Why was there a s udden s purt in famines in c olonial India s inc e

mid eig hteenth c entury? G ive reas ons . 10 marks

Introduction
British rule
Battle of Plassey and Buxar

Or name important famines

Bengal famines (1770) and the great famine (1876), Deccan famines
1878

Or previous occurrence of famines mainly due to geographical

reasons

Reasons for spurt in famines since mid eighteenth century

British Policy
Commercialisation of agriculture- Tinkatia System

Rural indebtedness - Heavy taxation- Rent

Policy of exploitation, repression and oppression- Dual govt by Robert

Clive

Large scale exports of agricultural products- open trade- food security

Inefficient land revenue policies like Permanent Settlement System by

Cornwallis and ryotwari

Administrative failure Poor response from government to overcome

natural causes

No relief or subsidy during famines- no policy on food storage

Other than this

Geographical reasons

Unpredictable weather- drought and flood- crop failure

Epidemics
Small pox- negative impact on health

Conclusion
Nationalistic response
Famines were the important reason
Mass Mobilisation

Des pite India being one of the c ountries of the G ondwanaland, its
mining indus try c ontributes muc h les s to its G ros s Domes tic
P roduc t (G D P ) in perc entag e.Dis c us s . 10 marks

Introduction

What is Gondwanaland- Places in India belong to Gondwanaland

Hit question using a fact- 1.75% contribution to GDP by mining sector
Contribution on decline

Gondwanaland was created by the southern division of Pangea. The

present Indian subcontinent belong to Gondwana land. Majority of the
minerals are belong to this region but its contribution to GDP is very
less
Body

Significance of Gondwanaland in promoting mining industry- Minor

part

Major minerals like coal, iron, Aluminum, Copper etc belong

predominantly to Gondwana region which include Chottanagpur,
Deccan, Telangana region

Draw map indicating major mining industries in India

Jharia, Bokaro , Singbum- Coal

Durgapur, Bilai- Iron Steel
Khetri- Copper
Kollar- Gold
Aluminium-
Bauxite- Ratnagiri

Why mining industry contributes less to GDP?

Think on industry lines

Raw materials- Poor exploration technologies resulted lack of

availability of raw materials- Eg- rat hole mining in Meghalaya

Employment- Slow modernisation in skilling of labours- Naxalism in

Bokaro Jharia regions of Jharkand

Stakeholders in mining- Environment, Tribes, Govt

Environment- Prominent Gondwana regions are located in wildlife
regions hence affects biodiversity and forest conservation- Eg-
Chottanagpur Plateau

Tribal development Vs mineral exploration- Presence of tribal

communities in this region. Their rehabilitation and compensation
increase cost- Presence of Gond tribes in Deccan plateau

Administrative challenges- Multiple clearances and Legal hurdles

Security challenges in mining areas due to presence of Naxalism

Competition- Monopoly of PSUs reduces healthy competition and

resulted in lack of investment- Eg- National Mineral Development
Corporation

How to improve the scenario?

Identify new location with less tribal displacement and environmental

concern
Privatisation to promote investment and modernisation
Skilling of labour force to avoid primitive techniques like rat hole
mining

Concluding Statement- MMDRA amendment bill 2021 bring more

transparency and efficiency in mining sector through measures like
removal of restriction on end use

Significance- Judicial use of resources- Employment generation, GDP

growth
What are the environmental implic ations of the rec lamation of
water bodies into urban land us e? E xplain with examples . 10 marks

Introduction
Address the larger context in issue based questions

Why reclamation of water bodies happened- Growing urbanisation,

population growth, industrialisation etc and reframe
If know quote facts

Growing urbanisation, population growth, industrialisation etc leads to

the reclamation of water bodies into urban use. It has multiple impacts
on environment
Can quote an example here

Body
What are the environmental implications of reclamation of
waterbodies into urban land use? ( Components of environment)

