1

BA History Semester 2023-24

Semester-I
Sr. Course Title Course Code L T P Credits
Core Course
History of India from earliest
1 FSS-HIS-BA-CC-101 2 1 3
times to 300 AD
World History (1453 to 1870
2 FSS-HIS-BA-CC-102 2 1 3
AD)

Semester-II
Sr. Course Title Course Code L T P Credits

Core Courses

History of India (300 AD

1 FSS-HIS-BA-CC-201 2 1 3
to 1200 AD)
An Outline of the History
2 FSS-HIS-BA-CC-202 2 1 3
of Rajasthan
 2

BA HISTORY SEMESTER-I
2023-24

Paper I: History of India from earliest times to 300 AD

3 hours duration Max Marks:60 Internal Evaluation:15

Note: The question paper shall contain three sections. Section-A shall contain 10 questions two from
each unit of 1 marks each. The candidate is required to answer all the questions. The answer should not
exceed 50 words. Section-B shall contain 5 questions one from each unit with internal choice. Each
question shall be of 4 marks. The answers should not exceed 200 words. The candidate is required to
answer all the questions. Section-C shall contain 5 questions of 10 marks each, one from each unit. The
candidate is required to answer any three questions. The answer shall not exceed 500 words.

Unit –I

Sources of Ancient Indian History; Palaeolithic,Mesolithic,Neolithic and Chalcolithic Cultures.

The Indus-Saraswati civilization: origin, extent, main sites, town-planning and architecture,
economy, religion, art, decline, devolution and continuity. Relationship of Indus – Saraswati
civilization and Vedic civilization. Late Harappan cultures with special reference to Kalibanga &
Banas river civilization.

Unit – II
Content and Classification of Vedic literature. Vedic Saraswati river and evidence for its
historicity. Early Vedic culture – society, economy, polity and religion. Later Vedic culture –
society, economy, polity, religion and philosophy.
New religious movements in north India. Social Impact of Buddhism and Jainism.
Social and economic condition of India in sixth century B.C. Mahajanapadas and Republics. Rise
of Magadhan imperialism – Haryanka, Sisunaga, and Nand dynasties. Survery of the Iron Age
cultures.

Unit – III
The Mauryan Empire: Sources, Significance of Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta Maurya –
conquests and extent of empire. Asoka, the Great. Classification and significance of Asokan
inscriptions. Kalinga War and its impact.
Nature of Asoka’s Dhamma. Mauryan Administration. Administrative innovations of Asoka.
Decline of the Mauryan Empire and responsibility of Asoka.
 3

Mauryan art, society, economy and literature. India’s contact with the outside world during the
Mauryan Period.

Unit – IV

Pushyamitra Sunga - political and cultural achievements. Kharavela.

Origin and early history of the Satavahans. Revival of Satavahana power under Gautamiptra
Satkarni. Rise of the Kushanas. Kanishka- Political and cultural achievements.
Chera, Chola and Pandyas in the far south.

Unit – V
The Sakas: Nahapana and Rudradaman. Economic condition of India from 200 B.C. to 300 A.D.
with special reference to Foreign Trade. A Survey of the social - religious life and developments
in art and architecture, literature and education during the period 200 B.C. - 300 A.D.
Different Samvat (era) prevalent (used) in Ancient Indian History

Books Recommended:

