“The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the

constitutionalisation of environmental problems by the Supreme

Court. “ Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case
laws. 10 marks

Introduction
Constitutional courts involvement in present challenges

Current environmental problems

Bio diversity loss
Climate change
Environmental degradation

How SC achieved constitutionalisation of environmental problems

MC Mehta Case - Ganga Pollution case 1985-

Polluter pay principle
Deep pocket compensation

MC Mehta- Gas leak case

Absolute liability
Upon the recommendations the govt of India passed the National
Environmental Tribunal Act 1995

Dehradun valley litigation- Article 21- Right to life and personal liberty
includes wholesome environment
Precautionary principle

Ratlam case- Right to clean environment

SC held that international norms like CBD, stock holm declaration etc
are the part of constitutional obligation under article 51 which foster
respect for international law
Developing new remedies for environmental justice such as PIL, EIA
and environmental audits

Through PIL- Subash Kuram Vs State of Bihar case

Prevented pollution of bokoro river under Water ( Prevention and
Control Pollution ) Act

Uttarakhand HC verdict considering Ganga and tributaries as living

entities to prevent pollution

National Green Tribunal penalise Art of Live Foundation for polluting

Yamuna Plain

Conclusion
One of the fundamental aspects of affecting individual wellbeing-
So it is SC responsibility -
Protector of FRs

“Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of

India are freely available to the Indian citizens, but these rights
are not absolute”. Comment. 10 marks

Introduction
Right of movement and residence- Part 3- FRs constitution

Right of movement and residence for Indians

Part of 6 rights under- Right to Freedom

Article 19(1)(d)- Right to movement within India and

Article 19(1)(e)- Right to residence- temporary and permanently
Citizens and non citizens

India is one unit to promote nationalism and avoid separatism

Rights are not absolute but qualified

Reasonable restrictions- to protect the interests if general public and

members of STs

Restrictions
Residence
No settlements in tribal areas to preserve indigenous tribal culture
No acquisition of land in 6th schedule areas to protect the property
rights of tribals
Guwahati HC restricted residence in the premises of ST to protect
them from outside influence
Foreigners can be deported from India for violating rules

Movement
Order to leave the city for law and order purpose

Order to stay in the city for criminal investigation procedure

On health grounds- restriction during Covid time.
Bombay HC-Restriction on the movement of HIV patients
SC- Freedom of movement prostitutes can be restricted on the
ground of public health and in the interest of general public
Inner line permit- prior approval is needed

Conclusion
Overlapping and complementary
Rights are qualified- Why?Stand
Social rights
Community harmony

Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget.

Explain the components of both these Budgets. 10 marks
Introduction
Budget
Financial statement which provides for yearly estimated receipts and
expenditure of the government

Why we demarcate budget into two

Compare capital and revenue budget

Capital budget- Receipts and expenditures which changes the asset-
liability structure

Revenue Budget- Receipts and expenditure for running and maintains

expense of the nation

Capital Receipts Capital Expenditure

Capital Receipts- Either create liabilities or reduce assets
Debt creating- Borrowing and other liabilities
Borrowing-Internal and external
Internal- Market loans and treasury bills
External- Bilateral and multilateral
Non Debt creating- Receipts due to disposal of permanent assets and
recovery of loans

Capital expenditure- Creates permanent assets and periodical income

Revenue Receipts
Tax receipts- Direct tax and indirect tax
Non tax revue- Interests from loans , dividends and profits
Other non tax revenues like fees
Revenue expenditure- Doesn’t create assets or periodical incomes.
For maintenance, welfare and consumption
Eg- Interest payments, subsidies etc

Conclusion

The Sevottam model has been developed with the objective of

improving the quality of public service delivery in the country.
Discuss how it can bring about better administration of public
offices. 10 marks

Introduction
Explain Sevottam Model- Combination of Seva ( Service) and Uttam (
Excellent)- 2nd ARC
Assessment improvement model- Objective of improving the quality
of public service delivery- DARPG

Introduced for overcoming the drawbacks with citizen charter and

provide a time framework to assess and improve the quality and
service delivery to the citizen

How it can bring better administration and improved quality of public

service delivery ?
Successful implementation of Citizen Charter- Citizen inputs and
entitlements

Sound public grievance redressal mechanism- Citizen satisfaction

Benchmark assessment programme- Standardizaton

Monitoring and Feedback mechanism- Transparency and

accountability

Define services and identify services for easy service delivery

Set standards and norms for each service for less corruption

Develop capability to meet set standards

Evaluate impact through and independent mechanism

Rationality- All decisions of service delivery would be taken on the
basis of facts and data

Define, Set, Develop, Perform, Monitor, Evaluate, Continues

improvement - Sun diagram

Challenges
Lack of awareness among the people
Resistant to change- attitude of officials
Lack of physical infrastructure
Administrative inefficiencies such as corruption, red tapism etc

Conclusion
Case study- Municipal Corporation of Shimla- First sevottam pilot
project- 2008-09
Streamlined electricity and water bills resulted in revenue
enhancement
2nd ARC- Sevottam as the heart of good governance and act as the
big boost for the e governance movement in India

Why is India considered as a subcontinent ? Elaborate your

answer. 10 marks

Introduction
What is Subcontinent?
Part of continent that has distinct geographical, political and cultural
identity-

India is considered as a subcontinent due to its distinct

Geographical reasons
Unique geographical identity-Bounded by Himalayas in the north and
Indian ocean in the south
Distinct physiological diversity- A long cost line( Arabian Sea and
BoB). Thar desert, Himalayan mountain range, Indo- Gangetic plains

Unique climate - Influence of Monsoon

Environmental reasons
Endemic species- Great Indian Hornbill, India Giant Squirrel, Nilagiri
Tahr, Gangetic Dolphin
Wide range of vegetation- Evergreen( Western Ghats), deciduous(
Eastern Ghats), mountain forests

Cultural identity
Shared history- From IVC to Colonisation
Unity in diversity- Home to many religions( Hinduism, Buddhism,
Sikhism etc) , Languages ( Tamil, Malayalam, Pali, Sanskrit etc )

Political identity
Largest democracy
Constitution- Secularism, socialism

Population
2nd populous country

Draw map
Conclusion
Acceptance from ancient times- People considered India as a separate
unit identifying the entire land mass lying south of river Indus (
Sindhu)