Easyelimu A Silent Song Guide

A Silent song and Other
Stories Guide PDF -

Easy Elimu
The Easy Elimu guide to a silent song PDF is comprehensive

and has got all that you need to master the short stories
contained within.
This Easy Elimu Guide contains summarized
guides to the short stories collected in the
book, A Silent song and Other Stories. These
stories include;
1. A Man of Awesome Power (Naguib Mahfouz -
Egypt)
2. Incident in the Park (Meja Mwangi - Kenya)
3. Ninema (Vrenika Pather - South Africa)
4. A Silent Song (Leonard Kibera - Kenya)
5. Ivory Bangles (Eric Ng'maryo - Tanzania)
6. The Sins of the Fathers (Charles Mungoshi -
Zimbabwe)
7. The Truly Married Woman (Abioseh Nicol - Sierra
Leone)
8. Talking Money (Stanley Gazemba - Kenya)
9. Ghosts (Chimamanda Adichie - Nigeria)
10. God Sees the Truth, but Waits (Leo Tolstoy -
Russia)
11. The Neighbourhood Watch (Rem'y Ngamije -
Rwanda and Namibia)
12. December (Filemon Liyambo - Namibia)
13. Boyi (Gloria Mwaniga - Kenya)
14. Cheque Mate (Kevin Baldeosingh - Trinidad)
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A Man of Awesome Power Analysis - A Silent Song and Other

Stories Easy Elimu Study Guide
About the Author
The Title
The plot / synopsis
Key moments in the story
Tayyib's dream — pg 1-2
Utilising the awesome power -pg 2-4
Losing the awesome power- pg 5
Characters and characterization
Themes
Key issues about power that are addressed in the story
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions for A Man of Awesome Powers
Sample essay questions
Critical thought on the theme of power in A Man of Awesome Power
A Man of Awesome Power by Naquib Mahfouz

About the author
A Man of Awesome Power is a story created and written by Naquib Mahfouz. Naguib Mahfouz Abdelaziz
Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Basha (11 December 1911 – 30 August 2006) an Egyptian writer who won the 1988
Nobel Prize in Literature.
Mahfouz is regarded as one of the first contemporary writers in the Arabic literature.
The short story A Man with Awesome Power appears in Naguib Mahfouz's "The seventh Heaven of
2005, which is a series of short stories.
He published 35 novels, over 350 short stories, 26 screenplays, hundreds of op-ed columns for Egyptian
newspapers, and seven plays over a 70-year career, from the 1930s until 2004.
All of his novels take place in Egypt, and always mentions the lane, which equals the world.
The Title
The title "A Man of Awesome Power" is appropriate for the story because it refers to Tayyib's miraculous
ability to make things happen simply by saying "Be!"
This power is described as being "awesome" in the sense that it is beyond human understanding and
beyond the scope of what most people would consider possible.
The title also suggests that Tayyib is a man who is transformed by his power, as he becomes someone
with an unusual and almost divine ability to shape reality.
The title captures the central theme of the story, which is the idea of a man who has been granted an
extraordinary power and must navigate the challenges and responsibilities that come with it.
The story captures how an individual who is empowered when least expected utilises the power given to
him.
His illusions of desire for a better country lead to his dream of power acquisition.
The Plot Summary
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Tayyib al-Mahdi is a man who believes that he has completed his mission in life and is living a contented,
retired existence in an apartment in Nasr City. His current life is peaceful and uneventful. He spends time
watching television, reading newspapers or listening to the radio in the comfort of his apartment that he
shares with his wife since his daughters are already married.
One night, a man of radiant appearance appears to him in a dream and tells him that he has the power to
make things happen simply by saying "Be!" At first, Tayyib is skeptical of the dream, but when he tries out
his new power by commanding the television to change channels and makes it happen, he realizes that
the dream was real. Endowed with the newly acquired power, he sets out to reform his country and the
entire planet as he had often wished.
He begins to use his power in various ways, such as making a taxi driver's tires explode when the driver
refuses to pick him up, making a television broadcaster sneeze uncontrollably, and forcing a corrupt
businessman to go to the tax prosecutor's office to repent and pay his debts.
As he uses his power more and more, Tayyib becomes more confident and ambitious, and he begins to
draw up a comprehensive plan for using his power to reform his country and the world.
However, after a brief period of happiness and success with using his power, Tayyib makes a grave
mistake that cause his power to be taken from him.
The start of the mistake - Tayyib falls in love with a woman at the zoo.
Culmination of the mistake - Tayyib uses his power to make the woman at the zoo fall in love with him.
Consequence of the mistake - Their (Tayyib and the woman at the zoo) intimacy costs him
his incredible power. He pays this price for misusing the power that God had freely given him.
After this realization that his power has disappeared Tayyib is left feeling sad and regretful.
For though Tayyib is busy planning to effectively utilise his power for the good of all sectors in the country
the forementioned unfortunate incident (THE MISTAKE) caused by his greed (which is a bad and selfish use
of his power) occurs and thus he loses it all.
Tayyib not only loses the power given to him freely by God but also the comfort and contentment that he
had at the begining of the story. Afterall, Tayyib experiences a tremendous sadness that
will haunt him for the rest of his life.
The plot tells a story of the ideal growth into power positions and how individuals grow from honest
intentions to self-centeredness.
The short of it, "The moral man who eventually abuses his power."
1. Tayyib's dream — pg 1-2

2. Utilising the awesome power -pg 2-4
3. Losing the awesome power- pg 5
All characters and their characterization
List of Characters
Tayyib al-Mahdi: the main character of the story, who has the power to make things happen just by
thinking about them
Haniya: Tayyib's wife
The man of radiant appearance: an apparition who appears to Tayyib in a dream and gives him his
powers
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The television broadcaster: a man whose speech Tayyib interrupts by making him sneeze
Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi: a man whom Tayyib forces to go to the tax prosecutor's office
The woman at the zoo: a woman whom Tayyib becomes attracted to while visiting the zoo
Note:
Though Tayyib al-Mahdi is the main character he is is not the narrator.
Character Traits/ Characterization
Tayyib
Pious and observant: Tayyib is described as being devout and paying attention to his religious
duties.
A lover of virtue: Tayyib values and seeks out good qualities and moral values.
A good man: The text describes Tayyib as a good man who tries to live his life in a virtuous way.
Regretful and sad: After he makes a mistake (sleeping with the woman at the zoo) and loses his
power, Tayyib experiences feelings of regret and sadness.
Secretive - He does not reveal to his wife that he had been bestowed with such power
Emotional - He causes one radio announcer to suffer massive sneezes after making an
announcement that gave false hopes
Vengeful - He hits back a taxi driver who ignores him by wishing him an accident
Protector/virtuous - causes a man who had physically attacked a woman in a bus to suffer stomach
cramps.
Adulterer - sleeps with a woman who isnt his wife
Flaky / inconsistent in behaviour - He utilises his power both for good and bad intentions
Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi
Arrogant: Sulayman is described as being surrounded by slavish devotees and followers, which
could suggest that he is arrogant or self-important.
Self-important: As above, the fact that Sulayman is surrounded by devoted followers could indicate
that he sees himself as being important or influential.
Corrupt: The text mentions that Sulayman is counted among the city's poor by the tax authorities,
which could suggest that he is seen as being dishonest or corrupt.
Themes
Power
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The theme of power is present in the story through the idea of Tayyib's miraculous ability to make things
happen simply by saying "Be!" This power gives Tayyib a sense of control and influence over his
surroundings, and he uses it to try to bring about positive change in the world. Also the abuse of power is
a critical theme in this story.
Key issues about power that are addressed in the story
1. Where power comes from

Unlike the common perception that power must be taken here contary to that belief we see that
power is God-given. Tayyib's power is bestowed on him by God. As seen from his words, "All
praise to God, Lord of the Worlds", and listening to radio channels devoted to the Quran (pg 1),
his religious nature is one reason God willed to grant him power. The man who visits him in
the dream tells him that starting that moment and as long as God willed, he had been
bestowed with the power to order things to be and they would be. (pg l)
2. One can gain power at any stage of life.

Tayyib believed that he had completed his mission in the world. Before acquiring power, he lives a
peaceful life as he enjoys the fruits of retirement. The writer notes that 'He had generous
insurance and more than adequate pension' pg 1 which do not prevent him from being given
power by God.
3. Utilisation of Power
Tayyib utilises the power given to him in different incidents:
He orders his television to switch channels
Encounter with the taxi driver (pg 2)
In the bus, to deal with the conflict between a man and a woman (pg 3).
Performing memorable services along his way to the cafe (pg 3).
The radio announcer (pg 3).
Tayyib's wrath on Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi (pg 3-4).
The beautiful woman in the Tea Garden (pg 4).
filling a gaping pothole, locking an electric box that was open and hanging dangerously,
removing a pile of trash and draining sewer water that was flooding an alley. Many people
in the neighbourhood appreciate these services. (p 3).
4. Good utilisation of power

The episode shows how a person bestowed with power should utilise it. Tayyib's soliloquy during
his encounter with the taxi driver captures the need to use power for the well-being of others and
to make things better. 'Whoever is granted with power like mine, must utilise it only for good.' (pg
2)
He uses the power to do several good deeds. Some of the outstanding services that Tayyib
performs include filling a gaping pothole, locking an electric box that was open and hanging
dangerously, removing a pile of trash and draining sewer water that was flooding an alley. Many
people in the neighbourhood appreciate these services. (p 3).
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He also does a good deed of making Sulayman, who has been evading tax, go to the taxi
authorities and pay them millions of pounds he owed them. (pg3).
5. Misuse of power
Tayyib first falls to his anger and uses his power on an innocent driver. Eventually, He falls again
by using his power for his benefit bysubconsciously coercing a woman to fall head over heels with
him.
SCENE: Tayyib notices a beautiful woman at the entrance of the tea garden and uses his ability to
satisfy his desires for her. Their intimacy costs him his incredible power. He pays this price for
misusing the power that God had freely given him. That price is its loss and eternal regrat and
sadness as long as he lives.
6. Consequences of the misuse of power
He pays this price for misusing the power that God had freely given him.
After this realization that his power has disappeared Tayyib is left feeling sad and regretful.
If power is not utilised for 'good', it will be lost. Tayyib loses his awesome power when he comes
back to his senses and realises that he had made some mistake.
Although he had been secretive about his power, his wife Haniya keenly observes that he was not
in his usual mood that evening.
Tayyib's deceitful/ dishonest nature is depicted when he easily lies to his wife that he had a cold.
Unfortunately, for Tayyib, he loses his power due to his mistakes. 'The miracle was gone - like a
dream.' (pg 5)
How Tayyib uses his awesome power?
Switching TV channels
Orders chairs to rise and then return to their original places.
Shatters rear wheels of taxi
Strikes man with severe cramps
Fills gaping pothole
Locks dangerously hanging electrical box
Removes a pile of rubbish
Drains sewer water flooding an alley
Makes broadcaster ill
Compels Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi to pay taxes
Maternity hospital, consumer’s cooperative and electrical factory
Charms gorgeous woman.
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Responsibility:
The theme of responsibility is explored through Tayyib's actions and decisions as he uses his power.
He initially tries to use his power only for good, but eventually comes to realize that he must be more
careful and thoughtful in how he uses it, as his actions can have unintended consequences.
Consequences:
The theme of consequences is present in the story as Tayyib experiences both the positive and negative
consequences of using his power.
On the one hand, his power allows him to bring about positive change and helps him to achieve his goals.
On the other hand, his actions also have negative consequences, such as causing the television
broadcaster to sneeze and causing the woman at the zoo to fall in love with him.
Dreams and reality:
The theme of the relationship between dreams and reality is explored through Tayyib's experiences with
his miraculous power. The power initially appears to him in a dream, but then becomes a reality that he
can use to shape the world around him. However, eventually the power disappears, leading Tayyib to
question whether it was real or just a dream.
Corruption / Immorality
Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi is referred to as one of the "fat cats of the reforms" which can be interpreted
as a reference to corrupt officials who use their positions of power for personal gain.
Though he (Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi) uses his position to get great personal wealth, he is described as
being counted among the city's poor by the tax authorities as he continually evades paying tax.
Tax evasion is an immorality. Many leaders use their powerful positions to evade paying their taxes, such
as Sulayman Bey al- Hamalawi.
When Tayyib notices him, he commands, "Sulayman Bey, go straight to the tax prosecutor's office to
repent and say you are sorry up the millions of pounds you owe." (pg 3)
Another corruption as seen in the short story is sexual immorality is seen when Tayyib utilises his power
to make the beautiful woman he notices in the Tea Garden fall for his advances.
The woman barely notices Tayyib when she gets to the garden, but Tayyib shifts her attention to himself
through the power he has. He forgets his faith and his life (Lack of self- control) and surrenders to fate.
Stylistic Devices
Repetition
Repeating words or phrases.
(There are actually many different types of repetition like anaphora and epiphora.)
The phrase "All praise to God, Lord of the Worlds" is repeated several times throughout the story, as
Tayyib mutters it to himself in contentment. This repetition helps to emphasize the importance of this
phrase to Tayyib and to create a sense of rhythm in the story.
Symbolism
Symbolism is a literary device that uses symbols, be they words, people, marks, locations, or
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abstract ideas to represent something beyond the literal meaning.
The concept of symbolism is not confined to works of literature: symbols inhabit every corner of our daily
life.
The man of radiant appearance who appears to Tayyib in a dream could be seen as a symbol of Tayyib's
miraculous power.
The fact that the man appears in a dream could symbolize the dream-like, otherworldly nature of the
power, while the radiant appearance could symbolize the transformative, almost divine nature of the
power.
Imagery
Imagery is a literary device used in poetry, novels, and other writing that uses vivid description that
appeals to a readers' senses to create an image or idea in their head.
Through language, imagery does not only paint a picture, but aims to portray the sensational and
emotional experience within text.
The description of the man of radiant appearance being "bathed in light and wrapped in a snow-white
robe" creates a vivid image in the reader's mind and helps to convey the otherworldly nature of the man.
Personification
When an idea or animal is given human characteristics. “The sky weeps.”
When Tayyib commands the television to change channels, the channel is described as "disappearing,"
which could be seen as personification, as it gives the channel human-like qualities.
Hyperbole
Hyperbole, a figure of speech that is an intentional exaggeration for emphasis or comic effect.
The description of Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi being "inflated" with arrogance and conceit could be seen
as an example of hyperbole, as it exaggerates the degree to which Sulayman is conceited.
Revision questions for A Man of Awesome Powers
1. How does Tayyib acquires his power?

