Micro Project Evaluation Sheet

Names of Team Members with Roll Nos. Name of Programme:MicrProject

1. Semester : 4th

2. Course Title: DCC

3. Code: 22414

4.

5.

Title of the Micro-Project: Wired LAN: Ethernet

Course Outcomes Achieved:-

a. IEEE 802
b. Evolution of Ethernet
c. Characteristics of Ethernet
d. Addressing
e. Access Method
f. Implementation

(A) (B)
Total Marks
Process and Product Individual
Name Of Students 10
Assessment (6 marks) Presentation/Viva (4
marks)
Patil Punam
Dhangar Punam
Dhangar Pushpak
Shewale Pankaj
Rajput Nikhil

Name and designation of the Teacher...........................................

Dated Signature ...................................................................

Wired LAN: Ethernet :

Ethernet is the traditional technology for connecting devices in a wired

local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). It enables
devices to communicate with each other via a protocol, which is a set of
rules or common network language.

Ethernet describes how network devices format and transmit data so

other devices on the same LAN or campus network can recognize,
receive and process the information. An Ethernet cable is the physical,
encased wiring over which the data travels.

 IEEE 802

IEEE 802.3 specifies the physical and networking characteristics of an Ethernet

network, like how physical connections between nodes (routers/switches/hubs) are
made through various wired media like copper coaxial or fiber cable.

The technology was developed to work with the IEEE 802.1 standard for network
architecture and its first released standard was Ethernet II in 1982, which featured
10 Mbit/s over thick coax cable and featured frames with a "Type" field. In 1983
the first standard with the name IEEE 802.3 for 10BASE5 (thick Ethernet or
thicknet) was developed. It had the same speed as the previous Ethernet II
standard, but the "Type" field was replaced by a "Length" field. 802.3a followed in
1985 and was designated as 10BASE2, which was essentially the same as
10BASE5 but ran on thinner coax cables, therefore it was also known as thinnet or
cheapnet.

There are a multitude of additions and revisions to the 802.3 standard and each is
designated with letters concatenated after the number "3". Other notable standards
are 802.3i for 10Base-T for using twister pair wire and 802.3j 10BASE-F for using
fiber-optic cables.
  Evolution of Ethernet :-

The Ethernet evolution is diagrammatically represented as follows −

Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1974. Engineer Bob
Metcalfe invented it for interconnecting advanced computer workstations, making
it possible to send data to one another and to high-speed laser printers.
It was originally intended to create a network in a small area known as a Local
Area Network (LAN).

 In 1983 the first iteration of Ethernet 10Base 5, was released.

 In 1985 thin coaxial cable was approved and the group made changes to the
specification in 1987, 1990 and 1993.
 In 1995 so called Fast Ethernet introduced it contains speed and duplex mode
(both side transmitting at same time)
 In 1998 it became a 1Gbps network thanks to the fibre optics which makes it
possible the IEEE approves 1 Gbps over twisted pair one year later.
 In 2002 Ethernet hit the 10 Gbps milestone for fibre transmission while 10
Gbps over unshielded twisted pairs became reality in 2006.
 Characteristics of Ethernet :-

 Ethernet transmits data at up to ten million bits (i.e., 10 megabits) per second
(10 Mbps). Fast Ethernet supports up to 100 Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet
supports up to 1,000 Mbps, and 10 Gbps Ethernet supports up speeds
matching its name (10 gigabits per second or 10,000 Mbps).

 Buildings at Indiana University are connected to the campus backbone using

1 Gbps Ethernet. At IU, 10 Gbps connectivity is primarily used for backbone
links, though some systems in the Data Centers are connected at this speed
as well.
 Each device on an Ethernet network operates independently and equally,
precluding the need for a central controlling device.

 Ethernet supports a wide array of protocols, the most common

including TCP/IP, UDP, and ICMP (Ping).

 They prevent crosstalk from causing interference on the connection.

 They increase the speed at which the data can travel. They allow for full-
duplex connectivity.

 Addressing

In a LAN, each node is assigned a physical address, also known as a

MAC/Ethernet address.
This address is unique to each of the nodes on the LAN and is 6 bytes (48
bits) long, which is burned on the Ethernet card (also known as the network
interface card). Ethernet is a byte-count protocol.

There are two primary addresses assigned to a device on an Ethernet LAN:

Physical address (the MAC address) – Used for Ethernet NIC to Ethernet
NIC communications on the same network.

Layer 2 or physical addresses, like Ethernet MAC addresses, have a different

purpose.
Ethernet addresses, also frequently called MAC addresses, are 6 bytes in
length, typically listed in hexadecimal form.

There are three main types of Ethernet address, as listed in Table 1-4. Fancy
term for an address that represents a single LAN interface.
  Access Method

Since the network that uses the standard Ethernet protocol is a broadcast
network, we need to use an access method to control access to the sharing
medium. The standard Ethernet chose CSMA/CD with 1-persistent method .

Ethernet IEEE 802.3 Frame Format :-

  Implementation
The Standard Ethernet defined several implementations, but only Three of them
became popular.

10Base5: Thick Ethernet

 The first implementation is called 10Base5, thick Ethernet, or Thicknet.

 Uses a bus topology with an external transceiver (transmitter/receiver)
connected via a tap to a thick coaxial cable.
 The transceiver is responsible for transmitting, receiving and detecting
collisions.
 The transceiver is connected to the station via a transceiver cable that
provides separate paths for sending and receiving.
 Collision can only happen in the coaxial cable.
 The maximum length of the coaxial cable must not exceed 500 m, if not
there is excessive degradation of the signal. If a length of more than 500 m is
needed, up to five segments, each a maximum of 500 meters, can be
connected using repeaters.

10Base2: Thin Ethernet

 The second implementation is called 10Base2, thin Ethernet, or
Cheapernet.  10Base2 also uses a bus topology, but the cable is
much thinner and more flexible.
 The cable can be bent to pass very close to the stations.  The
transceiver is part of the network interface card (NIC), which is
installed inside the station.
 The collision here occurs in the thin coaxial cable.  This
implementation is more cost effective than 10Base5 because thin
coaxial cable is less expensive than thick coaxial and the tee
connections are much cheaper than taps.
 Installation is simpler because the thin coaxial cable is very flexible.
The length of each segment cannot exceed 185 m (close to 200 m) due
to the high level of attenuation.

10Base-T: Twisted-Pair
 Ethernet The third implementation is called 10Base-T or
twisted-pair Ethernet.
 Uses a physical star topology. The stations are connected to a
hub via two pairs of twisted cable,
 Two pairs of twisted cable create two paths (one for sending
and one for receiving) between the station and the hub.
 Any collision here happens in the hub.
 The maximum length of the twisted cable here is defined as 100
m, to minimize the effect of attenuation in the twisted cable.
The Standard Ethernet defined several
implementations, but only four of
them became popular.
10Base5: Thick Ethernet
 The first implementation is called
10Base5, thick Ethernet, or Thicknet.
 Uses a bus topology with an
external transceiver
(transmitter/receiver) connected via a
tap to a thick
coaxial cable.
 The transceiver is responsible for
transmitting, receiving and detecting
collisions.
 The transceiver is connected to
the station via a transceiver cable
that provides separate paths for
sending and receiving.
 Collision can only happen in the
coaxial cable.
 The maximum length of the
coaxial cable must not exceed 500 m,
if not there is excessive degradation
of
the signal. If a length of more than 500
m is needed, up to five segments, each
a maximum of 500 meters,
can be connected using repeaters.