1. H.D.Sankaliya:Prehistory of India, Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi.

2. Bhagwan Singh:The Vedic Harappans, Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi.
3. R.C. Majumdar: The History and Culture of the Indian People,
Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan,Bombay,Vol.1,2,3.
4. vkj-,l-f=ikBh %izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fnYyhA
5. vkse izdk'k % izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] oSKkfud rFkk rduhdh “kCnkoyh vk;ksxA
6. f}tsUnz>k ,oa ds-,e-Jhekyh % izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo;u funs”kky;] fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyhA
7. mfeZyk izdk'k feJ % Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] e/; izns”k fgUnh xzaFk vdknehA
8. fdj.k dqekj FkiY;ky % flU/kq lH;rk] mÙkj izns”k fgUnh xzaFk vdknehA
9. okd.kdj ,oa fp-uk-ijpqjs %yqIr ljLorh unh “kks/k vfHk;ku ¼laf{kIr o`rkUr½] Jh ckck lkgc vkIVs Lekjd lfefr] ukxiqjA
10. oh-lh- ikaMs& izkphu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] [k.M&1] ls.Vªy ifCyf”kax gkml] bykgkcknA
11. vkj-,l-“kekZ& Hkkjr dk izkphu bfrgkl] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] ubZ fnYyhA
12. jksfeyk Fkkij& izkphu Hkkjr] jktdey izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyhA
 4

13. xksihukFk “kekZ&jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] f”koyky vxzoky ,.M daiuh] vkxjkA

BA HISTORY SEMESTER-I
2023-24

Paper II: World History (1453 to 1870 AD)

3 hours duration Max Marks: 60 Internal Evaluation: 15

Note: The question paper shall contain three sections. Section-A shall contain 10 questions two from
each unit of 1 marks each. The candidate is required to answer all the questions. The answer should not
exceed 50 words. Section-B shall contain 5 questions one from each unit with internal choice. Each
question shall be of 4 marks. The answers should not exceed 200 words. The candidate is required to
answer all the questions. Section-C shall contain 5 questions of 10 marks each, one from each unit. The
candidate is required to answer any three questions. The answer shall not exceed 500 words.

UNIT-I

Renaissance: Meaning, causes and development of art and literature; Mercantilism and
Commercial Revolution; Reformation and Counter Reformation; Beginning of
Colonialism; American War of Independence: Causes and Results.

UNIT-II

Industrial Revolution: Causes and Results.The French Revolution of 1789 – Causes,

Results and Impact.Napoleon Bonaparte – Works and Achievements; Napoleon’s
Downfall.

UNIT-III

Vienna Congress; Concert of Europe; The Age of Metternich (1815-48). French

Revolution of 1848 & Its impact.
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UNIT-IV

Unification of Italy; Unification of Germany.Rise of Imperialism:causes and results.

UNIT-V

The Eastern Question – Extent of the Ottoman Empire; Main causes of decline of the
Ottoman Empire; Serbia’s Revolt;The Crimean War.

Books recommended :

1. C.J.F.Hayes: A Political and Cultural History of Modern Europe (2 Vols)

2. H.M.Vinacke: A History of the Far East in Modern Time (Also in Hindi),
Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiyana.
3. Lee Gershoy: The French Revolution and Napoleon,Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
4. th-ih-xwp% vk/kqfud ;wjksi dk bfrgkl¼vuq-½] ,l-pkan ,.M da- fy-] ubZ fnYyhA
5. Bkdqj Hkxoku flag oekZ% ;wjksi dk bfrgkl ¼1789&1815½
6. nsoUs nz flag pkSgku % ;wjksi dk bfrgkl ¼1815&1919½] e/;izns”k fgUnh xzUFk vdknehA
7. ckyd`".k iatkch % Ýkal dh jkT; Økafr] e/;izns”k fgUnh xzUFk vdknehA
8. fjraHkjh nsoh % fo'o dk bfrgkl] fcgkj fgUnh xzUFk vdknehA
9. fd'kksjh ljuyky % ;wjksi dk bfrgkl ¼1815&1939½] oSKkfud rFkk rduhdh “kCnkoyh vk;ksxA
10. tSu ,oa ekFkqj % fo”o bfrgkl ¼1500&1950½] tSu izdk”ku efUnj] t;iqjA
 6