2. How does Tayyib use his power for:
selfish interests
the good of all
To harm others
3. How does power change Tayyib?
4. What role does the media play in the story, ' A man of Awesome Powers?'
5. What causes Tayyib to lose his incredible power?
Sample essay question
1. When one is given power, he/she should use it only for good but more often than not people use it
for wrong purposes. Support this statement basing your argument from Naguib Mahfouz's 'A Man
of Awesome Power'
2. Lack of sound judgment results in regret. Making reference to A Man of Awesome Power, write an
essay to justify this claim.
Answers to sample essay questions
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Answer to Q2
Lack of good sense results in misguided decisions which may torment us eternally. In A Man of Awesome
Power Tayyib al-Mahdi misuses and in turn loses his awesome power due to moments of rash imprudence.
Tayyib al-Mahdi uses his awesome power to punish the taxi driver who ignores him when he hails it.
Tayyib al-Mahdi tries to flag down the taxi but the driver ignores him disdainfully. Unlike when this
happened in the past, now Tayyib al-Mahdi is filled with greater irritation. In this moment of anger, he
makes an impulsive decision to punish the man. He considers that he could make the driver suffer an
accident. He decides to shatter the taxi's rear wheels instead. He knows that he should use his powers
only for good but his anger results in his recklessness. As he walks by the helpless man, Tayyib al-Mahdi
stares at him, resentful and enraged. He feels like he had taught the man a much needed lesson .
Tayyib al-Mahdi hastily punishes the radio announcer only because he is irritated with his views. The
announcer was expounding on promising developments expected in the future this is after Tayyib al-
Mahdi's memorable services were mistaken for an awakening of the state or outright renaissance. Tayyib
al-Mahdi fills a gaping pothole, locks a dangerously hanging electrical box, removes a pile of rubbish and
drains a sewer using his awesome power. Tayyib al-Mahdi is irked by the announcer’s promises who talks
about the future instead of talking about what has been accomplished. Tayyib al-Mahdy is overcome with
fury and thoughtlessly punishes the man with a bout of incessant sneezing. He sneezes uncontrollably
until he cannot speak and instead plays a recorded song “Walk Around and See”. Al-Mahdi plans to censor
mass media by stopping any talk that annoys him. He would make speakers that displease him to sneeze
spontaneously, emit shrill cries like women at a wedding, or suffer uncontrollable diarrhoea. Tayyib al-
Mahdi is drunk with happiness and joy.
Tayyib al-Mahdi also misuses his awesome power when he uses it to chase the gorgeous woman at the
zoo at the expense of the righteous plans he has. Tayyib al-Mahdi visits the tea garden at the zoo
purposely to properly plan how to put his new powers to greater use. However, he instead uses it to
seduce a gorgeous and enticing woman that catches his eye. Tayyib al-Mahdi is filled with an inexplicable
desire - one that is not ordinary and his inappropriate since he has a tremendous burden of proper
planning and awareness of need. This woman does not take notice of Tayyib al-Mahdi until he sends her a
hidden message using his awesome powers, instantly setting her head-over-heels. He decides to heal
himself instead of repairing the world. This ill-advised move results in the loss of his powers and his
vibrant mood. The miracle disappears like a dream because of his selfish imprudence. He will be haunted
eternally by an awesome sadness.
Tayyib al-Mahdi also makes the unwise decision of applying his power before properly planning how to use
it. First, he performs random miracles. Some are memorable services like removing a pile of rubbish and
draining an open sewer. Others are born out of sheer resentment and unwise personal vendetta for
example shattering the taxi wheels. He later realizes that he had to consciously plan how to best utilize
the powers. He obtains guides to the department of government, factories and private companies coastal
among the things he plans to fix our prisons schools and universities commercial markets, then the press
etc. He plans to map out every phase deliberately. He intends to quell any clamor, and deter any
digression. He plans to fix his country then later the world. However, he fails to remain focused on the plan
and is distracted by the beautiful woman at the zoo. He puts his plans on hold as he instead chooses to
use the powers to pursue the woman. This imprudent resolve results in the loss of his power end he is
forlornly tormented by an eternal sadness.
Truly, poor decisions are preceded by lack of good judgment and Tayyib al-Mahdi learns this the hard way.
For tips on how to answer this question well and get as many marks as possible on it go here and read the
article titled, "How to write effective KCSE English Paper 3 Essays."
Critical thought on the theme of power in A Man of Awesome Power
Consistent with the theme of power abuse the author engages individual readers with the debate on
whether the plague of abuse of power, especially political power,actually depends on independent
individuals.
From a neutral position, Naguib Mahfouz (the author) elaborates to the reader how one in a position of
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power abandons his faith and moral standing to a state of selfishness.
Within a three page short story, a reader elevates themselves from an ordinary citizen to a political figure
with power.
The story creatively convicts and critics the reader as a possible part of the problem.
What if in the constraints of power we can bend to grow personal interest, then perhaps the abuse of
power is not going to end through a change of the people in positions of power.
Maybe then change in the socio-political issue of abuse of power must begin from each individual.
In essence, the author is questioning the actual source for the solution of abuse of power.
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Incident in the Park Analysis - A Silent Song and Other Stories Easy
Elimu Study Guide
About the Author
The Title
The plot / synopsis
Themes
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions for an Incident in the Park
Essay Question
Incident in the Park by Meja Mwangi

About the author
Mwangi was born David Dominic Mwangi in Nanyuki, Kenya, and was educated at Nanyuki Secondary
School, Kenyatta College, and briefly at the University of Leeds.
He then worked for the French Broadcasting Corporation doing odd jobs and the British Council in Nairobi
as Visual Aids Officer, before turning to writing full-time.
He was Fellow in Writing at the University of Iowa (1975-6).
After a prolonged period on the Kenyan and African publishing scene, Mwangi moved to the US after
gaining international recognition and winning several awards.
His best-known early work includes the novels Kill Me Quick (1973), Going Down River Road (1976), and
The Cockroach Dance (1979), which illustrate the urban landscapes of Kenya, the struggle against
poverty, and the AIDS epidemic.
The Title
The title "The Incident in the Park" is appropriate for the text because it describes an event that occurs in
the park.
The incident in question is the encounter between the fruit seller and the two city constables, and the
subsequent events that unfold as a result of this encounter, including the death by stoning of the fruit
seller.
The title captures the central event of the story, which takes place in the park, and it also reflects the
theme of conflict and confrontation that runs throughout the short story.
The incident in the park serves as a microcosm of the larger social and political issues that are touched
upon in the story, such as class conflict, corruption, and injustice.
Overall, the title is fitting for the text because it accurately reflects the events and themes of the story.
In Incident in the Park, Kenyan author Meja Mwangi paints a grim picture of a loafer-infested park, with
portentous air hanging forlornly over it. The story ends when an innocent fruit-seller is stoned to death by
a mob, in a case of mistaken identity.
The Plot Summary
The short story opens with a gloomy description of the park. We meet some park loungers who waste
hours on end sleeping in the park. Most of the idlers do not pay heed to the parliament and City Hall
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clocks, and would rather loll all day doing nothing.
At 1:00 , office workers come out of their offices in swarms. They are then swallowed by the sad city as
they disperse in search of lunch. The idlers in the park nonchalantly watch the workers emerge from their
offices, disappear into the city and even anticipate the wave of workers to return from various eateries
and flood past the park back to their various offices.
“The patched park was almost dead, alive only with a few idlers.”
Among the idle men sitting or lying under trees and shrubs is a fruit-seller. He sits under a shrub taking
stock of his sales. He mumbles and curses and lays on his back, covering his face with his bony hands. He
lounges during lunch break. Maybe he is too poor to afford a meal.
More idle men sit by a small lake watching a couple of men paddling hired boats. These loafers while away
doing this every day.
The park is poorly maintained. A pond in the park is choking with ugly weeds. An idle man defies the order
not to feed the hungry fish and defiantly throws rubbish into the water.
Soon he starts conversing with a fellow idler. They chat about how fish are like people. The largest fish in
the pond bullies the smaller fish as they compete for food in their feeding ground. The man feeding the
fish avers that there is a great big fish that could drink all water in the ocean and cause a great drought
making the world to come to an end. The huge monster supposedly eats other fish.
In the park, we also meet two ice cream men who desperately try to sell their ice cream to no avail.
Later, city constables confront the fruit-seller about his license and identity card. He claims that he left
them at home and tries to bribe them with five shillings and later ten shillings but they would hear nothing
of it. He desperately pleads with the men to let him go. He has a case with a judge he calls a tyrant. He
sells fruits to raise a fine for the case. He further offers the constables one basket of fruits and 10 shillings.
He even offers them both his fruit baskets desperately trying to buy his freedom.
When they remain steadfast, decides to run for it but sadly he is accosted by a mob who mistake him for a
thief and they stone him to death. They judge him based on his dirty torn clothes and a mean hungry face
- the uniform of his trade.
The police come to collect the body but no one is willing to appear as a witness to recount the events
leading to the poor man’s untimely demise in the hands of a callous erratic mob.
The two loungers who were talking about fish witnessed the whole spectacle before drifting guiltily back to
the park to continue loafing.
The park is once again tranquil, just like a pond moments after someone splashes something into the
water.
1. The description of the city park in August afternoon. (p6 - 7).

2. Two idlers' dialogue at the pond. - 10).
3. An ambush by two city constables in the park ending in violence.
4. The fruit merchant condemned unheard. (p 12).
Characters and Characterization

List of Characters
The narrator
Couple of men paddling in small hired boats
Men sitting on cement bank
Ice cream man

Man throwing debris at fish in fish pond
Stranger standing by fish pond
Hairy loafer sitting on "DO NOT FEED FISH" board
Fruit seller
Two city constables
Office workers
Man who nabbed fruit seller
Inspector
Regular park loungers
Character Traits
The narrator:
Observant: the narrator is described as having "undivided interest" and "sharp eyes" and pays
attention to the actions of the other characters.
Reflective: the narrator seems to be thinking about the actions and behavior of the other
characters, and is able to draw conclusions about their motivations and personalities.
The idle loafer:
Disrespectful: he throws rubbish into the fish pond and seems to take pleasure in disturbing the
fish.
Lazy: he is described as a "hairy loafer wearing worn slippers" and is sitting idly by the fish pond.
The stranger:
Helpful: he offers the idle loafer a cigarette when asked.
The ice cream man:
Persistent: he continues to ring his bell and try to sell ice cream, even though no one is interested.
The city constables:
Authoritative: they demand to see the ice cream man's licence and are described as "demanding"
and "harsh".
The fruit seller:
Desperate: he pleads with the constables to let him go and offers them money and his fruit
baskets in exchange.
Fearful: he is afraid of the judge and thinks he will be punished severely for not having a licence.
That is he will be fined or be castrated by the tyrant judge.
He is a poor old man who sells fruits at the park. He has no licence or identity card.
He is a responsible man as he remembers he has a family which depends on him when accosted. I
have a wife and children and...
He is hardworking because he sells fruits (two baskets) to earn his living despite being unable to
afford a license.
The police officer:
Authoritative: he takes charge of the situation when the fruit seller is found dead and demands to
know what happened.
Themes
Poverty
Many of the characters in the story are struggling with poverty and financial hardship, as seen in the fruit
seller's efforts to earn money and the idler's request for a cigarette.
Problems of urbanization
Urban population growth, driven by migration and searching for jobs, has become a significant issue in
cities like Nairobi.
However, the masses end up frustrated due to a skills mismatch in the labour market, dwindling economy
and poor governance. But every now and then, a misplaced person rose with a start...
In a few seconds, the thousand or so strong swarm had been swallowed up by the yawning concrete
jungle..
Urban poverty is also witnessed as many remain loitering and idling reminding the park loungers just how
many hours they had wasted lying idle.'
'A shaggy thin man sat under a shrub...' (p7). ' hairy loafer' (p8). ' The idler seated on the bank...' (p8) torn
trouser legs.' (p8) 'horny toes. (p9)
There is also evidence of poor hygiene. The park is littered with debris, cigarette ends and butts. (p8,9).
The two gentlemen share puffs on the cigarette. One offers a full cigarette, and smoking in this zone could
be a form of escapism from their poverty. (p10).
The fruit seller has only ten shillings which he offers to the constables to spare him. He cannot afford to
pay for the licence, or even the fine has on another case. (pl 1).
Injustice
The fruit seller is unfairly targeted by the constables and is violently killed by a mob, even though he was
simply trying to make a living. This highlights the injustice and prejudice that can be present in society.
Social class
The text touches on the divide between the wealthy office workers and the poor, working-class people who
frequent the park.
Conflicts between city authority and street hawkers
When the two constables accost and demand licences from the ice cream man and the fruit peddler, they
tell the merchant that he will only explain to the judge.
The fruit seller already has a case and is trying to sell to afford a fine. (pl 1). The fruit seller pleads with the
constables, who say nothing. 7hefruit seller cursed them and their wives and children... (PI 1).
Brutality
The violence and murder of the fruit seller demonstrate the potential for brutality and aggression in
human behavior.
Mob justice / social injustice
The fruit seller is lynched unknowingly by the park people. By the time the constable ran up, the fruit-
peddler lay like a broken and twisted ragdoll at the bottom of the ditch. (p12)
He cries and pleads for mercy in vain.. had drawn thick red blood over the sparsely bearded face. Dead'
was his verdict (p12)
The word 'thief' hovered over the assembled crowd. mob universally condemns him, and it is impossible to
tell from which mouth the condemnation is issued. (p12)
Ironically the mob had had what was right. Justice fairly quickly and completely administered ... (PI 2).
Isolation
Many of the characters in the story seem to be isolated and disconnected from others, as seen in the
monosyllabic communication of those who sit in twos or threes and the muttering of those who sit alone.
Abandonment
The fish pond, which was once a source of beauty and enjoyment, has been abandoned and left to become
overgrown with weeds. This could symbolize the way that society often neglects and abandons certain
areas or groups of people.
Stylistic Devices.
Simile:
Comparing two things using the words “like” or “as”
A figure of speech that compares two things using "like" or "as", such as "the reflection of another man
materialised by that of his in the water at his feet" and "the fruit-seller lay like a broken and twisted rag
doll at the bottom of the ditch".
Personification
Attributing human qualities to non-human things, such as "the yellow, blue and purple water lilies
struggled with the colourless weeds" and "the reflection of another man materialised by that of his in the
water at his feet".
Repetition:
the repetition of a word or phrase for emphasis, such as "Home," the old man said faintly. "Home," the
constable repeated.
Metaphor:
Comparing two things without using the words “like” or “as”.
A figure of speech that compares two things without using "like" or "as", such as "the yellow, blue and
purple water lilies struggled with the colourless weeds" and "the reflection of another man materialised by
that of his in the water at his feet".
Imagery:
The use of descriptive language to create vivid mental images, such as "the yellow, blue and purple water
lilies struggled with the colourless weeds" and "the largest fish, pitch black with vast pink blotches on its
head and back, caught the cigarette-end and swam powerfully away from the others towards the centre of
the pond".
Alliteration:
Repetition of initial consonant sound.
The repetition of the same sound at the beginning of multiple words in a phrase, such as "the fish pond,
now dangerously overgrown with weeds" and "the hawker said quickly".
Foreshadowing:
Foreshadowing is a literary device used to give an indication or hint of what is to come later in the
story.
Foreshadowing is useful for creating suspense, a feeling of unease, a sense of curiosity, or a mark that
things may not be as they seem.
The use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story, such as "by the time the constable
ran up, the fruit-peddler lay like a broken and twisted rag doll at the bottom of the ditch" which suggests
that the fruit seller is going to be caught and punished.
Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which an exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect.
Example from the text: "The constables looked furtively around for someone to blame. No one looked
guilty enough." (This is an exaggeration, as it is unlikely that no one in the crowd looked guilty at all.)
Irony
The definition of irony as a literary device is a situation in which there is a contrast between
expectation and reality.
A contrast between what is expected and what actually occurs, such as the old man being caught for
selling fruit without a license, when he was only doing so to pay the fine for a different case he has coming
up.
Symbolism
life.
The use of symbols to represent abstract ideas, such as the fish pond representing the deterioration of the
park.
Revision questions for an Incident in the Park
1. What is the significance Of the title Incident in the park?

2. What is ironic about the two constables' behaviour at the park?
3. How else do the people spend time at the park?
4. With evidence from the text, discuss the urban problem that leads to the destitution of the masses.
5. How does the city's jobless population escape their wretchedness?
6. Compare and contrast the city workers and the jobless masses.
7. What are the harsh realities of city life and the illusion of a better, promising life?
8. How does the rural-urban influx affect people's lives?
9. What does the presence of butts, used matches and stubs at the park tell you?
10. How does the lack of identity cards and license affect peddlers?
11. Juxtapose the kind of identification the police demand from the fruit vendor and one that awaits
him at the mortuary.
12. Referring closely to the fruit-seller show how the mob and the legal system administer justice.
13. Why does the merchant resort to flight and fight for his life instead of overcoming his fright for the
justice system?
14. Who is to blame for the death of the fruit-seller, the constables, the public, or the vendor himself?
15. What lessons can be taken from the incident at the city park?
16. What does the fruit seller's mention of the 'tyrant judge' tell us about the justice system?
17. What figures of speech does the writer use to describe the park and events in the park?
18. Why is it ironic for the fruit peddler to flee from the constables and lose his life?
19. Explore the use of dialogue in Meja Mwangi's Incident in the Park.
Essay Question
1. Urban centres are riddled with frequent conflicts with innocent Citizens. Discuss the truth of this
assertion based on Meja Mwangi's Incident in the Park. (20 marks).
Ninema Analysis - A Silent Song and Other Stories Easy Elimu Study
Guide
The Title
The plot / synopsis
Themes
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions - Ninema by Vrenika Pather
Sample essay questions
Ninema by Vrenika Pather

The Title
The title "Ninema" is an appropriate choice for the short story because it accurately reflects the content
and focus of the passage.
Throughout the passage, the character of Ninema is described in detail, including her work as a market
gardener, her physical appearance, and her personality.
The passage also describes her relationships with customers and colleagues, and provides insight into her
thoughts and experiences.
By using the title "Ninema," the reader is able to immediately understand that the passage is centered
around this specific character and will focus on her experiences and story.
The Plot Summary
The passage is about a market gardener named Ninema who grows and sells herbs at the Indian market.
Ninema is described as a hardworking and respected woman who is admired by those around her for her
skill and determination. Despite facing challenges, including an attack by an unknown assailant, Ninema is
described as facing them head-on and winning. She is practical and focused on earning a living, and is well-
regarded by her customers.
Ninema is also described as a beautiful woman who is admired by those around her, although she does
not seem to be aware of this. She is described as having long, toned arms, a cinched waist, and high, firm
breasts, and is known for her piercing black eyes and high cheekbones. Despite the attention she receives
from others, Ninema is primarily focused on her work and does not let the attention distract her.
Throughout the passage, Ninema's interactions with customers and colleagues are described in detail. The
passage mentions a regular customer named Mr. Chinran, a rich lawyer who is infatuated with Ninema,
and Mrs. Singh, a wealthy old woman who is known for haggling over prices but is also a loyal customer.
The passage also mentions other lady hawkers at the market who chat with Ninema while they work.
Overall, the passage provides a detailed and nuanced portrayal of Ninema, a strong and determined
woman who is respected by those around her for her hard work and determination. Despite facing
challenges and societal barriers, as well as a physical attack, Ninema remains focused on her goals and is
able to succeed in her chosen profession.

