hesis
Bacterial consortium Serratia marcescens - Batch flask 192 h 18,700 83 6100 85 1000 - - 122

(GU193982), Citrobacter sp. (HQ873619),

and Klebsiella pneumoniae (GU193983).
Bacterial Consertium Pseudochrobactrum VF - 216 h 22,189 91 8942 96 1124 90 - 123

glaciale (FJ581024), Providencia rettgeri

(GU193984) and Pantoea sp. (FJ755943)
Pseudochrobactrum glaciale (FJ581024), VF - 216 h 22,189 81 8942 75 1124 76 - 123

Providencia rettgeri (GU193984) VF - 216 h 22,189 76 8942 79 1124 70 - 123

Pantoea sp. (FJ755943) VF - 216 h 22,189 72 8942 85 1124 86 - 123

Mixture of Serratia marcescens, Serratia VF Shaking flask 7d 16400 63 8117 65 614 95 - 124

liquefaciens and Bacillus cereus (4:1:1)

Mixture of Serratia marcescens, Serratia 7d 16400 35 8117 55 614 84 - 124

liquefaciens and Bacillus cereus (1:4:1)

Ancylobacter aquaticus A7, Pseudomonas VF,b Batch 7d - - - - - - 35-51 125

P1, and Methylobacterium CP13

K. pneumoniae NITW715076_2 + K. - Batch - 15700 90 - 82 10000 82 - 126

pneumoniae NITW715076_1
K. pneumoniae strain NITW715076_2 and - Batch - 15700 78 - - 10000 69 - 126

NITW715076.
Microorganism Mill Reactor type Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
Removal
type time Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal ( %)
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)
K. pneumoniae NITW715076_2 - Batch - 15700 51 - 74 1000 74 - 126

Serratia liquefaciens (LD-5) (the strain was VF Conical flasks 144 h - 85 1495 72 218 58 - 127

isolated from pulp and papermill effluent

contaminated site)
Enterobacter sp. VF Batch 16 h 370 - 950 49 - 68 1321 - 82 126 73 - 128

2443
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (DSMZ 03504), VF/R Batch 24 h - 76 - 76 - - - 129

P. aeruginosa (DSMZ 03505) and Bacillus F

megaterium (MTCC 6544)
Consertium of Halomonas and Bacillus VF,b Batch Treatment - 142600 27 - 35.4 - - - 130

Semi-batch - 142600 27 - 42 - - - 130

Pseudomonas putida (S1), Citrobacter sp. VF - 24 h - 96.8 - 97 - - - 84

(S4) and Enterobacter sp. (S5)

Fungi + bacteria (P. aeruginosa/b) - - 1d - - - 82 - - - 131

Mixed culture Citrobacter freundii and VF Shaking Flask 6d 8068 80 6700 87 2000 - - 132

Serratia marcescens
VF Shaking Flask 6d 16700 67 6700 70 2000 - - 132

Axenic culture (Citrobacter freundii) VF Shaking Flask 6d 8068 45 6700 65 2000 - - 132

VF Shaking Flask 6d 16700 41 6700 50 2000 - - 132

Axenic culture (Serratia marcescens) VF Shaking Flask 6d 8068 33 6700 60 2000 - - 132

VF Shaking Flask 6d 16700 31 6700 55 2000 - - 132

Bacterial consortium (Klebsiella sp., - SBR 14 h - 72 - 55 - - 45 133

Alcaligens sp., and Cronobacter sp.)

Paenibacillus sp. strain LD-1 (JX499920) - - 144 h 792 78 2242 68 436 54 - 134

Bacillus pumilus VF,b Shake flask 2d - 22 - 41 - - - 135

Paenibacillus sp. VF,b Shake flask 2d - 22 - 42 - - - 135

A mixture of sp - Nitrosomonas and Synt 5-step SBR/ 10.5 h 1000 96 - - - - - 136

cinetobacter calcoaceticus (NRRL-552) hesis (anaerobic/anoxi

c/oxic/anoxic/oxi
c)
Bacillus velezensis - Flasks 6d - - 985 50 - 40 - 137

Coriolus versicolor, Phanerochate - Six SBRs 19 d 2100-3000 83 - - - - - 138

chrysosporium and Azotobacter sp.

(Aerobic Granulation)
Arthrobacter sp. C2 - Shaking flask 7d - - - - - 40 - 139

Opacus DSM1069 - Shaking flask 14 d - - - - - 80 - 140

Serratia liquefaciens - Conical flask 6d 384 84 1460 72 249 61 95 141

Citrobacter freundii VF Shaking flask 6d 8068 - 6700 64 2000 50 - 132

Serratia marcescens VF Shaking flask 6d 8068 - 6700 60 2000 - -

Microorganism Mill Reactor type Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
Removal
type time Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal ( %)
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)
Mixed Culture of Citrobacter freundii and VF Shaking flask 6d 8068 80 6700 87 2000 87 -
Serratia marcescens
Bacillus cereus AKRC03 VF/R - 2h - - - 78 - - -
F
Bacillus sp. IITRDVM-5 - SBR 72 h - 89.5 - 73 - 64 75 142

