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COURSE CODE: PHY 102

#
COURSE TITLE: GENERAL PHYSICS II
Facebook Magnetism
(Electricity, Twitter
and Modern Physics)
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%Email
Course Outline

1. Electrostatics;

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2. Capacitors and Capacitance; Dielectrics;
3. Current Electricity, Ohm’s Law, Resistance and Resistivity, Cells and arrangement of
Cells,
4. Electrical Energy and Power.
5. Magnetic Field due to current-carrying conductors,
6. Electromagnetic Induction,
7. Maxwell’s equations; electromagnetic oscillations and waves;
8. Applications.

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1.0 Electrostatics
Electrostatics is the branch of Physics which deals with the study of electric
charges at rest.

1.1 Electric charge

Electric charge is a physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force
when near other electrically charged matter. There exist two types of electric
charges, called positive and negative charges.

1.2 Properties of electric charge

(i) It is a fundamental physical quantity measured in coulomb (C)
(ii) It exists in two forms. It can either be a positive or negative charge
(iii) It is quantized. This means that any charge found in nature exist in discrete
form (ne), where n is a positive or a negative integer and e is a constant of
nature called the elementary charge.
(iv) Like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other.
(v) Electrical charge is conserved i.e the net charge of an isolated system of
charges does not change no matter what interactions occur within the system.

1.3 Methods by which charges can be produced

(i) By friction
(ii) By induction
(iii) By contact

1.3.1 Charging by Friction

This occurs when one object is rubbed against another during which charge transfer
occurs. For example, if a hard rubber is rubbed with hair and brought near a piece of
paper, the paper is attracted by the rubber. This is because there is a spontaneous
transfer of electrons from the hair to the rubber. The rubber therefore acquires an
excess electron and become negatively charged, while the hair having lost some
electrons becomes positively charged.

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1.3.2 Charging by Induction:

Electric charges can be obtained on an object without touching it, by a process called
electrostatic induction.
Consider a negatively charged rubber rod brought near a neutral (uncharged)
conducting sphere that is insulated so that there is no conducting path to ground as
shown below. The repulsive force between the electrons in the rod and those in the
sphere causes a redistribution of charges on the sphere so that some electrons move
to the side of the sphere farthest away from the rod (fig. 1.3a). The region of the
sphere nearest the negatively charged rod has an excess of positive charge because
of the migration of electrons away from this location. If a grounded conducting wire
is then connected to the sphere, as in (fig. 1.3b), some of the electrons leave the
sphere and travel to the earth. If the wire to ground is then removed (fig 1.3c), the
conducting sphere is left with an excess of induced positive charge.
Finally, when the rubber rod is removed from the vicinity of the sphere (fig. 1.3d),
the induced positive charge remains on the ungrounded sphere and becomes
uniformly distributed over the surface of the sphere.

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1.3.3 Charging by Contact:

Consider the diagram below, a negatively charged rubber rod brought into contact
with a neutral conducting sphere that is insulated so that there is no conducting
path for charges to leave the sphere. As a result, some electrons on the rubber rod
are now able to move onto the sphere, as in fig 1.4a. When the rubber rod is
removed, the sphere is left with a negative charge (fig. 1.4b).

1.4 Coulomb’s Law

Law of universal gravitation states that the force of attraction between two masses
!" !# and is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance of separation between them.
Mathematically,

$ ∝ !&"!# #
$ ' (!&"#!#
where G is the gravitational constant.
The magnitude of the force between the two point charges obeys a similar inverse
square relationship with distance as in gravitational force.
Coulomb’s law otherwise known as the inverse square law therefore, states that
the force of attraction or repulsion exerted on one charged body by another is
proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square

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of the distance of separation between the two charge bodies. It can be expressed
mathematically as

$ ∝ )&")# #
$ ' *)&"#)#
where * is the electrostatic constant given as

* ' 4-.1 / '8.9875×1078!#/:#

$ ' ;<;=>&?= AB&=; )" '=ℎD&E; BF A?&G> HBIJ )# ' =ℎD&E; BF >ℎ; G;=BFI HBIJ
, ,
& ' I?G>DF=; H;>K;;F >ℎ; >KB =ℎD&E; HBI?;G
By illustration, the diagram below explain coulomb’s law

q1 q2

F21 F12

F21 F12

1.5 Similarities between Electrostatic and Gravitational Force

(i) The mathematical form of the Coulomb force is the same as that of the
gravitational force
(ii) They both obey an inverse square law.
(iii) They are both examples of a force field

1.6 Differences between Electrostatic and Gravitational Force

i. Electric forces can either be attractive or repulsive, but gravitational
forces are always attractive.
ii. Gravitational forces are considerably weaker than electrostatic forces.

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Example 1: The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are separated by a distance
of about 5.3×10 -11m. Find the magnitudes of the electric force and the gravitational
force that each particle exerts on the other.
Hint:
Particle Charge (C) Mass (kg)
Electron M1.
O1.660×10
0×10
-19 9.1.161×10 -31

Proton
1.67×10
-19 -27

Neutron 0 7×10 -27

Solution:
From Coulomb’s law,

$P ' Q)&P#)R ' S9×1078!#:#TS1. 6×10−"7:TSM1.6×10−"7:T

S5.3×10""!T#
$P '8.2×10−W8
Also from Newton’s universal law of gravity

$X ' (!&P#!R ' S6.67×10−""8!#QE−#S5.TS9.3×1011×10 −Y"QETS1.6×10−#ZQET

""!T#
$X '3.6×10−[Z8
Therefore,
$P ' 8.2×10−[Z−W8
$X 3.6×10 8
$
$XP '2.3×10Y7
This implies that the electrostatic force is about 2.3×10 39 times greater than the
gravitational force.
Example 2: Find the values of two equal charges which will repel each other with a
force of 0.18 50=!
when situated apart in a vacuum. (Take *'9×107Nm#⁄C# )
Solution:
Given that; $'0.18 &'50=!'0.5!
,

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