List of Characters
Ninema: the protagonist of the passage, a market gardener who grows and sells herbs at the
Indian market
Mr. Chinran: a regular customer of Ninema's who is infatuated with her

Mrs. Singh: a wealthy old woman who is known for haggling over prices but is also a loyal customer
of Ninema's
Other lady hawkers: women who sell goods at the market and interact with Ninema while working
at their stalls
Attacker: an unknown individual who assaults Ninema
Character Traits
Ninema:
Determined: Ninema is described as facing challenges head-on and winning, which suggests that
she is determined and resilient.
Practical: Ninema is focused on earning a living and is able to handle difficult customers with grace
and expertise, which suggests that she is practical and level-headed.
Respectful: Ninema is described as treating all of her customers with respect and appreciation,
which suggests that she is a respectful and considerate person.
Firm/resolute: When Mrs. Singh haggles over prices, Ninema is described as handling the situation
masterfully and refusing to budge on the prices she has set, which suggests that she is firm or
resolute in her beliefs and is able to stand her ground when faced with difficult or challenging
situations.
Beautiful: Ninema is described as having physical features that are admired by those around her,
such as long, toned arms, a cinched waist, high, firm breasts, piercing black eyes, and high
cheekbones. This suggests that she is a beautiful woman.
Mr. Chinran:
Infatuated: Mr. Chinran is described as being infatuated with Ninema, which suggests that he has
strong feelings of attraction or affection towards her.
Wealthy: Mr. Chinran is described as a rich lawyer, which suggests that he has a high socio-
economic status and is financially well-off.
Mrs. Singh:
Wealthy: Mrs. Singh is described as a wealthy old woman, which suggests that she has a high socio-
economic status and is financially well-off.
Difficult: Mrs. Singh is described as being known for haggling over prices, which suggests that she
is difficult or demanding in her interactions with others.
Other lady hawkers:
Friendly: The other lady hawkers are described as chatting amiably with Ninema while they work,
which suggests that they are friendly and sociable.
Attacker:
Assailant: The attacker is described as assaulting Ninema, which suggests that they are capable of
violence and aggression.
Themes
Hard work and determination
The story portrays Ninema as a hardworking and determined woman who is able to overcome challenges
and succeed in her chosen profession. This theme suggests that hard work and determination are key to
achieving one's goals.
Societal barriers:
The passage mentions societal barriers such as caste and gender, which play a role in the relationships
and interactions depicted in the story. This theme suggests that societal norms and expectations can
create obstacles and challenges for individuals.
Beauty:
The passage frequently refers to Ninema's physical appearance and how it is admired by others. This
theme suggests that beauty and physical attractiveness are valued in society and can have an impact on
how an individual is perceived and treated.
Gender roles:
The passage mentions traditional gender roles, such as the expectation that Mr. Chinran's wife will be
responsible for buying herbs and the assumption that a relationship between a man of a higher caste and
a woman of a lower caste is unthinkable. This theme suggests that traditional gender roles can shape
relationships and create expectations for how individuals should behave and interact.
Loyalty:
The passage mentions several characters who are loyal to Ninema, including Mr. Chinran and Mrs. Singh.
This theme suggests that loyalty and the ability to form strong, lasting relationships is important.
Violence and aggression towards women:
This theme refers to the use of physical force or coercion against women in a way that is specifically
targeted at them because of their gender. The sexual assault on Ninema, as described in the passage, is
an example of violence and aggression towards women. This theme suggests that violence and aggression
towards women is a serious issue that needs to be addressed and prevented.
Moral decadence:
This theme refers to a decline in moral standards or values within a society. Depending on the context and
the specific actions of the assailant, the sexual assault on Ninema could be seen as reflecting a decline in
moral standards or a lack of respect for the rights and autonomy of others. In this way, the sexual assault
could be interpreted as contributing to the theme of moral decadence within the story.
Stylistic Devices
Personification
This is a figure of speech that involves attributing human qualities or characteristics to non-human objects
or concepts. An example of personification in the passage is the description of Ninema's presence as
"displacing the space around her and filling it with gravity."
Imagery:
This is the use of descriptive language to create vivid mental pictures or sensory experiences for the
reader. Examples of imagery in the passage include the description of Ninema's thin chiffon sari "draping
effortlessly around her perfect body," the description of her hips swaying as she balances a basket on her
head, and the mention of the "heavy enamel flask" of tea.
Alliteration:
This is the repetition of the same sound or group of sounds at the beginning of two or more words in a
phrase or verse. An example of alliteration in the passage is the repetition of the "s" sound in the phrase
"her sari clings to her firm skin."
Repetition:
This is the repetition of the same word or phrase multiple times for emphasis or effect. An example of
repetition in the passage is the repeated mention of Ninema sighing.
Hyperbole
Hyperbole, a figure of speech that is an intentional exaggeration for emphasis or comic effect.
This is the use of exaggeration or overstatement for emphasis or effect. An example of hyperbole in the
passage is the statement that Ninema can "add faster than you could say the word 'herb.'"
Simile:
This is a figure of speech that involves comparing two unlike things using the words "like" or "as." An
example of a simile in the passage is the comparison of Ninema's bun to "an uncompromising bun at the
nape of her neck."
Metaphor:
This is a figure of speech that involves making an implicit comparison between two unlike things by
implying that one thing is the other. An example of a metaphor in the passage is the comparison of
Ninema's breasts to "high, firm breasts" which "cause men to stop and stare."
Onomatopoeia:
Onomatopoeia is one way a poet can create sounds in a poem. An onomatopoeia is a word that
actually looks like the sound it makes, and we can almost hear those sounds as we read. Here are some
words that are used as examples of onomatopoeia: slam, splash, bam, babble, warble, gurgle, mumble,
and belch.
This is the use of words that mimic or imitate the sounds they describe. An example of onomatopoeia in
the passage is the use of the word "sigh" to describe Ninema's sighs of acceptance.
Symbolism:
life.
This is the use of symbols to represent or suggest ideas or qualities. An example of symbolism in the
passage is the mention of Ninema's chumpals, or sandals, which are described as being reserved for
"walking to the market and back home" and symbolize her hardworking and practical nature.
Irony:
This is the use of words to express something different from, or the opposite of, their literal meaning. An
example of irony in the passage is the mention of Mrs. Singh, who is described as a "rich old woman" who
"always haggled over prices," suggesting that she is not as wealthy as she appears.
Allusion:
Allusion, in literature is an implied or indirect reference to a person, event, or thing or to a part

of another text. Most allusions are based on the assumption that there is a body of knowledge that is
shared by the author and the reader and that therefore the reader will understand the author's referent
This is a reference to a well-known person, place, event, or literary work. An example of allusion in the
passage is the mention of Mr. Chinran, who is described as a "rich lawyer from a Brahmin caste,"
referencing the caste system in India.
Foreshadowing:
story.
This is the use of hints or clues to suggest events that will occur later in the story. An example of
foreshadowing in the passage is the mention of Mr. Chinran wondering "how he would manage to do his
herb rounds" once his mother arranges a marriage for him, suggesting that he will no longer be able to
visit Ninema as frequently.
Revision questions - Ninema by Vrenika Pather
1. Compare and contrast Ninema and other lady marketers

2. What is ironic about Mrs Singh's behaviour?
3. Ninema is a likeable and admirable character. Do you agree? Give evidence from the story.
4. How effectively has Vrenika Pather used description in the story?
5. To succeed in business, one must have the necessary skills to handle customers. Using Ninema in
Vrenikas Pather's 'Ninema' support this.
6. "Hard work and determination pays", Using illustrations from Ninema show the validity of this
statement.
7. Women traders experience challenges in their lives. Show how Ninema deals with these
challenges.
8. Ninema is an admirable character. Support from the story Ninema.
Ninema by Vrenika Pather Essay questions
1. People with admirable traits stand out. Basing your illustrations on Vrenika Pather's Ninema, write
an essay to validate this assertion.
Answers
Answer to Q1
Exemplary attributes arouse respect and approval. Ninema is a young beautiful woman whose
praiseworthy character makes her the embodiment of magnificence. She stands out from the pack at the
market place.
First, Ninema is industrious. She rises early at 4:00 AM to reap her herbs from her garden. She has green
fingers and her crops are healthy. She is also an enterprising businesswoman. To earn a living, she sells
fresh produce at the Indian market. She learned the trade from her parents. Her business makes good
profit. At the end of a long working day, her hanky bulges with notes and coins. Her diligence makes her
remarkably superior to others.
Secondly, Ninema is resilient. She is as tough as old boots. She is contented and accepts her situation but
does not resign to it. She faces many challenges and wins. She is thus respected.
Ninema is also focused. She does not pay heed to the trifles when people admire her for her physical
beauty. She is indeed a beautiful woman with long black hair. Her beauty turns heads. As she walks
balancing her baskets on her head, her hips sway from side to side. Her sari drapes around her perfect
body kept in place by her high, firm breasts. Her long, toned arms and cinched waist cause men to stop
and stare. She faces them with piercing black eyes. Women admire her high cheekbones. She does not
pay heed to the attention. She has laser-like focus on earning a living. She doesn’t waste time chatting
with other women at the market because she has no time to waste. Indeed Ninema is focused.
Ninema is good-natured and she treats her customers well. She is wise enough to provide genial customer
service. She takes extra care of her first and last customer. She says they bring luck. She learned her
trade from her parents and thus she believes in the grace and power of generational knowledge. She is
also good at accounting. She can count faster than you can utter the word “herb”. She treats all her loyal
customers with respect and appreciation. She masterfully handles the stubborn Mrs. Singh and
respectfully calls her auntie.
Furthermore, Ninema is affable and the clients like her. Mr. Chimran is always the first to support her. The
other women joke that he is in love with Ninema. He is a rich lawyer from the high Brahmin caste.
Nonetheless, he is infatuated with Ninema a poor girl from the low caste. She makes his days. He buys too
much from her until the mother complains. He cannot fathom the idea of an arranged marriage which will
deny him the chance of visiting Ninema's stall. Mrs. Singh is rich but she also enjoys buying her herbs from
Ninema. She haggles for lower prizes simply to spend more time with Ninema, away from the boredom of
her big lonely house. She lingers bargaining in order to interact with Ninema more. Ninema also takes
personal interest in the lives of her customers. She knows whose son is studying medicine in India, whose
daughter just got married, and who moved into a new house and where they bought it.
Ninema is self assured and confident. She runs her business with an iron fist. She is her own person – acts
independently with confidence. She does not give in to what other people expect of her. This thrills as
much as it irks many people. It makes the ladies in the other stands fond of her. They often compromised
themselves at work and at home. This makes them angry with themselves. They look up to Ninema. They
admire her since she is different though she’s one of them. They want to learn her secret. Mrs. Singh
relentlessly bargains for lower prices but Ninema does not budge.
Ninema is organized and that is why her business flourishes. She has a steady flow of customers. She
arranges her herbs appetizingly. The customers are attracted by the look and smell of her stall. There is
high demand for Ninema’s herbs. She is always busy at lunchtime when the rich professionals patronize
her during their lunch break.
Ninema is also tough. When an amorous man blocks her way and tries to harass her, she stares directly at
him. She defends herself by fighting him so ferociously that the shameless man is left astounded. This
attracts cheers and jeers and hearty laughs of approval from the other women at the market.
Lastly, Ninema is prudent. She is a poor girl living a modest lifestyle but she has big plans. She saves part
of her money with a view of buying a big house of her own. Currently her house has neither hot running
water nor a kitchen inside. She has to wash her face and feet using cold water in the outside tap.
However, with the money she’s saving she plans to buy a house with the running hot water and a kitchen
inside. It will have a big garden where she can plant fruits.
In conclusion, Ninema is the pinnacle of magnificence. Because of her praiseworthy traits, she seems
remarkably superior to her peers. Indeed, exemplary attributes attract respect and make us stand out.
A Silent Song Analysis - A Silent Song and Other Stories Easy Elimu
Study Guide
About the Author
The plot / synopsis
The Title
Themes
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions - A Silent Song.
Essay Question
A Silent Song - Leonard Kibera

About the Author
Leonard Kibera was a Kenyan novelist and short story writer who died in 1976.
Kibera was born in Kabete, Kenya, attended high school at Embu and studied at the University of California
and Stanford University.
He taught at the University of Zambia and at Kenyatta University, Kenya, from 1976 until his death. His
first publication was a book of short stories, Potent Ash (1968), which he wrote with his brother, Samuel
Kahiga. The book explores the guilt, betrayal, and failure of the Mau Mau.
Several of the stories have been anthologized, especially The Spider's Web, which points an accusing
finger at Kenya's elite for the state of Kenya since independence.
His only novel, Voices in the Dark (1970), uses dark humour to question why most Mau Mau soldiers who
fought for independence were forgotten and left to beg and die along the roadside. Kibera has also written
several articles of literary criticism.
The Plot Summary
A Silent Song by Leonard Kibera is a story about Mbane, a young, paralyzed, blind city street beggar who
has spent much of his life living on the streets of a city, begging for money and seeking shelter in a back
lane at night. He lives in destitution, begging from the passers-by while seething with pain and discomfort.
However, despite being surrounded by people and activity, Mbane is isolated and unable to fully
participate in the rhythms and pleasures of urban life. He is unable to share in the small talk of the
pedestrians, and even when they sing or whistle to the morning sky, Mbane can only observe from a
distance.
In the story, the city is depicted as a place of noise and activity, with people singing and dancing and
engaging in various forms of work and leisure. However, Mbane is only able to experience this activity
from a limited perspective, and is unable to fully understand or participate in it. This is due to Mbane's
blindness, paralysis and destitution as such he cannot really participate in the city's noise and activity.
In contrast to Mbane's destitution his brother is a wealthy preacher who 'rescues' Mbane from the
'barbaric city' unto the 'light of God' after neglecting him for a long time. Mbane's brother 'rescues' him
from the city and brings him to a hut in a serene, but suspicious, location.
Mbane reflects on his life in the city and the differences between his new surroundings and the city,
including the lack of noise and busyness, the presence of trees, and the fact that his brother has brought
him here with the intention of showing him the "light of God."
Though Mbane was unable to fully join in and express himself in the city with its vibrant energy and
culture he misses it. He painfully reminisces his street life with nostalgia at his brother's lonely hut. He
thinks about his brother and wonders what his intentions are in bringing him to the hut.
He is not as happy though he is now in a more serene environment. He remembers the bright weather,
lovely morning and beautiful sunset as the citybustling with people during the day talk. At night, the good
men and women turned drunk and the pimps and whores have their turn to smile, sing and dance. Though
he used to beg day and night for a living.
In his religious brother Ezekiel's hut, Mbane is nursed by Sarah, his brother's wife, who administers bitter
fluid down his throat. He swallows it painfully, and she assures him of being well.
His religious brother, Ezekiel, preaches to him about Christ, the saved ones and sinners. He asks him
whether he knows where sinners go when they die and whether he accepts Jesus, and Mbane says he
doesn't know.
Mbane wonders why certain groups, such as pimps and whores, are considered bad, and reflects on the
violence and hostility that he has witnessed in the city.
Mbane is in pain and struggling to survive, and at one point he is overwhelmed by sharp pangs and
momentarily paralyzed by them.
Before Ezekiel saves him (brings him into the light of God), Mbane's strength wanes, the pain goes, his
head jerks down to the bed, and he is gone.
In the end, Mbane is unable to fully comprehend or connect with his brother, and feels that his brother's
efforts to communicate and guide him are like a silent song - a message that is present, but that Mbane is
unable to fully hear or understand.
Despite this, Mbane remains hopeful that his brother's intentions are well-intentioned and that he will be
able to find meaning and purpose in his new surroundings.
Key Moments in the story
1. Mbane's life of misery in the streets as a lame, blind beggar. (p17 - 19).
2. Mbanes's lonely self versus the bubbly world around him. (p18 - 19).
3. Mbane's nostalgia. (p18).
4. Mbane's brother, Ezekiel, rescues him. (p19 - 20).
The Title
The title "A Silent Song" could be interpreted in a few different ways, all of which seem fitting for the story
described.
--> One possibility is that the title refers to Mbane's own experience of living on the streets of the
city.
Despite being surrounded by people and activity, Mbane is isolated and unable to fully participate in the
rhythms and pleasures of urban life.
He is unable to share in the small talk of the pedestrians, and even when they sing or whistle to the
morning sky, Mbane can only observe from a distance.
In this sense, Mbane's life is like a silent song - he is present, but unable to fully join in or
express himself.
--> Another possibility is that the title refers to the city itself, and the way in which it is described in
the story.
The city is depicted as a place of noise and activity, with people singing and dancing and engaging in
various forms of work and leisure.
However, Mbane is only able to experience this activity from a limited perspective, and is unable to fully
understand or participate in it. As a result, the city's vibrant energy and culture might be seen as a
kind of silent song - it is present, but beyond Mbane's reach.
--> Finally, the title could also be interpreted as a metaphor for Mbane's relationship with his
brother.
The brother is described as being silent and enigmatic, and Mbane is unsure of his intentions in bringing
him to the hut.
The brother's actions and words seem to suggest that he is trying to show Mbane something, perhaps the
"light of God," but Mbane is unable to fully comprehend or connect with him.
In this sense, the brother's efforts to communicate and guide Mbane might be seen as a silent song - a
message that is present, but that Mbane is unable to fully hear or understand.