ch, bfrgkl lsesLVj izFke

2023&24

izz'u i=&izzFke % Hkkjr dk bfrgkl& izkjafa Hkd dky lss 300bZ-

le;&3 ?kaVs vf/kdre vad&60 vkarfjd ewY;kadu&15

uksVs % iz'u i= ds dqy rhu [k.M gksx

a sA [k.M ^v* esa izR;sd bdkbZ ls 1 vad ds 2 iz'u] dqy 10 iz'u gksx
a sA ijh{kkFkhZ ds fy, lHkh iz'uksa ds
mRrj nsuk vfuok;Z gSA izR;sd mRrj dh 'kCn lhek 50 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA [k.M&c esa iz R;sd bdkbZ esa ls 1 iz'u vkarfjd fodYi lfgr
dqy 5 iz'u gksx
a sA izR;sd iz'u 4 vad dk gksxkA ijh{kkFkhZ ds fy, lHkh iz'uksa ds mRrj nsuk vfuok;Z gSA izR;sd mRrj dh 'kCn lhek 200 'kCnksa
ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA [k.M&l esa izR;sd bdkbZ ls 10 vadksa dk 1 iz'u] dqy 5 iz'u gksx
a sA ijh{kkFkhZ dks fdUgha 3 iz'uksa ds mRrj nsus gksx
a sA izR;sd
[k.M dh 'kCn lhek 500 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA

bdkbZ&1

izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds L=ksrA iwoZik’kk.kdkyhu] e/;ik’kk.kdkyhu] uoik’kk.kdkyhu ,oa rkezik’kk.kdkyhu laLd`fr;k¡A fla/kq&ljLorh lH;rk%
mRifÙk] foLrkj] eq[; LFky ] uxj fu;kstu ,oa LFkkiR;] vFkZO;oLFkk] /keZ] dyk] iru] gLrkarj.k ,oa fujarjrkA fla/kq ljLorh lH;rk dk oSfnd
lH;rk ds lkFk laca/kA mÙkjorhZ gM+Iik lH;rk,¡&dkyhcaxk ,oa cukl unh lH;rkvksa ds fo'ks’k lanHkZ esAa

bdkbZ&2

oSfnd lkfgR; dk oxhZdj.k ,oa fo’k; oLrqA oSfnd ljLorh unh ,oa bldh ,sfrgkfldrk ds lk{;A vkjafHkd oSfnd laLd`fr&lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk]
jktuhfr ,oa /keZA mÙkj oSfnd laLd`fr&lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk] jktuhfr] /keZ ,oa n”kZuA mÙkjh Hkkjr esa u;s /kkfeZd vkanksyuksa dk mn;A ckS) ,oa
tSu /keZ dka lkekftd izHkkoA NBh “krkCnh bZ-iw- esa lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfrA egktuin ,oa x.kra=A ex/k lkezkT;okn dk mn;& g;Zad]
f'k”kqukx ,oa uan oa”kA ykSg ;qxhu laLd`fr dk los{Z k.kA

bdkbZ&3

ekS;Z lkezkT;&L=ksr]ekS;Z lkezkT; dk egRoA panzxqIr ekS;Z&fot;sa ,oa lkezkT; foLrkjA v”kksd egku~&v”kksd ds vfHkys[kksa dk egRo ,oa
oxhZdj.kA dfyax ;q) ,oa bldk izHkkoA v”kksd dk /kEeA ekS;Z izz”kkluA v”kksd ds iz”kklfud uokpkjA ekS;Z lkezkT; dk iru ,oa v”kksd dk
mÙkjnkf;RoA ekS;Zdky esa Hkkjr dk ckg~; fo”o ls laidZA
 7

bdkbZ&4

iq’;fe= “kqax&jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd miyfC/k;k¡A [kkjosyA lkrokguksa dh mRifÙk ,oa vkjfHkad bfrgklA xkSrehiq= “kkrd.khZ ds v/khu
lkrokgu “kfDr dk iqu:)kjA dq’kk.kksa dk mn;A dfu’d&jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd miyfC/k;k¡A lqnwj nf{k.k esa psj] pksy ,oa ikaM~;A