Biodiversity loss due to habitat loss -infrastructural building on Hussain

Sagar lake region in Hyderabad-
Loss of migratory water birds

Ecological loss- Urban settlements in Sundarbans reduces the

sedimentation capacity of mangroves

Coastal land reclamation changes tidal patterns and seawall patterns-

Eg- Konkan Coast

Ground water table- Building of Bandhra Kurla Complex on Mithi river

lowers the water table in Mumbai region
Pollution- Transformation to concrete land scapes reduces the filtering
ability of wetlands and resulted in water pollution
East Kolkata wetland and Deepor been in Guwahati

Disasters- Water bodies act as natural drainage hence their

destruction lead to urban floods
Eg- Mumbai Floods, Assam floods

Climate change- Urban heat island effect due to reduced cooling

effect

Secondary effects like eutrophication, algal bloom etc will reduces the
productivity of the water body ecosystems

Conclusion- Along with environmental there are other issues related

to livelihood and explain measures
Sustainable development- eco friendly development
Best practices- Chilika lake using community participation- Mangal
Jyoti Trust

Quote the word sustainable development-SDG11- Sustainable cities

Protection of water bodies as sin qua non for sustainable development

thereby improving our commitment towards SDG 11 which focuses on
sustainable cities
T he P arliamentary c ontrol over g overnment and adminis tration in
India is more theoretic al than prac tic al. Dis c us s . 10 marks

Introduction

Define Parliamentary system

Council of ministers responsible to Parliament in general and to LS in
particular- Article 75

Parliamentary control over government

No confidence motion-
Cut motions
Question hour, zero hour, supplementary questions
Passing of money bill, budget, presidential address
Departmental standing committees
Parliamentary debates

Why control is more theoretical ?

Strong majority owned by ruling party make the discussions and votes
ineffective
Eg- NDA govt wins 353 out of 552

Reduced working hours of parliament also reduce the quality of

debates
In 2020, parliament sat in session for 33 days only

Misuse of anti defection law ( 10th schedule) to control freedom of

speech and expression- Arbitrary role of whip

Criminalisation of politics- 4984 pending cases across the country -

Amicus curiae appointed by SC

Lack of recognised opposition leader leads to majoritarianism

Less scrutiny of Bills/ Policies-only 12% of govt legal proposals have

been sent to committee scrutiny in present LS -Bureau of
Parliamentary studies and training

Lack of parliamentary debates- In recent monsoon session out of 20

bills, 18 bills were passed without any discussion

Frequent use of guillotine motions damages quality of debates

Resort to money bill route to bypass RS- Aadhaar Act

Politicisation of parliamentary committees

Lack of expertise of standing committee members

Conclusion
National Commission for review of the working of the constitution-
Fixed num of working for Parliament, limit the role of whip in anti
defection law, introduce legislative impact assessment

Then only we can preserve the diversity of the country as well as the
responsibility of the govt
Dis c us s the main c ontributions of G upta period and C hola period
to Indian heritag e and c ulture. 15 marks

Gupta period and Chola period

Why there is contribution
Stable polity
Economic support
Strong rulers

If can use tables

Gupta Chola
Architecture
Sculpture
Literature
Philosophy
Painting
Music
Dance

Main contributions
Gupta period (300CE to 500 CE)

Temple building- Nagara- Panchayatana temple, Deograh

Sculpture- Sarnath school- Buddha, Varaha in udayagiri caves
Painting- Ajanta mural- Bodhisatwa Padmapani
Literature- Navaratnas of Chandragupta 2,Puranas, Ramayana ,
Mahabharata
Science and tech- Aryabhatta, Varahamihira

Chola period

Temple architecture- Dravidian style reached its peak- Brihadeswara

by Rajaraja chola- UNESCO heritage

Sculpture - Nataraja sculpture

Literature- Nalayaira divyaprabandham, Tevaram

Music- Bhakti bhajans of Alwars and Nayyanar, musical instruments,

Veena, flute
Religion- Shaivisam- Chidambaram temple
Dance- Bharatanatyam
Drama- Koothu, Natakam

Conclusion

represent the north Indian and South Indian

Present- blend of Both

Future significance