List of Characters
Mbane: the protagonist of the story, a young man who has spent much of his life living on the
streets of a city, begging for money and seeking shelter in a back lane at night. He is in pain and
struggling to survive. He passes away at the hut, smiling.
Ezekiel: a man who is present at the hut with Mbane and his wife Sarah. He tries to encourage
Mbane to accept Christ and be baptized, but becomes angry and frustrated with Mbane's lack of
commitment. He ultimately decides to let Mbane be and not give him over to the devil.
Sarah: Ezekiel's wife, a woman who is present at the hut with Mbane and confirms his passing.
Character Traits
Mbane
Vulnerable: Mbane has spent much of his life living on the streets, begging for money and seeking
shelter in a back lane at night. This difficult and precarious existence has left him vulnerable and
exposed to various dangers and hardships.
Isolated: Despite being surrounded by people and activity in the city, Mbane is depicted as being
isolated and unable to fully participate in or understand the rhythms and pleasures of urban life.
He is unable to share in the small talk of the pedestrians and can only observe from a distance.
Reflective: Mbane is depicted as being introspective and reflective, thinking about his life and the
world around him. He reflects on his time on the streets of the city and the differences between his
new surroundings and the city, and wonders about the intentions of his brother.
Non-judgmental: Mbane is depicted as being accepting and non-judgmental towards the pimps and
whores who frequent the back lane where he seeks shelter at night. He does not view them as
"bad" or immoral, but rather as simply a part of his environment.
Open-minded: Despite his struggles and difficult circumstances, Mbane seems to be open to new
ideas and experiences. He is receptive to Ezekiel's attempts to guide him towards Christ and
seems to come to a sense of acceptance and understanding before he dies.
Observant - despite being physically blind and paralyzed, Mbane is able to 'see' so much of the city
through his other senses.
Sceptical - He thinks about his brother and wonders what his intentions are in bringing him to the
hut.
Enduring - Though he is destitute and living in misery in the city he endures.
Ezekiel
Religious: Ezekiel is depicted as being deeply religious and concerned with Mbane's spiritual well-
being. He tries to encourage Mbane to accept Christ and be baptized, and becomes frustrated
when Mbane resists.
Compassionate: Despite his frustration with Mbane's lack of commitment, Ezekiel is depicted as
being compassionate and caring towards Mbane. He is concerned for Mbane's physical and
spiritual welfare and does not want to give him over to the devil.
Persistent: Ezekiel is depicted as being persistent in his efforts to guide Mbane towards Christ. He
continues to try to encourage Mbane to accept his beliefs even when Mbane resists or is uncertain.
Frustrated: Ezekiel becomes frustrated with Mbane's lack of commitment and seems to believe
that Mbane is being obstinate or difficult. He becomes angry and hisses at Mbane, accusing him of
being worse than Judas. However, he ultimately decides to let Mbane be and not give him over to
the devil.
Hypocritical - he rescues his brother only to show him the 'light of God' after neglecting him for a
long time. That is against the religious teachings.
Sarah
Reserved
Themes
Religion
The character of Ezekiel is depicted as being deeply religious and trying to encourage Mbane to accept
Christ and be baptized. The theme of religion is present throughout the story and is a major focus of
Ezekiel's interactions with Mbane.
Religious hypocrisy/pretentious piety
Mbane's brother, Ezekiel, is so devoted to God a preacher but neglects him for a long time till he realizes
Mbane is nearing his death.
He picks him up and brings him to his hut, claiming it is rescuing only for Mbane to feel lonelier and more
miserable. "I rescued you from that barbaric city so that you can see the light of God.
The desolate hut is not a habitable place for him. It has a flea-ridden floor. .
He could tell that there was meaning in his brother's silence of late... (p18).
Asked whether he knows a man called Jesus, he says "Yes", but whether he believes and accepts him,
Mbane says, "1 don't know," and his brother says Mbane is worse than a Judas. This portrays hypocrisy,
and Christians would not talk like this.
It is ironical and hypocritical for Ezekiel to tell Mbane, "Mbane - I want Christ to save you..." (p20) as
though he has already judged him as a sinner and that "Christ" will come down from heaven to do the
good to him while his brother watches.
There is a pretence in the way good Christian men and women curse and call him names instead of
bringing the excellent knowledge of Christ to him. '... able-bodied, only crippled more every day by the
idleness of leisurely begging'.
He could only yearn impotently beyond the reach of darkness and lameness. At times, self-pity overcame
him.
The God of the Gospel and religion are comforts beyond the reach of a wretched cripple. His God is his
only hope of deliverance from pain, destitution and despair. (p18 - 20).
Survival
Mbane is depicted as struggling to survive on the streets of the city, enduring pain and hardship in order
to survive. His eventual passing at the hut can be seen as a metaphor for the struggles and challenges
that we all face in life.
Prostitution and sexual slavery
There is evidence of such sexual evils as commercial sex and promiscuity.
The blind man knows, sees, and recalls City Street with nostalgia. The noises, drum beating and rhythms
which Mbane calls the voices of good men and women turned drunk in the refuge of the night brothels,
pimps and whores galore.
Meaning and Purpose
Mbane is depicted as being introspective and reflective, thinking about his life and the world around him.
He seems to be searching for a sense of meaning or purpose in his existence, and wonders about the
intentions of his brother.
Alcoholism and escapism
The street, especially the back lane, had taught Mbane a lot of ... good men and women turned drunk in
the refuge of the night brothels, pimps and whores galore. (Pg. 8).
Belief and Faith
The theme of belief and faith is present in the story through Ezekiel's efforts to encourage Mbane to
accept Christ and be baptized. The story touches on the idea that belief and faith can be a source of
strength and comfort, even in difficult circumstances.
Compassion and Caring
The theme of compassion and caring is present in the story through Ezekiel's concern for Mbane's physical
and spiritual welfare. He tries to guide Mbane towards Christ out of a sense of compassion and concern,
and ultimately decides to let Mbane be and not give him over to the devil.
Stylistic Devices
Personification
The wind is personified in the line "the wind whizzing through the trees around his new confinement." This
gives the wind a sense of agency and human-like qualities, making it seem more active and dynamic.
Metaphor
The metaphor of Mbane's "eternal night" is used to describe his sense of isolation and inability to fully
participate in or understand the rhythms and pleasures of urban life. This metaphor helps to convey the
idea of Mbane's inner experience in a more imaginative and evocative way.
Imagery
The story makes use of imagery to describe the setting and atmosphere of the hut, as well as Mbane's
experiences on the streets of the city. For example, the description of the city as a "barbaric" place, with
"quick footsteps of busy people prancing away fitly to business" and "the gay morning as their footsteps
sang their way down the pavement" helps to create a vivid and immersive sense of the setting.
Repetition
The phrase "the light of God" is repeated several times throughout the story, most notably when Ezekiel
tells Mbane that he brought him to the hut "so that you can see the light of God." This repetition helps to
emphasize the importance of this concept to Ezekiel and the centrality of faith in the story.
Alliteration
The repetition of the "s" sound in the phrase "surrender his vulnerability to sleep" creates a sense of flow
and continuity in the language.
Simile
The simile "as the sun withdrew he knew not where, to yield the street to hostile cold" compares the sun's
movement to a person retreating or withdrawing. This helps to convey the sense of the sun's absence in a
more imaginative and evocative way.
Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing is a powerful and common technique used in literally works to hint at future events.
It not only creates suspense and tension but can also hold symbolic value, too.
The mention of Mbane's brother's "strange" and "well-intentioned" voice, as well as the reference to
Mbane's "new life away from the streets of the City" could be seen as foreshadowing Mbane's eventual
passing at the hut. These details suggest that something significant is going to happen, even if it is not yet
clear what that might be.
Symbolism
abstract ideas to represent something beyond the literal meaning. The concept of symbolism is
not confined to works of literature: symbols inhabit every corner of our daily life.
The hut where Mbane passes away could be seen as a symbol of Mbane's physical and spiritual
confinement, as well as a place of transition and transformation. The fact that Mbane sees the light before
he passes away could be seen as a symbol of enlightenment or spiritual awakening.
Revision questions - A Silent Song.
1. Discuss the relevance of the title of the story, A Silent Song.

2. Brainstorm about the paradox in the title, A Silent Song.
3. How can you tell that Mbane 'sees' and knows a lot in the city street despite being blind? A Silent
Song.
4. Why is it ironic for Ezekiel to claim to rescue his brother Mbane from the barbaric city?
5. Why is Mbane reluctant to accept Christ?
6. What is the plight of people living with disability
7. Is death liberating for a man living in anguish?
8. Why do you think Mbane dies while smiling?
Essay Question
People living on the streets apply wisdom in order to survive the difficult conditions. Write an
essay to qualify this statement citing illustrations from Rem'y Ngamije’s The Neighbourhood
Watch.
Living conditions on the streets are difficult. To survive, one needs not only determination and effort but
also experience, knowledge and good judgment. Members of the Neighbourhood Watch apply wisdom to
survive the arduous conditions on the streets.
First, the crew is judicious enough to secure territory-a safe haven for sleeping or just to lay low when they
weren’t out on a foraging mission. The bridge’s underside is precious real estate to the Neighbourhood
Watch. It is an important shelter when it rains and during cold winter nights. The letters NW sprayed on
the columns have the same effect as musty pee at the edge of a leopard’s territory. Other crews know
better than to encroach it lest they face bloody retaliation. It is also a safe place to hide their stash so that
they don’t have to lug their scant possessions everywhere they go. More luggage would slow them down
as they rummage their neighbourhoods for food and other essentials. Elias calls their territory
headquarters. In the morning, he wakes up the rest of the crew and they share a can of water for washing
their faces. To a street family a safe territory is indispensable.
Secondly, they are wise enough to rise early to go searching for food. Elias, Lazarus and Omagano set out
before the light of day is full born. They leave early so that they can score the real prizes-that is the
overflowing bins behind restaurants. In the early morning one can get edible semi-fresh morsels. In the
late morning, the food starts rotting. The neighborhood watch knows: “the early bird does not catch the
worms”. In order to get there in good time Elias, Lazarus and Omagano lengthen they are strides. They
know that time is of the essence on the streets.
The crew knows that they have to maintain a good bond with other people in order to survive. Elias has a
good rapport with most of the kitchen staff in the city. They refer to him by the monikers ‘Soldier’ or
‘Captain’. Sometimes, they leave out almost decaying produce for him and his group. Because of the good
relationship, Elias would sometimes be lucky to get potatoes with broken skins, rotting mangoes, and
wrinkled carrots. The staff would be generous enough to give them smushed leftovers from the previous
night for instance half eaten burgers, chips drowning in sauce or salads. Most of the kitchen staff are poor
and many a time they would need to take the leftovers to their own families. It is amazing that Elias
manages to get some food from them.
The Neighbourhood Watch crew is so astute that they have organized themselves into specialised units.
Elias, Lazarus and Omagano are always on full duty whereas Silas and Martin are tasked with searching for
other essentials. Before, Elias was in on his own so when he met Lazarus he suggested that they form an
alliance because it was taxing to rummage for food and other paraphernalia necessary for survival in the
streets. At first, Lazarus was resistant. Cold winter nights forced him to comply. It worked for them since
two people could cover more ground. One searches for food and the other for other essentials and thus
they could do more in a day. Now, they know that children and women are valuable recruits. Some
obstinate guards demand for a 10 or 20 dollar bribe to let them scavenge through fenced off bins. Elias
usually pays them but when he has no money Omagano goes behind the dumpster with a guard and does
what needs to be done. The valuables crew on the other hand provide discarded blankets, mattresses,
clothing, reusable shoes, trolleys etc. Trolleys are useful but they can also be traded for better necessities.
The two teams work separately and meet in the late afternoon. They share the food that is bread, mashed
potatoes, grapes and water. The valuables crew brings newspapers, plastic piping and poorboy caps.
The Neighbourhood Watch also understands the city and its neighbourhoods. Elias asks the crew to sleep
since they plan to go foraging in Ausblick tonight. It is too hot to be on the streets now. Night is better and
more lucrative for the Neighbourhood Watch. The crew knows that if they hit the bins early, they may
score some good things in Ausblick for instance broken toasters, blenders, water bottles, teflon pots or
pans, flat screen TV cardboard boxes and even some food. People in Ausblick still know how to throw away
things. Elias, Lazarus and Silas will scout ahead rummaging for valuables while Martin and Omagano push
the trolley. They know that soon Ausblick will be overcrowded like Olympia and Suiderhof. Pionierspark
used to be worthwhile but not anymore. Now, the Neighbourhood Watch are deterred by peeking heads,
barking dogs and patrolling vehicles with angry shouting men. They know that the earlier they get to
Ausblick the better.
The neighborhood watch understands that in order to survive on the streets one must focus on the
present, not the past or the future. Everyone brings a past to the streets. Lazarus’s tattoos are evidence of
his prison stint. Elias is not scared of him since he faced gunfire against the South African Defence Forces.
Because of hunger or need for food on the streets, they have no time to think about the past. Elias shares
some street smartness with Lazarus. He says the streets has no future, there is only today. “Today you
need food. Today you need shelter. Today you need to take care of today”. On Fridays and Saturdays, the
crew avoids the streets and retreats safely to Headquarters. They do this to avoid clashing with patrolling
police. Silas wants to leave but is forbidden from taking Martin with him. Elias and Lazarus mock the fools
who sit on the roadside in Klein Windhoek and Eros waiting to paint a room, fix a window, install a sink or
lay some tiles because they are too proud to forage for food. They end up going home hungry. Martin
thinks that sometimes those “fools” can get a job and maybe things will be better. Elias insists that
“maybe is tomorrow” and there is only today. On the street one needs to focus on the present to survive.
“Every day is today.”
Elias and Lazarus share what they have learned on the streets with the rest of the crew including how they
decided to change tack. The crew learned that you cannot survive by being around people trying to
survive. When foraging in the poor neighbourhoods, you only get what they don’t need to survive. The
Neighbourhood Watch realise that poor people only throw away garbage which is disgusting and babies
which are useless. In the poor neighborhoods you had to be ready to find shit: old food, used condoms,
women’s things with blood, and broken things. When looking for newspapers to light a fire once, Elias and
Lazarus was shocked when they found a dead baby. They knew it was time to upgrade. They only went
there because they needed to survive. To survive you go everywhere and do everything. You cannot be
picky. But now they know that they should upgrade and go to places where people have enough to throw
away. Neighbourhoods with white people and black people trying to be white people have such people.
They finally get smart and decide to move away from poor people who have nothing to throw away by
themselves.
Lastly the Neighbourhood Watch is wise enough to know that there are some neighbourhoods you have to
avoid. They avoid Khomsadal which is overcrowded and people drink too much there. They lost their friend
Amos there due to his pride end alcohol. He used to curse people, use ugly swear words and always
refused to apologize. He was then stabbed to death. The Neighbourhood Watch knows that on the streets
are dead bodies bad. Police would roughly demand explanations from witnesses. They used baton
bashes, frustrating paperwork and throwing innocent people in holding cells. When Amos, died everyone
including Elias and Lazarus knew they had to run away. They were also wise enough to stick to the initial
story that they had nothing to do with the murder when the police caught up with them. They were
beaten, bruised, bleeding, with swollen eyes broken ribs and injured limbs but that was better than losing
life. They are smart enough to completely avoid Khomsadal.
In conclusion, difficult experiences make people wise enough to cope and survive. Acuity is essential for
survival.
Ivory Bangles Analysis - A Silent Song and Other Stories Easy Elimu
Study Guide
About the Author
The Title
The plot / synopsis
Themes
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions for Ivory Bangles
Essay Questions
Ivory Bangles by Eric Ng’maryo