bdkbZ&5

“kd&ugiku ,oa :nznkeuA 200bZ-iw- ls 300 bZ- rd fons”kh O;kikj ds fo”ks’k lanHkZ esa Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr] lkekftd&/kkfeZd thou dk
los{Z k.k] dyk] LFkkiR;] lkfgR; ,oa f”k{kk dk fodklA izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa izpfyr fofHkUu laor~A

izz'u i=&f}rh;% fo”o dk bfrgkl 1453 ls 1870 bZ-

le;&3 ?kaVs vf/kdre vad&60 vkarfjd

ewY;kadu&15

uksVs % iz'u i= ds dqy rhu [k.M gksx

a sA [k.M ^v* esa izR;sd bdkbZ ls 1 vad ds 2 iz'u] dqy 10 iz'u gksx
a sA ijh{kkFkhZ ds fy, lHkh iz'uksa ds
mRrj nsuk vfuok;Z gSA izR;sd mRrj dh 'kCn lhek 50 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA [k.M&c esa izR;sd bdkbZ es a ls 1 iz'u vkarfjd fodYi lfgr
dqy 5 iz'u gksx
a sA izR;sd iz'u 4 vad dk gksxkA ijh{kkFkhZ ds fy, lHkh iz'uksa ds mRrj nsuk vfuok;Z gSA izR;sd mRrj dh 'kCn lhek 200 'kCnksa
ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA [k.M&l esa izR;sd bdkbZ ls 10 vadksa dk 1 iz'u] dqy 5 iz'u gksx
a sA ijh{kkFkhZ dks fdUgha 3 iz'uksa ds mRrj nsus gksx
a sA izR;sd
[k.M dh 'kCn lhek 500 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA

bdkbZ&1

iqutkZxj.k% vFkZ] dkj.k] dyk ,oa lkfgR; dk fodkl( okf.kT;okn ,oa okf.kT; dzkafrA /keZlq/kkj ,oa izfroknh /keZ lq/kkj vkanksyuA mifuos”kokn
dk vkjaHkA vesfjdk dk Lora=rk ;q)% dkj.k ,oa ifj.kkeA
 8

bdkbZ&2

vkS|ksfxd dzkafr% dkj.k ,oa ifj.kkeA 1789 dh Qzkalhlh dzkafr&dkj.k] ifj.kke ,oa izHkkoA usiksfy;u cksukikVZ&dk;Z ,oa miyfC/k;k¡( usiksfy;u dk
iruA

bdkbZ&3

fo,uk dkaxzslA ;wjksi dh la;qDr O;oLFkkA esVjfu[k ;qx ¼1815&48½A 1848 dh Qzkal dh dzkafr vkSj mlds izHkkoA

bdkbZ&4

bVyh dk ,dhdj.k(teZuh dk ,dhdj.kA lkezkT;okn dk mn;% dkj.k ,oa ifj.kkeA

bdkbZ&5

iwohZ leL;k& vksVkseu lkezkT; dk foLrkj( iru ds eq[; dkj.kA lfcZ;k dk fonzksg( dzhfe;k dk ;q)A
 9

BA HISTORY SEMESTER-II

2023-24

Paper I: History of India (300 AD to 1200 AD)

3 hours duration Max Marks: 60 Internal Evaluation: 15

Note: The question paper shall contain three sections. Section-A shall contain 10 questions two from
each unit of 1 marks each. The candidate is required to answer all the questions. The answer should not
exceed 50 words. Section-B shall contain 5 questions one from each unit with internal choice. Each
question shall be of 4 marks. The answers should not exceed 200 words. The candidate is required to
answer all the questions. Section-C shall contain 5 questions of 10 marks each, one from each unit. The
candidate is required to answer any three questions. The answer shall not exceed 500 words.

Unit –I

The Gupta empire : Sources, Origin, Political History of the Guptas - Chandragupta I,
Samudragupta, Chandragupta II, Skandagupta.
Gupta administration.Decline of the Guptas, Development in fields of art and architecture,
religion, literature, education, science and technology.Social and economic life during the Gupta
age.

