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 Basal ganglia are the scattered masses of
grey matter submerged in subcortical
substance of cerebral hemisphere

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 Basal ganglia form the part of EPS,which is
concerned with integration and regulation of
motor activities

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 Corpus striatum
 Substantia nigra
 Subthalamic nuclei of Luys
 Red nucleus

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 Mass of grey matter situated in base of
cerebral hemisphere close relation to
thalamus
 Internal capsule incompletely divides the
corpus striatum into
caudate nucleus
lenticular nucleus

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 Elongated arched grey mass,lying medial to
internal capsule
 Throughout its length it is related to lateral
ventricle
 It has a head and a tail portion
 Head bulged into lateral ventricle
 Tail long and arched

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 Wedge shaped greymass situated lateral to
intenal capsule
 External medullary lamina-a vertical plate of
white matter divides lenticular nucleus into
outer putamen
inner globus pallidus

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 Putamen and Caudate nucleus-neostriatum
 Globus pallidus-paleostriatum
 Globus pallidus has 2 parts-inner and outer

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 Situated below red nucleus
 Made of small unpigmented and large
pigmented cells
 Pigment contain high quantities of iron

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 Lateral to red nucleus and dorsal to
substantia nigra

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 A neuronal tract within BG extending from SN
to caudate and putamen has dopamine
serving as NT at its end

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 Corpus striatum –
Afferent connections from-thalamic
nuclei to caudate nucleus and putamen

-cerebral cortex to cn & putamen

-sn to putamen
-subthalamic nucleus to gp

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 Efferent connections to-thalamic nucle
-subthalamic
nuleus
-red nucleus
-substantia nigra
-hypothalamus
-reticular
formation

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 Putamen-GP
 CN-GP
 CN-putamen

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 Part of EPS
 Concerned with motor activities

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 Control of voluntary motor activity
-Regulation of voluntary movements
-Regulation of conscious movements
-Regulation of subconscious movements

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 Control of muscle tone
Gamma motor neuron,muscle
spindle and muscle tone are controlled by BG
 Leison –tone increase lead to rigidity

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 Control of reflex muscular activity
visual and labyrinthine reflexes
are imp in maintenance of posture
 Co-ordination and integration of impulses for
these activities controlled by BG

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 Control of automatic associated movements
movements in the body which
takes place along with some motor
activities.eg.swing of the arm while
walking,appropriate facial expressions while
talking or doing any work.mask like
face,statue like body

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 Role in arousal machanism
GP & red nucleus are involved in
arousal machanism-connection with reticular
formation
 Lesion-drowsiness lead to sleep

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Role of neurotransmitter in the functions of
BG
-Dopamine-released by dopinergic fibres
from substantia nigra to corpus
striatum.Deficiency-Parkinsonism
-GABA-secreted by intrinsic fibres of CS & SN
-Ach-released by fibres from cerebral cortex
to CN & putamen

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-Substance p and encephalins-released by
fibres from GP reaching SN
-Noradrenaline-secreted by fibres b/w BG &RF
-Glutamic acid-secreted by fibres from
Subthalamic nuclei to GP & SN
Dopamine and GABA inhibitory

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 Parkinson’s disease
 Wilson’s disease
 Chorea
 Athetosis
 Choreoathetosis
 Huntington’s chorea
 Hemiballismus
 Kernicterus

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 Due to damage of BG
 Destruction of SN & nigrostriatal pathway
 Paralysis agitans

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 Viral inf. of brain like encephalitis
 Cerebral arteriosclerosis
 Injury to BG
 Drugs for HTN
 idiopathic

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 Rigidity-removal of inhibitory influence on
gamma motor neuron-muscle tone
increased-rigidity
-both flexor & extensor muscles
affected equally
-limbs more rigid like pillars

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 Poverty of movements-absence of automatic
ass.movements

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 Tremor-rapid alternate rhythmic and
involuntary movements of flexion and
extension in the joints of fingers and wrist or
elbow is called tremor
Resting tremor- drum beating tremor
Pill rolling movements-thumb moves
rhythmicaly over index and middle finger

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 Akinesia or hypokinesia-unable to initiate
voluntary activity or reduced voluntary
activity due to hypertonicity of muscles

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 Gait-Festinant gait-walks quickly in short
steps by bending forward
 Emotional changes-upset

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 Due to damage of dopaminergic fibres-it is
treated by dopamine
 Dopamine doesnot cross BBB.so L-dopa

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 Progressive hepatolenticular degeneration
 Damage of lenticular nucleus
particularly.putamen
 Degeneration of liver tissue and brain due to
disturbed CU metabolism

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 Abnormal involuntary movement
 Rapid jerky movement of limbs
 Lesion in CN & putamen

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 Slow rhythmic & twisting movement
 Lesion in CN & putamen

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 Aimless involuntary muscular movements
 Due to combined effects of chorea &
athetosis

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 Inherited progressive neural disorder due to
degeneration of neuron secreting GABA in CS
& SN
 Disease starts in middle age
 Characterised by chorea,hypotonia and
dementia
 B/L wasting of muscles in severe cases

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 Violent involuntary abnormal movements on
one side of the body involving mostly the arm
 While walking,the arms swings widely
 These movements are called flinging
movements
 Movements are due to release phenonmenon
because of absence of inhibitory inflence on
movements
 Due to degeneration of subthalamic nuclei of
Luys

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 Damage of different parts of brain in infants
due to severe jaundice
 BG is the mainly affected part

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Synthesis-Generals-Paralysis Agitans
-CAUST,R.TOX,MERC.SOL,ZN
Murphy-Nerves-Paralysis Agitans
Phatak-Paralysis Agitans
-MER.SOL
-Arg.n,Gel,Agaricus,Lil.tig

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 Boericke-Nervous system-Paralysis Agitans
-BELL,PLB
-Anacardium,Gels,Caust,Nux.vom

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