About the Author
Eric Ng’maryo is a published poet who has written poems such as Escape and The Journey of Us.
Although he is a practicing advocate in Tanzania, he is also respected for his creative writings which
include the short story ‘Ivory Bangles’
The Title
The title "Ivory Bangles" is an appropriate one for this text because the old man's wife is described as
being remarkable because of the twenty-four ivory bangles she wears.
These bangles are a significant part of her appearance and identity, as they clank like castanets when she
moves and are etched with mnemonic marks for a long love poem. They are thus a symbol of love that the
wife enjoys from the old man.
The old man gave them to her when their first child was named, and she wore them proudly, looking like a
chief's bride.
The bangles are also mentioned in a conversation between the old man and the chief, in which the chief
comments on the woman's comely appearance and the old man defends himself against rumors that he
bought the bangles rather than carving them himself.
The ivory bangles are therefore a prominent and memorable feature of the old man's wife, and their
inclusion in the title serves as a reference to her and her role in the story.
In addition to serving as a reference to the old man's wife, the inclusion of the word "ivory" in the title is
also significant because it highlights the value and rarity of the bangles.
Ivory is a highly prized material that has been used for centuries to create a variety of decorative and
functional objects, including bangles.
Its rarity and beauty make it a symbol of wealth and status, and the fact that the old man's wife owns a
large number of ivory bangles suggests that she is a woman of considerable importance and standing
within her community.
This is further emphasized by the fact that the old man presents the bangles to her as a gift, and by the
Chief's admiration of them.
Overall, the title "Ivory Bangles" is an appropriate one for this text because it captures the significance of
the bangles as a symbol of the old man's wife's identity and status, as well as their value as a rare and
precious material.
The title also signifies the human-wildlife conflict that exists. For the old man to carve the bangles for his
wife, he had to shoot an elephant with a poisoned arrow to get the ivory he used.
The Plot Summary / Synopsis
The old man goes to a tribal seer for a consultation after noticing something strange about a goat he had
slaughtered (he notices blood specks on the liver of a goat he had slaughtered).
The seer after listening to the old man tells him that his wife, is going to die (based off that sign from the
slaughtered goat), and the only way to prevent this is to give the wife a thorough beating and send her to
her parents.The seer’s pebbles say the man’s wife is going to die because the spirits were jealous of a
happy wife.
The old man is hesitant to follow this advice and suggests offering goats as a sacrifice instead. However,
the seer is adamant that to avert the wife's death, the pebbles say he has to give her a thorough beating.
The old man is a chief's councillor and is regarded as a small chief. As much as he is respected, many are
surprised that he has only one wife. When the chief suggested that he marries another wife, the man
replies using a riddle. The chief quickly and ravels the riddle as “A wife, a co-wife, witchcraft and death”.
This reveals that the people have deep seated beliefs about witchcraft and death.
The man loves his wife dearly. When she had their first child, he gifted her twenty four handcrafted ivory
bangles some etched with the words of a long love poem.
During the evening meal with his wife, the man is disturbed since he doesn’t know how to deliver the bad
news to his loving wife. That night the man divulges the seer's words to the wife. “The spirits want me to
give you a ritual beating.” (pg. 22) However, the woman dismisses this and hints that she knows the seer.
He once wanted to marry her and had threatened to put a spell on her.
The man is adamant that the seer did not put blood specks on the goat's liver and that he is only the
mouthpiece of their dead ancestors.
The man is ready to carry out the seer's instructions in order to avert the wife’s death. The wife talks him
out of it, proposing that there is another way.
The old man's wife goes to the market. While at the market, she thinks of her plan: She intends to go
home and cook for the husband before going to her brother’s place. She would go there weeping that her
husband had beaten her for no reason, and would refuse to go back to him until her clan and her
husband's clan meet to reconcile them. The husband would be asked to part with a fine and they would
drink beer of reconciliation. This would certainly fool the spirits.
As she returns home from the market , she hears people talking about a herd of elephants that are coming
down from the forest. She hurries home and does some gardening before enacting 'the plan'. As she
gardens, her thoughts wander to Leveri, her daughter-in-law, who had helped her weed just three weeks
ago. Leveri had run away from her husband who had beaten her badly. The woman does not understand
why their son is different from his father. While gardening, she is attacked and killed by a wounded bull
elephant after it lifts her and stamps on her repeatedly.
When she is found, she is a mass of flesh and blood with shattered ivory bangles.“They found her thus in
her shallow grave: a mass of flesh and blood and shattered ivory bangles.” (pg. 25)
The powers of the seer seem to be confirmed since his eerie prediction comes to pass.
The woman dies because she deviates from customary norms after her husband and she defy the tribal
seer, a priest of the people.
The worrying insight
The evening meal between the old man and his wife
Second wife suggestion by the Chief
The ivory bangles / the naming ceremony of the old man’s son
The revelation
The alternative plan / the scheme
A visit to the marketplace
The wife’s death

List of Characters
Old man: The main character in the story, an elderly man who is a councillor to the Chief and the
husband of the old man's wife.
Old man's wife: The wife of the old man, who tries to reassure him and distract him from his
worries about the prediction of a death in the family.
Tribal seer or priest: A tribal seer or priest who provides a consultation to the old man after he
notices something strange about a goat he slaughtered.
Chief: The leader of the community, who finds the old man's riddles amusing and tells him to take
another wife.
Old man's son: The son of the old man, who is mentioned in passing during the conversation
between the old man and his wife.
Old man's daughter-in-law: The daughter-in-law of the old man, who is mentioned as having
weeded a part of the banana grove with the old man's wife.
Old man's sister-in-law: The sister-in-law of the old man, who is mentioned as being a potential
recipient of the old man's wife when she pretends to have been beaten by her husband.
People in the market and surrounding community: The people who are present in the market and
the surrounding community, who are discussing the presence of the elephants and warning others
of their movements.
Scouts observing and warning about the elephants: The scouts who are observing the movement
of the elephants and warning people of their presence.
Character Traits
The Old Man
Respected and trusted: The man is a chief's councillor and is regarded as a small chief.
Brave: The old man killed an elephant at a young age.
Kind and caring: The old man is hesitant to follow the seer's advice to beat and send away his wife.
Resourceful: The old man suggests offering goats as a sacrifice instead of following the seer's
advice.
Concerned and protective: The old man is worried about the prediction of a death in the family and
his wife's safety.
Intelligent: The old man is a skilled riddle-teller.
Witty: The old man is able to make the Chief laugh with his riddles.
Humorous: The old man has a sense of humor, as demonstrated by his ability to make the Chief
laugh.
Non-conformist / bohemian - refuses to marry a second wife regardless of it being tradition. Tells
the chief a riddle showing that he considers having more than one wife as witchcraft.
The old man's wife
Attractive - She is an attractive woman who the old man much loves. The chief comments on the
woman's comely appearance

Reassuring: The old man's wife tries to reassure him and distract him from his worries about the
prediction of a death in the family.
Protective: The old man's wife plans to go to her brother's house and pretend that her husband has
beaten her, in order to trick the spirits into thinking that she is not a happy, contented wife. This
shows that she is willing to take measures to protect herself and her relationship with her husband.
Distracting: The old man's wife distracts him from his worries and helps him relax.
Deceitful - she comes up with a plan fool the spirits into beliving that she had been given a beating
as they demanded. Though she does not get the chance to encat her plan in the end.
Cunning - She attempts to evade catastrophe as prophesied by the seer by coming up with a
clever plan.
Old man's son:
Abusive - he beats his wife badly enough that she runs away from him.
Leveri
Hard-working - helped her mother-in-law weed just three weeks ago before the incident that led to
the mother in laws death.
The Chief
Of good humor: It seems that the Chief is capable of experiencing and expressing joy, as
demonstrated by his reaction to the old man's riddle. Roaring with laughter could be seen as a sign
of cheerfulness or good humor.
Scouts
Alert: The scouts are described as being perched on top of trees, observing the elephants and
issuing warnings. This suggests that they are attentive and vigilant.
Communicative: The scouts are responsible for relaying information about the elephants'
movements to the people in the community. This suggests that they are able to communicate
effectively and clearly.
Responsible: The scouts are entrusted with the important task of warning people about the
potential danger posed by the elephants. This suggests that they are reliable and capable of
fulfilling their duties.
People in the market and surrounding community
Concerned: They were concerned about the presence of the elephants, possibly practical in their
approach to dealing with the elephants. People in the market are concerned about the potential
damage that the elephants could cause to their crops and are discussing ways to protect their
crops.
Themes
The importance of tradition
The old man values his current arrangement with his wife and resists the Chief's suggestion that
he take another wife, in accordance with traditional customs. The old man's wife also plans to
follow traditional customs by going to her brother's house to seek mediation after being beaten by
her husband.
Other traditions as seen in the story Ivory Bangles include;
Believe in the seer

Ritual beating/molesting of wife
Naming of children is seen as an essential practice. Where the old man gave his wife the
twenty- four ivory bangles she wears as a gift to her when their only son was given a name.
Practice of polygamy
The role of fate
The old man consults with the tribal seer after noticing blood specks on the liver of a slaughtered
goat and is told that someone, possibly his wife, will die.
This suggests that the old man believes in the power of fate or the supernatural to shape events.
Failure to heed advice and its consequences
The seer’s advice to the old man who consulted him is that the pebbles demanded a ritual beating of his
wife to avert the death of wife.
Old man is hesitant and offers to give some goats, but the pebbles insist on the beating and send her off
to her parents after beating. Instead of heeding the seer’s advice, the old man and his wife develop a
scheme on how to cheat the pebbles.
The wife proposes putting up a show by pretending to have been beaten.
Their failure to follow the demands of the pebbles results in what the seer had foretold-The death of the
wife who the wounded bull elephant kills as she is weeding.
Although the wife’s death is closely linked to the seer’s warning, it can also be seen to be due to the wife’s
recklessness and failure to heed the warnings of the scouts.
The wife heard the scouts warning when they noted the elephants were approaching. ‘As she slowly made
her way home, she heard the cries. They came from scouts who were perched on trees, observing
elephants and warning people of the beasts’ movement… ‘Beware! People of Mtorobo’s homestead! The
five she elephants are now in your banana grove! The bull is on the path coming from the stream’ (pg.
24-25).
The wife chooses to weed at the groove instead of heeding the warning and staying home.
Love
The moments shared between the old man and his wife point to their love. The kind of reception the old
man receives when he gets home shows how much the wife loves and cares for him. ‘His wife come
unstrapped his leather sandals and led him behind the house to the lean-to, bathed him and rubbed him
with sharp smelling unguent’. Her loving care is further seen when she asks him to have his meal first
before they can talk about whatthe husband had heard that day.
How the husband addresses the wife also shows that he loves her. Despite her old age, the husband calls
her “girl”, a form of endearment. He also appreciates the meal she has cooked for him. “You cook,
woman,” he thanked, stretching himself and yawning.
Their love is also seen from the intimacy they share once the wife joins the old man where he lay. The old
man tries to talk her about the demands of the seer, but she ignites his pas leading to an intimate
moment. ‘He unsprang slowly, when it came, it was like an intricate tattoo on a drum, coming
unexpectedly and stopping suddenly, leaving the air quiet and pure.'.
Tie twenty-four ivory bangles that the old man gifted his wife on the day of naming their son also show
how much he loved her. Specifically, the eight bangles she wore on either hand were etched with
mnemonic marks for a long love poem.
The importance of family
The old man and his wife are described as being close and having a strong, loving relationship.
The old man also has a close relationship with his grandson, who sleeps in his grandmother's bed.
The old man's wife also seeks help from her brother, who is standing in the place of her father,
after being beaten by her husband.
The old man’s grandson is named after him.
These examples suggest that family is an important aspect of the characters' lives.
The power dynamics within a community
The old man is described as a Chief's councillor and a respected warrior, while the Chief is
described as the leader of the community.
The old man also resists the Chief's suggestion that he take another wife, which could be seen as a
struggle for power or autonomy.
The impact of aging
The old man and his wife are described as being elderly, and the old man is described as being
"much talked about" because he only has one wife.
This could be seen as a theme of the challenges and changes that come with aging, including
declining physical health and the potential loss of status or respect within a community.
The relationship between humans and the natural world or Human-wildlife conflict
The story mentions the movement of a herd of elephants and the potential impact on the
community's crops, which could be seen as a theme of the relationship between humans and the
natural world.
The story mentions the movement of a herd of elephants, which could potentially cause
destruction to the community's crops and homes. This highlights the potential dangers that nature
can pose to humans.
This could include themes of environmental stewardship, the dangers and benefits of living in close
proximity to wildlife, and the ways in which humans and animals interact and depend on each
other.
The flashback of the naming ceremony of the old man’s wife ‘As she moved the twenty-four ivory
bangles she wore clanked like many castanets’ . Elephants had to be killed to obtain the ivory used
to make the bangles.
The ultimate sign of the conflict is the death of the old man’s wife, who a wounded bull elephant
kills. In an ironic turn of events, the old man’s wife, whose husband had killed an elephant and
used its ivory to make bangles for the wife as a sign of love, ends up killed by a wounded elephant.
‘After bashing her on trees and banana plants, the wounded bull elephant put her on the ground
and repeatedly stamped on her. They found her thus in a shallow grave: a mass of flesh and blood
and shattered ivory bangles.' The love is shattered by the same creatures whose ivory was used to
make symbols of love.
The role of religion and spirituality
The old man consults with a tribal seer, who uses pebbles to predict that someone will die. This
could be seen as a theme of the role of religion and spirituality in the lives of the characters and
the community. This could include themes of faith, superstition, and the relationship between
humans and the divine.
The impact of violence
The old man's daughter in law, is described as being beaten by her husband, which could be seen
as a theme of the impact of violence on individuals and relationships. This could include themes of
power dynamics, gender-based violence, and the long-term effects of trauma.
The importance of communication and understanding
The old man's wife plans to go to her brother's house and seek mediation after being beaten by
her husband, which could be seen as an attempt to communicate her grievances and seek
resolution. This could be seen as a theme of the importance of effective communication in
resolving conflicts and maintaining relationships.
Stylistic Devices
Repetition
The phrase "Beware! Beware!" is repeated several times by the scouts to alert the community to
the presence of the elephants. This repetition serves to emphasize the danger and urgency of the
situation.
Imagery
The old man's wife is described as being "emblazoned with ivory," which uses imagery to convey
her appearance and the value placed on ivory within the community.
Symbolism
A symbol is the use of an object to represent a concept—it’s kind of like a metaphor, except more concise!
Symbolism is a literary device that uses symbols, be they words, people, marks, locations, or abstract
ideas to represent something beyond the literal meaning.
The pebbles used by the tribal seer to predict the death of someone could be seen as a symbol of
the seer's spiritual powers and the connection to the supernatural.
Personification
The injured elephant is described as "madly trumpeting," which personifies the animal and gives it
a sense of agency and emotion.
Alliteration
The phrase "People who know how to use poisoned arrows have followed them" uses alliteration
with the repetition of the "p" sound.
Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a rhetorical and literary technique where an author or speaker intentionally uses
exaggeration and overstatement for emphasis and effect.
The old man is described as a "very brave warrior," which could be seen as an example of
hyperbole or exaggeration to emphasize his bravery.
Metaphor
The old man's wife is described as being "like a girl" when she smiles, using a metaphor to
compare her appearance or demeanor to that of a young girl.
Simile
The old man's muscles are described as being "like dogs with bared teeth," using a simile to
convey the tension or tenseness of his muscles.
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is one way a poet can create sounds in a poem. An onomatopoeia is a word that actually
looks like the sound it makes, and we can almost hear those sounds as we read. Here are some words that
are used as examples of onomatopoeia: slam, splash, bam, babble, warble, gurgle, mumble, and belch
The sound of the old man's wife's bangles is described as "clanking softly," using onomatopoeia to
convey the sound of the bangles.
Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing is a literary device used to give an indication or hint of what is to come later in the story.
The prediction of someone's death by the tribal seer foreshadows the death of the old man's wife
later in the story.
Irony
The old man's wife's plan to go to her brother's house and seek mediation after being beaten by
her husband is described as a way to "fool the spirits," which could be seen as ironic because she
ultimately dies despite her efforts to appease the spirits and avoid death.
Suspense
The descriptions of the movement of the elephant herd and the warnings from the scouts create a
sense of suspense and tension, as the reader is left wondering where the elephants will go next
and whether they will cause any harm.
Flashback
Flashbacks interrupt the chronological order of the main narrative to take a reader back in time to the past
events in a character's life. A writer uses this literary device to help readers better understand present-day
elements in the story or learn more about a character.
The story includes a brief flashback to the old man's past, when he was made a councillor by the
Chief and was asked to take another wife. This adds context and background to the old man's
character and his relationship with the Chief.
Ambiguity
Ambiguity falls into several different categories:
Syntactic ambiguity – Ambiguous statements that may have multiple meanings due to the
punctuation of the sentence
Semantic ambiguity – Ambiguous statements that could have multiple meanings because of the
choice of words
Narrative ambiguity – Ambiguity surrounding the plot or characters and their motives
Conceptual Ambiguity – Ambiguity about the concepts, themes, or ideas in the text
The old man's wife's plan to go to her brother's house and seek mediation is described as a way to
"fool the spirits," which is ambiguous because it is unclear whether the spirits can actually be
deceived or whether this is simply a belief held by the characters.
Metonymy
Metonymy, figure of speech in which the name of an object or concept is replaced with a word closely
related to or suggested by the original, as “crown” to mean “king”
The phrase "the Chief's councillor" is used to refer to the old man, using metonymy to describe his
role within the community.
Revision questions for Ivory Bangles
1. What is the effectiveness of flashbacks in this story?