Unit – II

Huna invasion and its impact. The Pushyabhuti dynasty - sources. Harshvardhana - political and
cultural achievements; administration.Agrarian structure and Emergence of Feudalism.Accounts
of Fahien and Yuan-Chwang - a comparative study.

Unit – III

Rise of the Southern Dynasties –Chola, Chalukyas, Pallavas, Rashtrakutas Hoysalas.Chola

administration.
Rise of eastern dynasties - with special reference to Pala and Sens of Bengal, Burmans of
Kamroop.
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Unit – IV

Kingdom in North India : Gurjara-Pratiharas, Kalchuris-Chedis, Gahadwalas and Parmars,

Chahmans of Shakambhari. Rajput administration and culture.Arab contacts –Impact of invasions
of Ghajni and Gauri. Alberuni.

Unit – V

Development of art and architecture - The Temple Art and Architecture. Development of
Literature; Sangam literature.Growth of Regional Languages. Religious condition: Tamil Bhakti
movement, Shaivism and Vaishnavism, Shankaracharya - Vedanta. Contact with Sri-Lanka and
South East Asia.

Books Recommended:

1. R.C. Majumdar: The History and Culture of the Indian People,

Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan,Bombay,Vol.3,4,5.
2. Upinder Singh: A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India,Pierson Longman, Delhi.
3. A.L. Basham : The Wonder that was India, London.
4. S.K. Day, U.N.Ghoshal: The Cultural Heritage of India, vol.2,The Ramkrishan Mission Institute
Of Culture,Calcutta.
5. >k] Mh--,u-- ,oa Jhekyh% izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo;u funs”kky;] ubZ fnYyhA
6. uhydaB “kkL=h% nf{k.k Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fcgkj fgUnh xzUFk vdknehA
7. d`’.kxksiky “kekZ ,oa gqdepUn tSu% Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] Hkkx f}rh;] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk
vdkneh] t;iqjA
 11

BA HISTORY SEMESTER-II
2023-24

Paper II: An Outline of the History of Rajasthan

3 hours duration Max Marks: 60 Internal Evaluation: 15

Note: The question paper shall contain three sections. Section-A shall contain 10 questions two from
each unit of 1 marks each. The candidate is required to answer all the questions. The answer should not
exceed 50 words. Section-B shall contain 5 questions one from each unit with internal choice. Each
question shall be of 4 marks. The answers should not exceed 200 words. The candidate is required to
answer all the questions. Section-C shall contain 5 questions of 10 marks each, one from each unit. The
candidate is required to answer any three questions. The answer shall not exceed 500 words.

Unit I

Sources of History of Rajasthan: Archaeological, Literary, Archival.

Geography of Rajasthan. Pre Historic Rajasthan-With special reference to Kalibanga, Ahar and
Bairath.

Unit II
Origin of Rajputs:Major Dynasties-Guhil, Chouhan, Gurjar-Pratihar, Rathore. Extension of Muslim
Power in Rajasthan with Special reference to Alauddin Khilji.

Unit III
Mewar- Kumbha, Sanga, Pratap
Marwar-Jodha, Maldeo, Chandra Sen
Amer - Man Singh, Mirza Raja Jai Singh, Sawai Jai Singh
Bikaner-Rai Singh, Dungar Singh, Ganga Singh
 12

Unit IV

Maratha Penetration and Rajput Resistance-causes and impacts, Hurda Sammelan, Treaties of
1818 between the states of Rajputana and the British : Causes and Results of these treaties;
Revolt of 1857 in Rajasthan : Causes and Results.

Unit V
Causes of Political awakening in Rajasthan. Peasant Movement: Bijolia, Shekhawati,
Doodhwakhara. Tribal Movements-Govind Giri and Motilal Tejawat. Revolutionary activities- Arjun
lal Sethi, Kesri Singh Barhat. Praja Mandal Movement. Formation of Rajasthan.

