CHAPTER 7, CONTROL AND COORDINATION

1. Germination of a seed and chewing the cud by buffaloes; both involve movements. Are they
similar kind of movements? Support your answer with reason.
No, they are not similar kind of movements. Germination of seed exhibits movement related
to/caused by growth whereas chewing the cud by buffaloes is a movement which is not caused
by growth.

2. Movement is an attempt by living organism to use changes in their environment to their

advantage. Cite two examples to support this statement.
1. Plants grow out into the sunshine
2. Buffaloes chew the cud to break up tough food so as to be able to digest it better.
3. When we touch a hot object, we respond to it with movement in order to protect ourselves.

3. What are receptors? Name the respective receptors that detect taste and smell.
The specialized tips of nerve cells that help us to detect all information from our environment
are called receptors.
Receptors that detect taste- Gustatory receptors
Receptors that detect smell- Olfactory receptors

4. Enumerate the general scheme of how nerve impulses travel in the body.
1. The information acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of the nerve cell sets off a chemical
reaction that creates an electrical impulse.
2. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the to the cell body
3. Then it travels along the axon to its end
4. At the end of the axon these electrical impulses sets off the release of some chemicals.
5. These chemicals cross the synapse and starts a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the
next neuron.
6. A similar synapse finally allows the delivery of such impulses from neurons to other cells like
muscles or glands.

5. What special feature allows neurons to be the integral part of nervous tissue?
The special feature that helps neuron to be an integral part of nervous tissue is that it is
specialized for conducting information in the form of electrical impulses from one part of the
body to another.

6. Draw the structure of neuron and label the following parts:

a) Where information is acquired b) Part through which the information travels as an electrical
impulse c) part where the electrical impulse get converted into a chemical signal.

a c

a) Information acquired at dendrite

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 b) Information travels as electrical impulse through axon
c) Electrical impulse change to chemical signal at axonites/ synaptic knob.

7. Name the place where the input nerve and the output nerve of reflex arc connections are made.
Spinal cord.
8. a)Define reflex arc.
b)With the help of a diagram show the components of reflex arc.
a) The pathway taken by nerve impulses in reflex action is called the reflex arc.

b)
9. Write the major constituents of central nervous system.
The central nervous system consist of brain and spinal cord; which receive information from all
parts of the body and integrate it.

10. What does peripheral nervous system consist of?

Peripheral nervous system consist of cranial nerves and spinal nerves

11. Name the part of human brain that:

a) Controls the movement of voluntary muscles
b) Sensation of feeling full
c) Control of blood pressure, salivation and vomiting
d) Picking up a pencil
e) Maintains the posture and balance of the body
a) Fore-brain
b) Fore-brain
c) Medulla in the hind brain
d) Cerebellum
e) Cerebellum

12. How is human brain and spinal cord protected?

Human brain is well protected inside a bony box called the skull and is contained in a fluid filled
balloon (cerebro spinal fluid)which provides further shock absorption. The vertbral column
protects the spinal cord.

13. Explain how muscles change their shape?

The shape of muscles depend on the ability to adapt to external forces. Muscle cells have special
proteins that change both their shape and their arrangemant in the cell in response to nervous
electrical impulses. When this happens new arrangements of these proteins give the muscle cells
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 a shorter form.

14. Differentiate tropic and nastic movement.

Tropic movement Nastic movement
1. It is always directional; in relation to the 1. It is non directional movement and is not
direction of stimulus related to the the direction of stimulus.
2. It is a growthrelated movement 2. It is a movement independent of growth.

15. Name a growth promoting and a growth inhibiting hormone.

Auxin/ Cytokinin/ Gibberellins-growth promoting hormone
Abscisic acid- Growth inhibitor.

16. How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support?

Auxins promote cell elongation and are present at the shoot tip. When the tendril comes in
contact with the support auxin stimulates faster growth of the cells on the opposite sides. Thus
the tendril coils around the support.

17. What is phototropism?

The growth of the plant in response to the stimulus light is termed as phototropism.
The cells of the plant that are farthest from the light have a chemical called auxin that reacts
when phototropism occurs.

18. a)Name the endocrine gland associated with brain

b) The gland that secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormones
c) Endocrine gland associated with kidneys
d) Endocrine gland present in males not in females
a) Pituitary gland
b) Pancreas
c) Adrenal gland
d) Testes

19. Which hormone is termed as the emergency hormone? How does our body respond to it when it
is secreted into the blood?
Adrenaline secreted by the adrenal gland is termed as the emergency hormone.
When it is secreted into the blood our heart beats faster resulting in more supply of oxygen and
glucose to our muscle.
Breating increases that makes more oxygen available.
Blood supply to the digestive system and skin is reduced and more blood is supplied to the
skeletal muscles.

20. Cite an example to explain the feedback mechanism for regulation of hormonal sescretion.
The timing and amount of hormone secreted are regualted by feedback mechanism.
For example, when sugar level in the blood rises more insulin is secreted. Insulin removes extra
glucose from the blood by converting into glycogen.
Falling glucose level reduces insulin secretion by pancreas.

21. Why is it important to have iodised salt in our diet?

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 Iodine is important for thyroid gland to make thyroxin hormone. Thyroxin regulates
carbohydrate, protyein and fat metabolism in the body so as to provide the best balance for
growth. Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroxin. Iodine deficiency can lead to a condition
termed as goitre which is symptomised by swollen neck.

22. Name the hormone secreted by pituitary. What does it’s overproductionand under production
lead to?
Growth hormone. Over production leads to gigantism and under production leads to dwarfism.

23. Nervous and hormonal systems together perform the function of control and coordination in
humans. Justify.
Both nerves and hormones transmit information between different parts in the animal body.
Both coordinate and regulate physiological activities of the organisms.Synthesis and release of
some hormones are regulated by nerevs. On the other hand, hormones may influence the
activation of nerves.

24. Think of situations where receptors do not work properly. What problems are likely to arise?

If receptors do not detect the information; then there will not be any coordination. It may lead
to accidents. Body may not respond properly.

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