2. What is ironic about the following?
a. The wife being called “girl” by the husband?
b. How the wife dies?
3. What has the writer achieved by extensive use of dialogue?
4. Using an oral literature device in the story communicates
5. What are the consequences of refusing to carry out the ritual beatings for the old man?
Essay Questions
In your opinion, did the old man's wife deserve to die? Base your answers on the text Ivory Bangles by Eric
Ng’maryo
The Sins of the Fathers Analysis - A Silent Song and Other Stories
Easy Elimu Study Guide
About the Author
The Title
The plot / synopsis
Themes
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions for The Sins of the Fathers
Essay Questions
The Sins of the Fathers by Charles Mungoshi

About the Author
Charles Mungoshi was born in 1947and raised in a farming family in the Chivhu area of Zimbabwe.
After leaving school, he worked with the Forestry Commission before joining Textbook Sales. From 1975 to
1981, he worked at the Literature Bureau as an editor and at Zimbabwe Publishing House for the next five
years. In 1985-87 he was Writer in Residence at the University of Zimbabwe, and since then, he has
worked as a freelance writer, scriptwriter and editor.
Charles Mungoshi has written novels and short stories in both Shona and English and two collections of
children’s stories, Stories from a Shona Childhood and One Day Long Ago (Baobab Books, 1989 and 1991);
the former won him the Noma Award.
He has also continued to write poetry and has one published collection: The Milkman doesn’t only deliver
Milk (Baobab Books, 1998).
He has won the Commonwealth Writers Prize (Africa region) twice, in 1988 and 1998, for two collections of
short stories: The Setting Sun and The Rolling World (Heinemann, 1987) and Walking Still (Baobab Books,
1997). Two of his novels: Waiting for the Rain (Heinemann 1975) and Ndiko kupindana Kwa mazuva
(Mambo Press, 1975), received International PEN awards.
The Title
In this story, we see that the characters' relationships and actions are heavily influenced by their fathers
and the experiences they had with them.
For example, Rondo's relationship with his father is strained and he struggles to understand the man's
behavior. His father's treatment of him as a child, including physical abuse and neglect, has left a lasting
impact on Rondo's view of himself and his ability to be a good father to his own children.
Similarly, Mr Rwafa's actions and beliefs are shaped by his experiences in the liberation struggle and his
desire to maintain the power and status of the Rwafa family. This ultimately leads to conflict with his son,
Rondo, who disagrees with his father's narrow-minded views and desires a different future for his own
children.
Mr Mzamane, on the other hand, tries to break the cycle of inherited prejudices and conflicts by
encouraging Rondo to see people as individuals rather than simply as members of certain groups.
However, his efforts are overshadowed by the influence of Rondo's father and the longstanding tensions
between the Rwafa and Mzamane families.
Overall, the title "The Sins of the Fathers" is appropriate for this story as it highlights the ways in which the
actions and beliefs of past generations continue to shape and affect the lives of their children and future
generations.
The plot / synopsis
Summary - In Charles Mungoshi's The Sins of the Fathers, we revisit scars of the past and appreciate how
past hurts can cause present and future pain if the victims do not heal and forgive their supposed
enemies. Forgiveness can help avert calamitous travails.
Mr. Rwafa, an ex-minister and liberation war veteran, clings onto hatred and this obstinate refusal to
forgive and forget causes the tragic death of his grandchildren and his son’s father-in-law, when they
perish in a car crash he engineered.
Long take - The Sins of the Fathers, by Charles Mungoshi, is a post-colonial story set in rural Zimbabwe.
It takes place between Borrowdale and Bulawayo.
Rondo is the antagonistic character whose revenge world opens at the story’s very beginning. Rondo’s
father, Rwafa, is an ex- minister but still influential in the political world of Zimbabwe. This is evident from
how a fraction of mourners just come to take pictures with him, for such photos would soon ‘open doors
for them.
Rondo has a wife, Selina, daughter of Basil Mzamane, who is also into politics as an M.P. and a
businessman. In fact, he’s a political rival of Rondo’s father, Rwafa. Rondo’s two children, both daughters
(Yuna and Rhoda), are in an accident as they are driving home from a birthday party with their
grandfather, Basil Mzamane, where, Rwafa takes to the podium to condemn his son for marrying from his
enemy Basil. This has all along created bad blood between him and his son that this accident makes
Rondo believe that his father has a hand in it. In their many stories, a revelation of what his friend, Gaston,
alludes to: “Have you ever wondered about the Second Street accidents?”
Rondo Rwafa wistfully imagines how his father-in-law Mr. Basil Mzamane and his daughters Yuna and
Rhoda, met their untimely deaths. He hopes they died happily, trying to erase his own pain. The three jolly
family members perished in a tragic car crash after attending the girls' birthday party at Rondo’s house in
Borrowdale. He has been grieving for a week now, numbed by the pain.
Rondo is surprised when his father avers that one day Rondo will be grateful and glad that the tragedy
happened then and not later. He adds:
“You will remember me and thank me.” (pg. 28)
Rondo’s thoughts wander to a distant introspection, when his father leaves. The thought that he lives in
his father’s shadow gnaws him. He is not his own man. His wife thinks she could do better in his pants and
he is a laughing stock among his friends and colleagues.
Selina, his wife, seems to be the more confident and influential of the pair. This can be attributed to the
fact that they were brought up differently – Selina was brought up by people with “long hearts” – people
who forgave others while Rondo's father is an unforgiving savage.
His father is a bombed out battlefield of scars.
“And his deepest scar is that he cannot forgive: Not just his enemies,” says Mrs. Rwafa, his wife. (pg. 31)
He cannot even forgive his wife or his son. His bitterness arises from the past when
his Zezeru-Karanga clan was attacked by the maDzviti-Ndebele clan. The war affected him so much that
he always remembers the pain of the scars rather than the relief of healing. The situation is compounded
by the fact that his son Rondo married into a muDzviti family.
Furthermore, he gives birth to two girls, instead of a grandson who would inherit Rwafa’s wealth and
qualities like his charisma. Mr. Rwafa is so disappointed in Rondo that it affects Rondo's personality. It is
Mr. Rwafa’s ill treatment of his only son that makes Rondo a timid laughing stock among his peers.
It is thus suspicious that the grandchildren that Mr. Rwafa considers inglorious die in an accident together
with their grandfather whom Rwafa detests so much. Rondo starts to put two and two together while
interacting with his colleague and friend Gaston Shoko. Shoko refers to the accident that claimed Rondo’s
children’s lives as a typical Second Street accident, a subliminal hint that Mr. Rwafa may have been the
architect behind the accident.
The bad blood between Rwafa’s family and Mzamane’s family is apparent at the party. Although Basil
Mzamane is benevolent and compassionate, Rwafa remains obdurate and unforgiving. The two men’s
speeches are the birthday party turn sour betraying the underlying resentment.
A day before the party the two men also disagreed on the matter of white people in the country. Mr.
Mzamane proposes that people should be viewed as individuals because some are good while others are
bad. On the other hand, Rwafa holds blanket condemnation of groups of people and views anyone who
seemed supportive of his supposed enemy as a traitor.
Further back, Mr. Mzamane had taken care of the expenses of their children’s wedding, while Rwafa
skipped the ceremony altogether, claiming he was away on “state business” for two weeks.
Mr. Rwafa also hungers for a certain farm owned by a white man known as Mr. Quayle and he is ready to
get it by all means.
At the party, they try to conceal the boiling agitation between them behind the tight smiles and loud
laughs. Later on, Mr. Rwafa recklessly talks about betrayals and enmity between clans and families
causing visitors to leave uncomfortably one after another. In the course of his rant, Mr. Rwafa derides their
weak sons who marry into families of their enemies, and contaminate the pure blood of the family.
In his father’s presence, Rondo always felt powerless. His mother insists that the old man loves his son but
does not know how to show it.
The story ends tragically when Mr. Rwafa takes his own life using his service pistol, after being confronted
by his son who he haughtily labelled ‘slob'.
With that soft muffled plop, the bitter past filled with pain, is probably buried.
The sins of the fathers are washed away by their own blood.
In the words of acclaimed American rapper and mogul, Shawn Corey Carter (Jay-Z), “Nobody wins when
the family feuds.”
List of Characters
Rondo: He is the protagonist of the story and the son of Mr Rwafa. He is conflicted about his
father's actions and values.
Mr Rwafa: He is the father of Rondo and a former minister who is obsessed with power and the
purity of his family's bloodline. He is willing to go to extreme lengths to protect his reputation and
position.
Mr Mzamane: Rondo’s father in law. He is a fatherly figure who intervenes to help a woman in need
and tries to teach the other characters to see people as individuals, rather than enemies.
Selina: She is Rondo's wife and is aware of the tension between Rondo and his father.
Mrs Quayle: She is a neighbor of Rondo and his family and is in possession of a rifle when she
encounters Mr Mzamane and Rondo.
Children: There are several children present at Rondo's birthday party and they are interested in
hearing stories about Mr Rwafa's past.
Guests: There are several guests present at Rondo's birthday party, including reporters and other
members of the community. Some of them are uncomfortable with Mr Rwafa's rhetoric and leave
early.
Character Traits
Rondo
Loyalty: Rondo is loyal to his friends and family, as demonstrated by his willingness to stand up to
his father to protect Selina and their children.
Courage: Rondo shows bravery in standing up to his father and in his decision to confront him with
the letter he had written.
Respect: Rondo respects his father's authority and position, even when he disagrees with him.
Empathy: Rondo is able to understand and relate to the feelings of others, as demonstrated by his
concern for the woman who was being threatened by the group of men.
Responsibility: Rondo takes his responsibilities seriously, whether it's taking care of his family or
upholding his duties as a husband and father.
Impulsive: Rondo takes actions without thinking them through, such as stealing mangoes from a
neighbor's garden or bringing a gun to confront his father.
Emotionally sensitive: Rondo is deeply affected by his mother's pleas to spare him during a
physical altercation with a neighbor and is overwhelmed with sadness when his father points a gun
at him.
Resentful of his father: Rondo feels that his father doesn't show love towards him and resents the
way his father has always controlled his life.
Disobedient: Rondo disobeys his father's orders and secrecy surrounding the party and plans to
confront him about it.
Mr Rwafa
Villain in the story is a ruthless, intolerant influential former minister who cannot forgive anybody.
(p31, 34, 35, 39, 40).
Power-hungry: Mr Rwafa is described as being driven by a desire to be in a position of power, and
he talks about how he always wants to be at the top and in the front of the crowd.
Authoritarian: Mr Rwafa has a tendency to be dictatorial, as seen in his behavior at Rondo's
birthday party, where he dictates what the children should listen to and talk about.
Arrogant: Mr Rwafa is described as being arrogant, especially in his belief that people who carry
Rwafa's blood should never be subservient to anyone else.
Vengeful: Mr Rwafa is shown to hold grudges and to be willing to seek revenge when he feels he
has been wronged, as seen in his reaction to his son's marriage.
Hot-tempered: Mr Rwafa is quick to anger and prone to outbursts, as seen in his behavior at the
birthday party and when he snapped his walking stick in half.
Controlling: Mr Rwafa tries to control the people around him, especially his son, and is unwilling to
let them make their own decisions. He is contemptuous as he vilifies his son vehemently, affecting
his self-esteem.
Arrogant: Mr Rwafa frequently displays a sense of entitlement and superiority, as seen when he
insists on being the center of attention at his son's birthday party and tells the guests that he
expects them to listen to him.
Selfish: Mr Rwafa often puts his own interests and desires above those of others, including his own
family. He is more concerned with preserving his reputation and status than with the happiness or
well-being of those around him.
Vindictive: Mr Rwafa holds grudges and seeks revenge against those who he perceives as having
wronged him, as seen when he lashes out at Mr Mzamane for being a "traitor" and tries to
sabotage his plans.
Closed-minded: Mr Rwafa is resistant to new ideas and perspectives, and is unwilling to consider
the viewpoints of others. This is seen when he refuses to listen to Mr Mzamane's stories and
dismisses his ideas as "traitorous."
Mr Mzamane
Selina’s father and Rondo’s father-in-law. A peacemaker and crusader of He takes a low profile,
although he has the opportunity and ability to show off. This shows he is peaceful and humble.
According to Rondo, nothing in his demeanour shows he is a man of opulence as a successful
businessman and the P. of a constituency in northern Matebeleland.
Compassionate: Mr Mzamane is concerned about the well-being of others and is willing to help
them, as demonstrated by his assistance to the woman with the broken-down car.
Open-minded: Mr Mzamane is open to different beliefs and ways of life, as evidenced by his story
about the farmer in the Manhize Mountains who practiced vadzimu. He is so liberal that even with
his differences with Rwafa, he declares he is free to think as he likes. (p38).
Respectful: Mr Mzamane respects others and their beliefs, even if he does not necessarily share
them, as demonstrated by his willingness to listen to the headman of the Pazho people and follow
his advice.
Good-humored: Mr Mzamane has a good sense of humor and is able to make light of difficult
situations, as shown by his joking about going duck-shooting with the woman's husband.
Persistent: Mr Mzamane is determined and does not give up easily, as demonstrated by his efforts
to engage Rondo in conversation and get him to open up about his feelings.
His friendly and affable nature makes Rondo feel free around He is a helpful man as he gives a
hand to the white woman whose car is stuck. (p37).
He is tolerant, for he rescues her from being lynched by the angry He tells them. Today is
cancelled. Go home…. ” he tells Rondo to grow up and see people as individuals. (p37).
Mrs Quayle
Friendly and hospitable: she invited Mr Mzamane to her farm for a cup of tea and offered him the
opportunity to go duck shooting with her husband.
Themes
Power dynamics
Throughout the story, there is a recurring theme of power dynamics, particularly between different
social groups. For example, the relationship between Mr Rwafa and Mr Mzamane is shaped by their
different positions of power, with Mr Rwafa being a former minister and Mr Mzamane being an MP.
There is also a power dynamic between Mr Rwafa and his son Rondo, with Mr Rwafa being the
dominant figure in the relationship.
Betrayal
The theme of betrayal is present in the story, particularly in the relationship between Mr Rwafa and
Rondo.
Mr Rwafa feels betrayed by Rondo's decision to marry Selina, who is the daughter of his traditional
enemy. Rondo, on the other hand, feels betrayed by his father's actions and his treatment of him.
Family dynamics (Parental resentment /child discontentment)
Family dynamics play a significant role in the story, with the relationship between Rondo and his
father being a central theme.
The story explores the complexities of this relationship and the impact of past events on the
present.
Rondo has never been close to his father as his memories of his past him make him cry. (p31, 40).
At four, his father destroys his guitar, and at eight, he thrashes him without finding out what he
has done. Rondo always feels more space with his father-in-law and would choose him as his
father. (p34).
He carries many scars that thinking of his father as none other than a shadow he has to live in
becomes Rondo cannot think independently, and this reduces him to an object of laughter and
ridicule among his friends. (p28).
Rwafa has no sympathy for his son as he despises him vehemently. He does not bother to answer
when asked a question by his son. (p36).
His mother describes her husband as ‘one bombed-out battlefield of scars’ whose deepest scar is
that he can’t forgive not only his enemies but This clearly shows a rift in the family. (p30, 31).
At the party, Rondo and Selina feel relaxed with their (p39).
Rondo could not look at his (p40).
Race and racial tensions
The story touches on issues of race and racial tensions, particularly in the relationship between Mr
Quayle and Mr Rwafa.
Mr Quayle is a white farmer, while Mr Rwafa is a black man who was involved in the liberation
struggle.
There is a tension between the two men due to their different experiences and perspectives.
On their way to the birthday party, the trio meets a white woman who needs help. The political
youths want to descend on her because she’s white. (p36).
On the other hand, the white woman is already armed with a gun to shoot the blacks. (p36).
Again, from Mzamane’s story about the white who lives in the Manhize mountains, we find out that
he sends away the blacks who live there and takes their ancestral land (p38).
Having alienated the lands from the blacks, the whites are the source of the hatred and envy that
fills the Rwafa clan, and Rwafa has his eyes on the white farm in the Ruwa (p34).
Power and powerlessness
The story touches on the theme of power and powerlessness in various ways.
For example, Mr Rwafa's past as a minister and his present status as a wealthy farmer highlights
the theme of power and privilege.
On the other hand, Rondo's mother's experience of being physically and emotionally abused by her
husband and the neighbor demonstrates powerlessness and vulnerability.
The theme of power and powerlessness is also evident in Mr Mzamane's relationship with Rondo's
father, as Mr Mzamane seems to be at the mercy of Mr Rwafa's anger and resentment.
The theme of powerlessness is present in the story, particularly in Rondo's relationship with his
father.
Rondo feels powerless in the face of his father's authority and his inability to stand up to him.
This powerlessness is also evident in Rondo's mother's inability to protect him from his father's
anger and abuse.
Ethnic tension / negative ethnicity
Rwafa believes in maintaining rigid boundaries in establishing social and political relations. (p34).\
In his tirade, he laments that he is hurt by the effeminate spineless sons of the family who marry
into families of their enemies, poisoning the pure blood of the Rwafa clan. 9p34 – 39).
There has always been tension between Rwafa and Mzamane, a quarrel, a misunderstanding, but
the episode at the party renders it dramatic. Their speeches turn sour. The two old men are crystal
clearly, political nemeses. (p34).
Rwafa cannot forgive and forget the effects of the war, once the Ndebele attacked them, and the
pain of the scars remained in him more than the relief of healing. (p30 – 32).
These adversaries contrast each other in character and demeanor. The former is the villain in his
very nature, and the latter is a gentleman.
He belongs to the political elite who must fan clannism and ensure they remain at the top. (p39,
40).
Primitive accumulation There is evident greed in the arch-nemesis, Rwafa, for he strives to
maintain the status quo by acquiring material power through underhand deals. He leaves in the
morning and returns in the evenings. (p33).
He is disappointed and bitter when Mzamane rescues the white woman from irate Chimurenga
warriors. He disappears and reappears from a bush two minutes after the white woman has driven
off. (p34 – 37).
This shows that he plans to have her lynched so he can proceed to acquire the property. (p36)
Rwafa is preoccupied with the sudden beauty of the land they are driving through. The land
provides a breath- taking view of its immensity. (p36)
Affluence, material power and lavish extravagance are explicit in the family as they flock around
him. He gains recognition from his generosity by squandering the accumulated wealth in the form
of favours, money, advances. (p31, 32)
Many use his name to get something from legal firms, financial houses, or credit stores at month-
ends. (p32). Rwafa desperately needs a grandson from Rondo to whom he can leave all his cars,
houses and money. (p31).
Death
The fear of death also hangs/lingers in Selina’s mind. She fears losing Rondo as well. (p30)
Mysterious deaths rock the family, and according to Gaston, Rondo’s colleague, we know that a
political hand is involved. (p33).
He asks Rondo, “Do you know what your father does?” (p33).
Selina’s mother had died, and Mzamane marries again, but to the detriment of his daughter, she
alludes to the invitation to her father. (p34).
Assassinations could be the ex-minister’s trade as he happens to control the political group dubbed
Chimurenga, which also narrowly spares the life of Mrs.
The old man had rambles (flashback) (p40). smoked out, flushed out, blasted out.. “
Family relationships
The story delves into the complexities of family relationships, particularly between fathers and
sons.
Rondo's relationship with his father is strained and marked by conflict, with Rondo feeling
misunderstood and undervalued by his father.
Similarly, Mr Rwafa's relationship with his own father and his disappointment in his son's lack of
ambition and drive highlights the theme of family expectations and disappointments.
The theme of identity / identity crisis
The story touches on the theme of identity and how it is shaped by societal expectations, cultural
traditions, and personal experiences.
Rondo struggles to find his place and identity in a society that expects him to conform to certain
roles and expectations, while Mr Rwafa's obsession with preserving the purity of his family's
bloodline reflects the importance of cultural and ancestral identity.
Rondo suffers low self-esteem through the way his father treats Rwafa loathes and persistently
frustrates his son. His first disappointment is when his father breaks his guitar and throws it into
the fire when he is only four. (p30- 31).
Rwafa does not approve of or even attend his son’s He purportedly leaves town on state business
for two weeks. (p34).
Through flashbacks, Rwafa thrashes his son, Rondo, when he is only eight, for ‘stealing a
neighbor’s mangoes’. This memory gives him an uncomfortable feeling and affects his self-esteem.
He must have understoodwhat powerlessness meant (p40).
This grows into his adulthood when his father refers to him as an effeminate son who wants to
demean his family by marrying into an ignominious (p31
While Rondo admires and thinks his father is the greatest, his father, Rwafa, writes him off. Rwafa
always gives Rondo “a little sad laugh” and labels him “Slob”. (p28, 31, 32).
His colleagues laugh at him at work, and Rondo doubts his mother and He feels defenseless and
resigns to accept being a fool. “Well, if you see me as a fool, I’ll be one.” (p28).
Rondo has developed a stammer that makes him barely answer any of his father’s questions.
(p32).
His wife Selina tells him she could do better in his pants, and his friend and colleague, Gaston,
scolds him, “You can’t be a child forever, Rondo”. (p33).
Later, Rondo’s father disparages With contempt, he enquires whether one of Rondo’s more
intelligent friends has written for him the piece of paper he hands him. (p41).
Both Rondo and Rwafa have psychological problem that needs psychosocial support. (p26 — 41).
Vengeance
The author expresses the theme of vengeance in the story’s beginning through the flash-forward
as Rondo comes to his father with a (p26, 41). From the death of his two children and how his
father has been treating him, he believes that he has a hand in the deaths, and therefore, he’s
here to revenge. (p29, 33, 34, 41).
Rwafa causes the accident as a form of revenge against the “traitors” or Furthermore, Rondo is not
happy with what his father says about his marrying Basil – his enemy. (p31, 39).
In his speech, Rwafa calls his son a ‘traitor’. This is another reason for revenge. (p38).
Forgiveness and redemption
The story touches on the themes of forgiveness and redemption, as Rondo is faced with the
decision to either forgive his father for his past mistakes or hold on to his resentment.
Similarly, Mr Rwafa is faced with the opportunity to redeem himself and make amends for his past
actions.
Power and privilege
The story touches on issues of power, privilege, and inequality, particularly in relation to race and
class.
Betrayal and loyalty
The story deals with themes of betrayal and loyalty, particularly in the relationship between Rondo
and his father.
Rondo struggles with his loyalty to his father and his sense of duty to his own family and values,
while his father grapples with his own sense of betrayal and disappointment in his son.
Identity and self-discovery
The story touches on themes of identity and self-discovery as Rondo grapples with his own sense
of self and his place in the world. He is torn between his loyalty to his family and his own desires
and values, and must ultimately come to a decision about who he is and what he wants in life.
Love and Friendship
She takes her head during the mourning night and puts it on her She calls her a great woman.
(p29).
Friendship is also evident between the two women, Selina and her mother-in-law (Rondo’s wife and
his mother). (p29,30)
Selina, the daughter ofMzamane, stays with Rondo even though Rwafa disapproves of their
marriage. He says that his son became a ‘traitor’ by marrying Selina, from Basil Mzamane’s clan –
his sworn political (p29, 30)
However, Selina sticks with her husband, Rondo, until the end of the She also has a gun from the
mother- in-law. (p41).
He lets his head rest against her belly, his skull nudging the underside of her She makes him
breakfast. She accompanies her husband to serve revenge. This is love. (P41)
Change
The story portrays the ways in which change can be difficult and unsettling, as seen in Rondo's
struggle to come to terms with his father's actions and the repercussions of his own choices. The
theme of change is also seen in the way that Mr Mzamane adapts to the changing political and
social landscape of the country.
Stylistic Devices
Repetition

