Metallography is important to determine the structure of a material.

It helps to identify
spatial distribution of the constituents, inclusions or phases in metallic alloys. Also by
Metallography can identify physical properties of a material such as strength,
toughness, ductility, hardness and etc. When it comes to choosing a material for some
purpose it`s necessary to choose the right material. Metallography can help to find
correct material. Thus using metallography, cracksand weak points in a material can
be identified. To obtain a good sample of the specimen following precautions are
needed to be taken. Before analyzing the sample it’s necessary to follow above steps
carefully as listed in the introduction. Deferent materials need different grading
techniques and different lubricants. Also, when polishing, polishing agent may
depend on the material. When it’s come to etching, etching chemical solution and
procedure to etching also depend on the material. When sectioning and grinding, the
heat need to be minimized to avoid alteration of the surface properties. Usually when
sectioning and grinding, water is used as a coolant. The Microstructure is the small
scale structure of a material, this can be seen on a prepared surface by a microscope
above 25× magnification. The microstructureof a material can strongly influence
physical properties such as strength, toughness, ductility, hardness, corrosion
resistance, high/low temperature behavior or wear resistance. By examining
microstructure and using microetching, following can be identified.

 Macrostructural patterns resulting from solidification or working (growth

patterns, flow lines, banding, etc.)
 Weld penetration depth and heat-affected zones
 Physical discontinuities (porosity, cracking) due to solidification or working
 Chemical and electrochemical surface modifications (decarburization, oxidation,
corrosion, contamination)
 Case hardening depth (surface hardening) in steel alloys or patterns due to
quenching irregularities
 Damage caused by improper grinding or machining
 Thermal effects due to overheating or fatigue