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 1 - - 24 h - - - - - - 78 143

 Table S9 Fungi-based treatment of P&P wastewater
Microorganism Mill Reactor type Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
Removal
type time Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal ( %)
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)
Consortium (Merulius aureus syn. VF Continuously 24 h 2013 69 2976.7 74 5301 71 - 144

Phlebia sp, an unidentified genus and aerated bench- 1

Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel MTCC top bioreactor
3788)
4d 2013 89.4 2976.7 78.6 5301 79 -
1

Consortium (Nigrospora sp. LDF00204 VF/RF Repeated 21 h 6735 80 7253 82.3 1863 76.1 - 145

and Curvularia lunata LDF2) batch process

Paecilmyces sp VF/RF Sequential 6h 4892 75 4032.2 81 4846 66 - 146

bioreactor
3d 4892 88 4032.2 86 4846 86 -
Bierkandera adusta - - 10 d - - - - 100 100 - 147

Phenarochete crysosporium - - 10 d - - - - 100 100 - 147

Genus Trichaptum - - - 1154 - 1317 54.5 - - - 148

Datronia - - - 1154 - 1317 54.9 - - - 148

Trametes - - - 1154 - 1317 53.7 - - - 148

Phanerochaete crysosporium - Shaking flask 9d 935- 94.4 - - 1.958 95.8 - 113

1005
Phanerochaete chrysosporium RF Batch flask 9d 5860 98.5 560 80 995 99.1 - 149

Cryptococcus sp. (optimized condition) - Shaking flask 24 h - - - 50-53 - 35-40 - 150

Emericella nidulans var. nidulans - Shaking flask 24 h - - - 66.6 - 37 - 151

Rhizopus oryzae - - 24 h 1359 50 7266 92-95 - - 72 152

Phanerochaete chrysosporium - Fixed film 48 h - 50 - 50-70 - - 70 153

- VF Conical flask 21 d - 89.4 - 78.6 - 79 - 154

Rhizopus aarhizus - - 4d - - - - - 90 - 9

Fibrodontia sp. RCK783S - - 5d - - 1375- 61.58 - - - 155

1654
Aspergillus flavus Strain F10 VF Shaking flask 10 d 253.2 - - 33.68 - 39-61 - 156

VF Shaking flask 10 d 174.4 - - 66.32 - 39-61 - 156

Aspergillus niger S13 VF - 60-72 h 7521 - 977 43 516 - - 157

157
Microorganism Mill Reactor type Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
Removal
type time Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal ( %)
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)
Consortium (Pleurotus sajor caju, VF Batch flask 10 d 392 74-81 - - - - - 158

Trametes versicolor, Phanerochaete

chrysosporium and Rhizopus oryzae)
Trametes versicolor VF Shaking flask 4d - - 2840 60 - - - 159

Trametes versicolor VF Shaking flask 3d - - - 34 - - - 160

Aspergillus fumigatus VF Shaking flask - - - - 89.4 - 79 - 161

Aspergillus flavus VF Shaking flask - - - - 84 - - - 161

Penicillium camemberti VF Batch shaking 10 d - - - 84 - - 65 162

flask
Batch non- 10 d - - - 79 - - 60 162

shaking flask
Phanerochaete chrysosporium - Three-phased 3d 838.02 78.8 250 86.4 - - - 163

fluidized bed
bioreactor
(batch)
Fluidized bed - - 38.5 - 26.5 - - - 163

bioreactor
(continuous)
Penicillium camemberti VF Up-flow - - - - 59.28 - - 61.93 164

column reactor
P. chrysosporium (sample A) RF Shaking flask 4d 4347 70 - 52 - - - 165

Daedaleopsis sp. (sample A) RF Shaking flask 4d 4347 64 - 86 - - - 165

S. commune PT (sample A) RF Shaking flask 4d 4347 58 - - - - - 165

S. commune SL (sample A) RF Shaking flask 4d 4347 60 - - - - - 165

P. chrysosporium (sample B) RF Shaking flask 4d 4000 83 - - - - - 165

Daedaleopsis sp. (sample B) RF Shaking flask 4d 4000 73 - - - - - 165

S. commune PT (sample B) RF Shaking flask 4d 4000 68 - - - - - 165

S. commune SL (sample B) RF Shaking flask 4d 4000 65 - - - - - 165

Unknown white-rot fungi - - - 39012 40.74 34940 34.39 2870 16.38 - 166

T. versicolor - - - - 77.7 1875 93.8 - - - 167

P. chrysosporium - - - - 79.4 1875 83.5 - - - 167

 Table S10 Algae-based treatment of P&P wastewater

Microorganism Mill Reactor type Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
type Time Removal
Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal ( %)
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)
Scenedesmus acuminatus VF Thermophilic and - 910-2000 29-39 - 74-80 - - - 168

mesophilic
anaerobic digesters
Mixed culture of some green VF Batch reactors 20 d 230 58 1200 79 - - 50 169

algae (Chlorella) and diatom

species 20 d 430 55 2600 84 - - 80
Mixed culture of two - Batch Flask 28 d 3000 89 - - - - - 170