The phrase "traitor" is repeated several times to emphasize Mr Rwafa's dislike for Mr Mzamane.
Irony
For example, the difference between what something appears to mean versus its literal meaning.
Irony is associated with both tragedy and humor.
When Mr Rwafa tells Rondo that he should ask one of his "more intelligent friends" to write the
letter for him, it is ironic because it is clear that Rondo has written the letter himself.
Symbolism
Symbolism is the use of words or images to symbolize specific concepts, people, objects, or
events.
The broken walking stick can be seen as a symbol of Mr Rwafa's declining power and influence.
Foreshadowing
story.
Foreshadowing is useful for creating suspense, a feeling of unease, a sense of curiosity, or a mark
that things may not be as they seem.
The incident with Rondo's mother and the neighbour foreshadows the tension and violence that
will later occur at the birthday party.
Suspense
The definition of suspense in literature is the tension that keeps our attention between one
moment and another.
The use of short, choppy sentences and the description of the gun in Rondo's hand build suspense
and create a sense of tension.
Imagery
Imagery is a literary device used in poetry, novels, and other writing that uses vivid description
that appeals to a readers' senses to create an image or idea in their head.
The phrase "foam flecking the corners of his mouth" creates a vivid image of Mr Rwafa's emotional
state.
Personification

The phrase "something was wrong. Rondo had the butt of the gun pointing at his father, as if he
was offering it to him" personifies the gun as if it is a living being.
Metaphor

"The old man rambled on: "They need to be smoked out, flushed out, blasted out of their hiding
places, the impostors!' (comparing people to animals that need to be hunted and removed from
their hiding places)
Simile
Comparing two things using the words “like” or “as”.

"He looked wearily into the face of his one and only son. He searched all over his face for a
foothold of manhood, for a handhold of hope" (comparing the search for manhood and hope to
searching for something physical, like a foothold or handhold)
Hyperbole
Exaggeration of ideas.
"He talked without any shame of his personal prowess. Of his achievements. The obstacles he had
to overcome to get where he was. 'The obstacles were nothing'" (exaggerating the ease with which
Mr Rwafa overcame obstacles and achieved his goals)
Revision questions for The Sins of the Fathers
1. Discuss the role and significance of the title The Sins of the Fathers.
2. Which sins do you think the father commits in the story?
3. “Because I’d like you to watch some ‘duck-shooting today’. ” What does this statement from Rwafa
refer to?
4. Make inferences from the following:
a. “Do you know what your father does?” (p33)
b. “Rondo had not been used to living his life from deductive or logical thinking but now, the
accumulation of events and the history behind them had made him so numb, he was
almost a ” (p33).
5. Brainstorm about ‘Second Street accidents’.
6. What is the role of the family unit during bereavement and children’s growth?
7. How are youths used to execute the selfish desires of the political elite?
8. Why are power and prejudice significant in the ex-minister’s life?
9. How does greed for material power affect the human character?
10. Compare and contrast Rwafa and Mzamane as antagonistic characters in the story, The Sins of the
Fathers.
11. How does Rondos mother manage the psychological problems of both her husband and her son at
home?
12. What do you think could have happened if Rwafa had told his only son, “You are an intelligent
son”?
13. Suppose Rwafa had had another son; could his attitude be different?
Essay Questions
1. Making reference to The Sins of the Fathers, write an essay to justify the claims below (20 mks).
a. Hate ruins relationships
b. Anger is calamitous
c. Forgiveness heals past wounds
The Truly Married Woman Analysis - A Silent Song and Other

About the Author
The Title
The plot / synopsis
Themes
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions for The Truly Married Woman
Essay Questions
The Truly Married Woman by Abioseh Nical

About the Author
Abioseh Nicol , born Davidson Sylvester Hector Willoughby Nicol in Freetown , in 1924 and died in
Cambridge in 1994 , was a writer and diplomat from Sierra Leone .
His works include:
Two African Tales , 1965 (stories)

The Truly Married Woman , 1965 (short stories)
The Title
The title of the story, "The Truly Married Woman," is an appropriate title because it reflects the central
theme of the story, which is the transformation of Ayo from a single woman to a married woman with a
new set of responsibilities and expectations.
Throughout the story, Ayo is presented as a strong and independent woman who is capable of taking care
of herself and her children. She is shown as being fiercely protective of her children and willing to stand up
for their rights, even if it means defying societal norms or challenging the authority of her husband.
However, despite her strength and independence, Ayo is also shown as being deeply aware of her role as
a woman in her society.
She recognizes the importance of marriage and the expectations placed on a wife to be obedient,
respectful, and supportive of her husband.
As the story progresses, we see Ayo reluctantly agree to marry Ajayi, not because she is in love with him,
but because she recognizes the societal pressure to marry and the benefits that marriage can bring for her
and her children.
Throughout the story, Ayo is portrayed as a complex and multi-faceted character, who is both strong and
vulnerable, independent and obedient.
The title "The Truly Married Woman" is therefore an appropriate title because it reflects Ayo's
transformation from a single woman to a married woman and the complex roles and responsibilities that
come with that transformation.
The Plot Summary
Abioseh Nical’s story, ‘The Truly Married Woman,’ follows Ajayi, a civil servant, and his relationship with
Ayo, a woman he eventually marries.
In the beginning, Ajayi and Ayo live together (Co-habitate) but aren't married despite the fact that Ayo had
always wanted to be married properly.
While Ayo tries to coarse Ajayi to marry her, Ajayi is hesitant as he feels that marriage involves some wild
spending and the ceremony is unnecessarily costly.
Ajayi's view on marriage frustrates Ayo until she accepts that it will never happen; thus, she stops trying
to talk Ajati into marrying her. Basically, she gives up on the issue.
despite not being officially married, the couples time together appears relatively amicable as Ayo
performs her 'wifely' duties faithfully.
They enjoy an everyday family life punctuated with minor conflicts such as the one that arises over Ajayi’s
beating of their son Oju.
This conflict surprises Ajayi as Ayo rarely ever disagreed with him.
At this point, Ayo’s modernised trait is revealed as she discloses that she has been attending women’s
meetings where they learn modern ideas of oversea doctors.
Ajayi spends his day in the office thinking about this revelation (about the women's meetings) which
makes him admire Ayo more.
As the closing hours approach, Ajayi receives an unexpected guest — missionaries from World Gospel
Crusading Alliance (WGCA).
He remembers that he had contacted them with the hope of getting free bibles, religious pictures and
maybe some magazines.
However, the missionaries are set on enrolling him as one of them, but the chief clerk saves him by
explaining that it was prohibited for government workers to become missionaries.
He invites the team (the three men from WGCA) together with the chief to his home, where the wife (Ayo)
reorganises the house after learning that guests are on their way.
She even borrows a wedding ring from a neighbour.
After the visit, Ajayi decides to propose to Ayo, and they begin making wedding arrangements.
Although she is shocked, Ayo welcomes the marriage and thus starts preparing for it.
Ironically, she turns down his sexual advances that evening, arguing that it would be incorrect.
She then moves back to her parental home, where the traditional marriage preparation practices are
carried out. Ayo's father is initially hesitant to allow the wedding, and tests Ajayi's family's resolve by
bringing out several women for them to inspect before finally presenting Ayo.
Soon, the church wedding ceremony takes place. Ayo chooses to dress in a grey dress instead of the
traditional white one as Ayaji had wished. The grey dress is symbolic of her impurity since she is already
a mother of three.
She also wanted a corset to ensure she did not look too massive. After the church wedding, a European
ceremony is also conducted where a wedding cake is cut.
Ajayi notices that Ayo had been transformed after the wedding. On the morning after the wedding, Ajayi is
surprised to find that Ayo is no longer serving him tea in bed, as she had done for the twelve years they
had been together.
The morning after the wedding, Ajayi is met with a rude shock when he wakes up. Ayo does not wake up
early to prepare breakfast as usual. He concludes that maybe she was taken ill. When he asks her, she
replies nonchalantly that he should wake up and make himself a cup of tea. She even contemptuously
wonders if something is wrong with his legs. Surprisingly, she demands respect from him asserting that
she is now a truly married woman.
The story emphasises the importance of valid marriage as compared to cohabiting. Through this
emphasis, the writer, however, satirises marriage as it is not only economically draining but fails to
provide happiness that should come with it.
Life before marriage — 42-45

Preparations for marriage — 46-47
The marriage ceremony — pg. 48
Life after marriage — 48
List of Characters
Ajayi: the protagonist of the story, a government worker