Books Recommended:

1. D.C.Shukla : Early History of Rajasthan, Bhartiya Vidya Prakashan,Delhi.

2. Dashrath Sharma : Rajasthan Through the Ages.Vol.-I,Rajasthan State Archives,Bikaner.
3. S.S. Saxena and Padmaja Sharma : Bijolia Kissan Andolan Ka Ithihas, Rajasthan State
Archives Bikaner, 1972.
4. V.P.Menon : The Story of The Integration of the Indian States,Orient Longmans, Bombay.
5. vkj-ih- O;kl % jktLFkku dk o`gr bfrgkl] Hkkx izFke rFkk f}rh;] jktLFkku fgUnh xaFz k vdkneh] t;iqjA
6. ds-,e-lDlsuk % jktLFkku esa jktuSfrd tutkxj.k] jktLFkku fgUnh xazFk vdkneh] t;iqjA
7. MkW- th-,u-'kekZ % jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] f”koyky vxzoky ,aM daiuh] vkxjkA
8. MkW- ,e-,l-tSu % vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iap”khy izdk”ku] t;iqjA
 13

ch, bfrgkl lsesLVj f}rh;

2023&24

izz'u i=&izFke% Hkkjr dk bfrgkl 300bZ- ls 1200bZ-

le;&3 ?kaVs vf/kdre vad&60 vkarfjd ewY;kadu&60

uksVs % iz'u i= ds dqy rhu [k.M gksx

a sA [k.M ^v* esa izR;sd bdkbZ ls 1 vad ds 2 iz'u] dqy 10 iz'u gksx
a sA ijh{kkFkhZ ds fy, lHkh iz'uksa ds
mRrj nsuk vfuok;Z gSA izR;sd mRrj dh 'kCn lhek 50 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA [k.M&c esa izR;sd bdkbZ esa ls 1 iz'u vkarfjd fodYi lfgr
dqy 5 iz'u gksx
a sA izR;sd iz'u 4 vad dk gksxkA ijh{kkFkhZ ds fy, lHkh iz'uksa ds mRrj nsuk vfuok;Z gSA izR;sd mRrj dh 'kCn lhek 200 'kCnksa
ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA [k.M&l esa izR;sd bdkbZ ls 10 vadksa dk 1 iz'u] dqy 5 iz'u gksx
a sA ijh{kkFkhZ dks fdUgha 3 iz'uksa ds mRrj nsus gksx
a sA izR;sd
[k.M dh 'kCn lhek 500 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA

bdkbZ&1

xqIr lkezkT;% L=ksr] mRifÙk( jktuhfrd bfrgkl& panzxqIr izFke] leqnzxqIr] panzxqIr f}rh;] leqnzxqIrA xqIr iz”kkluA xqIr lkezkT; dk irua A
dyk] LFkkiR;] /keZ] lkfgR;] f”k{kk] foKku ,oa rduhdh {ks=ksa esa izxfrA xqIrdky esa lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfrA

bdkbZ&2

gw.k vkdze.k ,oa mudk izHkkoA iq’;Hkwfr oa”k&L=ksr] g’kZo/kZu&jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd miyfC/k;k¡A iz”kkluA d`f’k lajpuk ,oa lkeUrokn dk
mn;A Qkg~;ku ,oa g~osulkax dk fooj.k&rqyukRed v/;;uA

bdkbZ&3

nf{k.kh jktoa”kksa dk mn;&pksy] pkyqD;] iYyo] jk’VªdwV ,oa gks;lyA pksy iz”kkluA iwohZ jktoa”kksa dk mn;& caxky esa iky o lsu] dke:i ds
ceZu oa”k ds fo”ks’k lanHkZ esaA