Scenedesmus sp.
Mixed culture of Chlorella, VF - 30 d - - 420 80 - - 70 171

Chlorococcum,
Chlamydomonas,
Microcystis, Anabaena,
Euglena, Phacus, Nitzschia,
Cyclotella, Pandorina,
Eudorina, Gonium, and
Prymnesium

Table S11 Changes in P&P effluent parameters after a hybrid process

Integrated treatments Mill Reactor type Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
Removal
type time Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal ( %)
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)
Hydrogenation (NaBH4) + activated VF CSBR 5d ~1200 92 - 97 - - - 81

sludge
Chemical coagulation + Synt Batch 25 m 1857 0.87 - very clear 100 100 - 30

electrocoagulation hesis
Ozonation + GAC VF Semi-batch 30 m 1130 46 1260 87 - - 80 172

bubble reactor
Pre-ozonation + algal treatment Semi-batch - 735 90 543 99 - - 87 172

bubble reactor
+ SBR
Pre-ozonation + GAC + algal Semi-batch 713 87 532 96 89 172

treatment bubble reactor

+ SBR
Activated sludge + MBPR (Chlorella - - 24 h - - - - - - - 173

vulgaris)
Trametes versicolor - - 4d 59000 82 5800 80 - - - 174
Integrated treatments Mill Reactor type Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
Removal
type time Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal ( %)
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)
Trametes versicolor and 4 d + 20 m 59000 97 5800 92 174

UV/TiO2/RuxSey
Anaerobic + membrane - (SAnMBR) - 5600- 93-99 - - - - - 175

10000
Chemical coagulation + EDR - 156 83.33 309 92.23 60 85 176

Floatation - 5834 55 1680 97 177

Anaerobic treatment UASB 18 h 2625 78 50 - 177

AS 24 h 577 58 - 8 177

NF 242 81 - 100 177

Flotation + anaerobic treatment + AS 5834 99.2 1680 99.9 177

+ NF
MBR + ozonation - MBR - 2900 40 - - - - - 178

Anaerobic + slow sand filter VF UFBAB 24 h 2912 ~86.7 - - - - - 179

UFBAB - ~66.3 - - - - - 179

MBR + CMF + RO - - 1500 99 - - - - - 180

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor - - 61 133

Chemical pretreatment - Pilot scale - - - - - - - 30 181

Chemical pretreatment + activated - - - - - - - - 53-59 181

sludge
Chemical coagulation-anaerobic + - Package 15 h - 88.1 - - - - 98.4 182

acidification–aeration reactor
Ozonation - Biofilm - 60 - - - - - - 183

reactor
Ozonation + Biological 85 183

Ultrafiltration Blea - 40 - - - - - 35 184

chin
g
Ultrafiltration + anaerobic 60 70 184

Ultrafiltration + anaerobic + aerobic 80 80 184

Electrochemical + membrane - Batch mode 3h ~133000 97 ~1250000 98 - - - 185

membrane
reactor
Electrochemical + membrane - Continuous 8h 86 91 185

mode
Adsorption (bentonite) and - - 30 m 230 60.87 - 41.38 - - - 186

coagulation (poly aluminum silicate

chloride)
Biological (Trichoderma sp) VF Batch 24 h 8323 11600 72 - - - 187

-
PhysicoChemical (poly-electrolyte VF Fluidized - - 11600 27 187

(potash alum) bed reactor

Integrated treatments Mill Reactor type Treatment COD Color Lignin AOX Reference
Removal
type time Initial Removal Initial Removal Initial Removal ( %)
(ppm) ( %) (Pt-Co) ( %) (ppm) ( %)
Biological (Trichoderma sp) + VF - - 11600 81 187

physicochemical (poly-electrolyte
(potash alum)
Constructed wetlands - - - - 62-88 - 97 - - - 188

Catalytic wet oxidation - - - 2700 89 - - - - - 189

Thermal pretreatment + CWO - - - 7000 96 - - - - - 189

Laccase-polymerized membrane - - 180 m ~750 60 - - - - - 42

filtration
Enzymatic + membrane - - - - - - - 1300 - - 190

Aerobic MBR - TSAMBR 1.1 d 3343 – 88.6 -92.3 191

4250
Aerobic MBR + electrochemical - - - - ~97.2 - 100 - - - 191

oxidation (Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5-IrO2)
Electrocoagulation (aluminum syn Batch 75 m 2500 95 - - 1852 - - 192

electrode)
Ultrafiltration - 88 193

Ultrafiltration + Floatation - - - - - - 90 - - - 193

Fungal treatment - - 39012 40.74 34940 34.39 2870 16.38 166

Fungal + surfactants - - - 39012 75.35 34940 81.29 2870 65.84 - 166

MBBR - MBBR 4–5h ~3400 ~75 108

MBBR - MBBR >5 h 80 108

MBBR+chemical precipitation - - - - 95 - - - - - 108

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