bdkbZ&4

mÙkj Hkkjr ds lkezkT;% xqtZj izfrgkj] dypqfj&psfn] xgM+oky ,oa ijekjA “kkdEHkjh ds pkSgkuA jktiwr iz”kklu ,oa laLd`frA A vjcksa ls laidZ&
xtuoh ,oa xkSjh ds vkdze.kksa dk izHkkoA vycs:uh A

bdkbZ&5

dyk ,oa LFkkiR; dk fodkl& eafnj dyk ,oa LFkkiR;A lkfgR; dk fodklA laxe lkfgR;A izkarh; Hkk’kkvksa dk fodklA /kkfeZd fLFkfr& rfey
HkfDr vkanksyu] “kSo ,oa oS’.ko /keZ] “kadjkpk;Z&osnkUrA Jhyadk ,oa nf{k.k iwwoZ ,f”k;k ls laidZA
 14

iz”ui= f}rh;&jktLFkku ds bfrgkl dh :ijs[kk

le;&3 ?kaVs vf/kdre vad&60 vkarfjd ewY;kadu&15

uksVs % iz'u i= ds dqy rhu [k.M gksx

a sA [k.M ^v* esa izR;sd bdkbZ ls 1 vad ds 2 iz'u] dqy 10 iz'u gksaxsA ijh{kkFkhZ ds fy, lHkh iz'uksa ds
mRrj nsuk vfuok;Z gSA izR;sd mRrj dh 'kCn lhek 50 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA [k.M&c esa izR;sd bdkbZ esa ls 1 iz'u vkarfjd fodYi lfgr
dqy 5 iz'u gksx
a sA izR;sd iz'u 4 vad dk gksxkA ijh{kkFkhZ ds fy, lHkh iz'uksa ds mRrj nsuk vfuok;Z gSA izR;sd mRrj dh 'kCn lhek 200 'kCnksa
ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA [k.M&l esa izR;sd bdkbZ ls 10 vadksa dk 1 iz'u] dqy 5 iz'u gksx
a sA ijh{kkFkhZ dks fdUgha 3 iz'uksa ds mRrj nsus gksx
a sA izR;sd
[k.M dh 'kCn lhek 500 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA

bdkbZ&1

jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ds L=ksr% iqjkrkfRod] lkfgfR;d ,oa iqjkys[kh;A

jktLFkku dk HkwxksyA jktLFkku dk izkxSfrgkl% dkyhcaxk ]vkgM+ ,oa cSjkB ds fo”ks’k lanHkZ esaA

bdkbZ&2

jktiwrksa dh mRifÙk] ize[q k jktoa”k& xqfgy] xqtZj izfrgkj] pkSgku] jkBkSM+A jktLFkku esa eqfLYke lÙkk dk izlkj&vykmn~nhu f[kyth ds fo”ks’k
lanHkZ esAa

bdkbZ&3

esokM+& dqaHkk] lkaxk] izrkiA

ekjokM+& tks/kk] ekynso] panzlsuA

vkesj&ekuflag] fetkZ jktk t;flag] lokbZ t;flagA

chdkusj&jk;flag] Mwaxjflag] xaxkflagA

 15

bdkbZ&4

ejkBk vkdze.k ,oa jktiwrksa dk izfrjks/k&dkj.k ,oa izHkko] gqjM+k lEesyuA jktiwrkuk ds jkT;ksa ,oa fczfV”kksa ds e/; 1818bZ - dh laf/k;k¡A laf/k;ksa ds
dkj.k ,oa ifj.kkeA jktLFkku esa 1857 dh dzkafr&dkj.k ]izd`fr ,oa ifj.kkeA

bdkbZ&5

jktLFkku esa jktuSfrd tkx`fr ds dkj.kA d`’kd vkanksyu&fctkSfy;k] “ks[kkokVh] nwnok[kkjkA Hkhy vkanksyu&xksfoUn fxjh] eksrhyky rstkorA
dzkafrdkjh xfrfof/k;k¡&vtqZuyky lsBh] dsljh flag ckjgBA iztke.My vkanksyuA jktLFkku dk fuekZ.kA