Ayo: Ajayi's wife, a traditional woman who takes care of the household
Jonathan Olsen: a member of the World Gospel Crusading Alliance from Minnesota in the USA
Chief clerk: an older African man who works with Ajayi at the government office
Oju: Ayo's son
Ayo's father: a proud and difficult man
Ayo's sisters: several women who are present at Ayo's wedding
Omo: Ayo's jealous neighbor
Ayo's mother: a woman who cries at Ayo's wedding and gives advice to Ayo on being a wife
Ayo's old aunt: a woman who gives Ajayi and Ayo a glass of water to drink at their wedding and
gives them advice on their marriage.
Character Traits
Ajayi
Respectful: Ajayi is shown to be respectful towards others, as he is polite and follows the rules of
his workplace. For example, he makes sure to introduce the missionaries to the chief clerk, and
later follows the chief clerk's advice not to become a missionary due to the rules against it. Ajayi
refers to the chief clerk as "sir" and refers to the white men from the WGCA as "gentlemen"
Hardworking: Ajayi is shown to be a hardworking individual, as he is able to maintain a job and is
responsible for providing for his family.
Thoughtful: Ajayi is shown to be thoughtful in his actions and decisions, as he considers the
consequences of his actions and thinks about the future. For example, he considers the
implications of becoming a missionary, and later decides to marry Ayo after thinking about the
consequences. Ajayi's visit from the WGCA and Ayo's protest about the beating make him think
about his future and he decides to marry Ayo
Good-natured: Ajayi is shown to be good-natured, as he is friendly and welcoming towards the
missionaries, and invites them to his home for a drink.
Responsible: Ajayi is shown to be responsible in his actions, as he takes care of his family and
follows through on his decisions. He follows through on his decision to marry Ayo, and later takes
on the role of husband and provider for his family.
Ambitious: Ajayi writes to the World Gospel Crusading Alliance in hopes of receiving free Bibles or
large religious pictures that he could sell or give away
Resourceful: Ajayi quickly comes up with a plan to invite the WGCA men to his house for drinks and
asks another clerk to go home and warn his wife, Ayo, to prepare for the visitors
Considerate: Ajayi agrees to Ayo's request to have a church wedding, even though he would have
preferred a traditional one
Persistent: Ajayi borrows money to pay for the music, food, and dresses for the wedding, despite
the tightness of the corset and his tight budget
Obedient: When Ayo pushes him back gently and says "no" on the night before their wedding,
Ajayi obeys her request to wait until after they are married
Ayo
Prideful: she has a proud head and long neck

Respectful: she expects more respect from her husband after they are married
Responsible: she has gotten up early every morning for 12 years to make tea and breakfast for
Ajayi
Thoughtful: she is worried about Ajayi when he expresses a desire to marry her out of the blue
Caring: she is concerned about her husband's well-being and takes care of him
Confident: she stands up for herself and her beliefs, such as protesting against the beating of her
children
Resourceful: she finds ways to solve problems, such as borrowing a wedding ring from a neighbor
or visiting the soothsayer before Ajayi's sister can. Ayo is able to make a wedding cake, clean and
decorate her home, and find solutions to problems, such as borrowing a wedding ring and hiding
the wine glasses.
Traditional: she values and follows traditional customs, such as participating in the traditional pre-
wedding rituals with Ajayi's family
Strong-willed: she is not afraid to speak her mind and assert her autonomy, even in the face of
resistance or criticism (e.g. from her jealous neighbor)

Patient: Ayo tolerates Ajayi's tendency to be bossy and demanding, and she is willing to wait until
they are married before being intimate with him.
Kind: Ayo is considerate of others, as seen when she asks Ajayi if he is feeling ill and when she
takes care of her children and neighbors.
Independent: Ayo is able to stand up for herself and make her own decisions, as seen when she
protests against Ajayi's beating of their children and when she decides not to wear a white
wedding dress.
Practical: Ayo is practical in her approach to life, as seen when she decides not to go on a
honeymoon with Ajayi due to financial constraints.
Ayo’s Father
Proud: He is proud of his family and wants to ensure that Ayo is married to a good and suitable
husband. This is demonstrated when Ajayi's family comes to ask for Ayo's hand in marriage, and
Ayo's father goes through a lengthy and detailed questioning process to ensure that Ajayi's family
is good enough.
Protective: Ayo's father wants to protect his daughter and make sure that she is well taken care of.
This is shown when he gives Ayo away at the wedding ceremony and provides her with advice on
how to be a good wife.
Traditional: Ayo's father follows traditional customs and practices, as demonstrated by the
wedding ceremony and the exchange of gifts with Ajayi's family.
Respectful: Ayo's father is respectful towards Ajayi's family, even though he initially hesitated to
let them into his house. This is shown when he accepts their gifts and talks with them about the
marriage.
The Chief Clerk
Concerned/caring: He advised Ajayi against being a missionary, which would lead to him losing his
job. This shows that the chief clerk cares about Ajayi's well-being and is looking out for his best
interests.
Omo
Jealous: when Ayo showed her the wedding presents that Ajayi was going to give her and Omo's
face was both jealous and angry as she touched the silky, see-through material. Omo said, "These
are awful; they hide nothing, you should be ashamed to wear them," and pushed the material
angrily back over the wall to Ayo. This shows that Omo was jealous of Ayo's relationship with Ajayi
and the presents he was giving her.
Ayo’s Aunt
Wise and caring: based on the way she advised Ayo and Ajayi on their marriage. She encouraged
them to be respectful towards each other and to avoid conflicts, and also reminded Ajayi to be
faithful to Ayo. Concerned: she showed concern for Ayo's well-being by warning her about the
dangers of being too friendly with other women, who may try to steal her husband.
Themes
Role of Gender and Gender Expectations
One theme in the story is the role of gender and expectations of traditional gender roles.
Ayo has always been responsible for making tea for Ajayi and taking care of the household, while Ajayi
goes to work.
However, after they are married, Ayo asserts her newly acquired status as a "truly married woman" and
expects Ajayi to be more respectful and take on some household responsibilities, such as making his own
tea.
This theme is also present in Ayo's father's demands for a suitable husband for his daughter, and the
traditional role of the husband in paying for the wedding and providing for the family.
Conflict due to parenting styles
Different parents adopt different parenting styles.
Some parents are very strict with their children to the extent that they use excessive force to ensure their
children behave as they wish. A good example is Ajayi, who beats his eldest son Oju for having wet his
sleeping mat (pg.43).
On her part, Ayo feels that this is not right, and in one of the rare occurrences, she disagrees with Ajayi
about it. She tells him, “Ajayi, you beat Oju too much. he has not stopped wetting although you beat him
every time he does. In fact, he is doing it more and more now. Perhaps if you stopped beating him, he
would get better.” (pg.43).
Through their disagreement, we learn of Ayo’s modernised and informed traits as she discloses that she
has been attending women’s meetings where they are taught modern ideas (pg.44).
These traits are one of the triggers that make Ajayi marry Ayo after realising that she is a woman to be
proud of.
We also see some conflict over what parents want for their children in relation to what the children want
for themselves.
Ayo’s living with Ajayi had not been accepted by her parents — ‘When she first came to him-against her
parents’ wishes. ‘ (pg. 43).
The writer further tells us what Ayo’s father had hoped that she would marry a high school teacher.
However, Ayo fell in love with Ajayi, a government clerk, and moved in with him (pg. 43).
Family and Community
Another theme is the importance of family and community in African culture.
The story shows the strong involvement of the community and extended family in the wedding process,
including the negotiation for the bride and the exchange of gifts.
The importance of family is also shown in Ayo's decision to move back in with her father before the
wedding and the close relationships between siblings and cousins.
Religion and Spirituality
Another theme is the role of religion and spirituality in the characters' lives.
Ajayi is initially interested in becoming a missionary with the World Gospel Crusading Alliance, and the
story includes references to traditional religious practices such as praying and consulting soothsayers.
The characters also frequently express their belief in God and the importance of living a virtuous and
moral life.
Hypocrisy
There is a lot of pretense among people in society to portray a particular image.
Ajayi wrote to World Gospel Crusading Alliance, pretending to be interested in some information from
them after a friend gave him a magazine that contained an invitation to join the missionary Alliance.
However, his true intention was not to work with them, but he hoped to get free items such as bibles and
large religious pictures that he would sell, give away, or use as wall pictures (pg.44).
The depth of his hypocrisy is seen when he appears relieved that the chief clerk saved him from a life as a
missionary when he told the visitors that the government prohibited his workers from working as
missionaries.
So appreciative is Ajayi of the chief clerk that he presents a carefully wrapped bottle of beer to the chief
clerk as a present for having saved him (pg.45).
He hypocritically extends an invitation of the missionaries to his home.
He lies to them that the roads are not suitable to prevent them from using a taxi. He intends to give time
to his wife to reorganise their home into an appropriate environment to host the missionaries.
Ayo also portrays high levels of hypocrisy. She changes the appearance of their home when she receives a
message from Ajayi that he will be bringing white men to their home in half an hour.
Ayo took down the calendars with pictures of lightly clothed women and replaced them with family
photographs. She also replaced the magazines with religious books and hid the wine glasses under the
sofa. In efforts to portray an actual spiritual image, she goes ahead to borrow a wedding ring from her
neighbour before putting on her Sunday dress (pg. 45).
The missionaries are impressed by the show that she put up. The writer uses this act to symbolise Ayo’s
hypocrisy even in her marriage.
Ayo has been pretending to be a dutiful wife for the twelve years before her marriage as she shows her
true colours after the wedding. She refuses to prepare morning tea and breakfast forAjayi (pg 48).
Her hypocrisy is further seen when she turns down Ajayi’s advances on the evening he disclosed to her
that he intended to marry her. She shyly says ‘No’ (pg. 45) and pushes him away, asking him to wait until
after marriage.
She argues that it would not be correct. This is ironic since the two have lived together for twelve years,
and their intimacy has borne three children.
Contrast Between African and Western Culture
Another theme is the contrast between African and Western culture.
This is demonstrated through the characters' interactions with the white missionaries from the United
States, as well as the influence of Western media on the characters' choices and expectations, such as
Ajayi's desire for Ayo to wear a traditional white wedding dress and Ayo's reference to Hollywood
actresses wearing see-through material.
Cohabiting vs. marriage
The story is centered around Ayo and Ajayi's marriage, and explores the expectations and roles within a
marriage.
Despite living together for twelve years and having three children already, Ayo and Ajayi are not
considered married. The writer tells us that ‘Ajayi and Ayo have been together for twelve years. They are
not married. Ajayi had meant to marry Ayo, but the right moment never came. (pg.42).
It is no wonder that while explaining to his friends who Ayo is, Ajayi refers to her as not a wife but a
mistress (pg. 43).
Ayo is seen to have hoped that Ajayi would indeed marry her. During their first year of marriage, she kept
telling Ajayi about their friends’ weddings, hoping that he would get interested and marry her.
She, however, ends up frustrated when instead of showing an interest, he criticises the friends’ spending
due to the considerable cost of the ceremony (pg. 43).
The priest emphasises the importance of people getting married through his sermon.
The writer observes that the priest would speak out violently against unmarried couples who lived
together about two or three times in a year (pg. 43).
These sermons would make friends of Ajayi and Ayo look at them sympathetically, leading to Ajayi
keeping off from the church for a few weeks.
Despite not being married, Ajayi and Ayo enjoy some peaceful ambience in their marriage. Ayo performs
her wifely roles dutifully. She would wake up at five to prepare his breakfast (pg. 48).
Ajayi would wake at six-fifteen and find his cup of tea ready just as he liked it — ‘weak and sugary, without
milk’ (pg. 42).
Ironically, after Ayo is married, things seem to change.
Instead of continuing with her wifely duty or making them better, Ayo is reluctant to serve her husband as
she used it.
The morning after the wedding finds Ayo comfortably beside her husband when his alarm goes off.
Unlike other previous mornings, there is no tea ready for Ajayi.
He is initially alarmed as he thinks she is ill.
Still, her shocking reply confirms her deliberately intention not to do it — “Ajayi, my husband…for twelve
years I have got up every morning at five to make tea for you and breakfast. Now I am a truly married
woman; you must behave towards me with some respect. You are now my husband and not a lover. Get
up and make yourself a cup of tea” (pg. 48).
This strange turn of events raises concern over whether valid marriage helps improve the home
environment or destroys the home.
Power dynamics
The power dynamic within the relationship between Ayo and Ajayi is explored, with Ayo taking a more
assertive role in their marriage.
Change
The story also touches on the theme of personal growth and change, as Ayo and Ajayi navigate their new
roles as a married couple.
Poverty and financial struggles
Ajayi borrows a large sum of money in order to pay for the music, food, and dresses for the wedding
Ajayi and Ayo cannot afford a holiday after the wedding
Ayo's father demands gifts and demands to be assured that Ajayi's family is good enough before agreeing
to the marriage
Ajayi's uncle and other relations bring traditional gifts to Ayo's father, including small coins and fruit, in
order to prove their worth and ability to care for Ayo
Ajayi and Ayo discuss the financial constraints of their wedding and make decisions based on their limited
resources, such as choosing a grey dress for Ayo instead of a white one and not going on a honeymoon.
Stylistic Devices
Repetition
The phrase "Hip, hip, hooray" is repeated when the family is celebrating Ayo's engagement. This repetition
adds emphasis to the celebration and creates a sense of joy and excitement.
"No, this one is too short to be Ayo. No, this one is too fat." This repetition is used to emphasize the fact
that none of the women brought out by Ayo's father are the right one.
Metaphor
Ayo's father compares Ayo to a "red, red rose" when he is discussing her engagement with Ajayi's family.
This metaphor serves to depict Ayo as a beautiful and valuable commodity.
Alliteration
The phrase "many others will grow from it" uses alliteration with the repetition of the "m" sound. This adds
a rhythmic quality to the sentence and creates a sense of flow.
Personification
The phrase "the tightness of the corset" personifies the corset as having agency and the ability to
constrict. This adds a sense of discomfort and struggle to the experience of wearing the corset.
Simile
The phrase "Ayo seemed different in Ajayï's eyes" compares Ayo's appearance to how Ajayi sees her using
the simile "like". This comparison adds a sense of change or transformation to Ayo's appearance.
Imagery
Which is the use of language to create vivid mental images or sensory experiences in the reader's mind.
For example, the passage describes Ayo's "proud head" and "long neck" when Ajayi looks at her after their
wedding, which helps the reader to visualize Ayo's appearance.
Revision questions for The Truly Married Woman
1. Describe early morning activities of Ajayi before he goes to work

2. Compare and contrast Ayo’s behaviour before marriage and after
3. What does Ajayi’s beating of Oju for wetting his sleeping mat reveals about Ajayi?
4. What preparations does Ayo make as she waits for the guests? What does this reveal about her?
5. Explain Ayo’s reaction when Ajayi tells her that he plans to marry her?
6. What does Omo’s reaction to Ayo’s disclosure about the planned marriage reveal about her?
7. Briefly describe the traditional marriage practices that take place before Ayo’s marriage.
8. What is Ayo’s old aunts’ advice to the newly married?
9. What is the importance of tile traditional marriage preparation practices that are carried out before
Ayo’s marriage?
10. The institution of marriage should be treated with respect as it is of great. Show how Ayo fails to
do so after she is truly married.
Essay Questions
1. Does a valid marriage helps improve the home environment or destroys the home? Basing your
answer on The Truly Married Woman write an essay validating or refuting this claim.
2. Marriage is satirised in the story The Truly Married Woman Support this assertion.
Talking Money Analysis - A Silent Song and Other Stories Easy

Elimu Study Guide
About the Author
The Title
The plot / synopsis
Themes
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions for Talking Money
Essay Questions
Talking Money by Stanley Gazemba

About the Author
Stanley Gazemba, is a Kenyan native born in 1974 in Vihiga, Kenya.
Stanley is the author of three books: The Stone Hills of Maragoli (released in the United States as
Forbidden Fruit), Khama (DigitalBackBooks), and Callused Hands (Nsemia).
Having trained as a journalist, Gazemba has written for publications such as The New York Times, The East
African, Msanii magazine, Sunday Nation, and Saturday Nation. In 2007, the Bread Loaf Writers'
Conference's International Fellow was Gazemba.
In addition, he has written eight books for kids, including A Scare in the Village (Oxford University Press),
which was awarded the 2015 Jomo Kenyatta Prize for Children's Fiction. The literary review (Fairleigh
Dickinson University), Man of the House and Other New Short Stories from Kenya (CCC Press), Africa39:
New Writing From Africa South of the Sahara (Bloomsbury), 'A' is for Ancestors, a collection of short stories
from the Caine Prize (Jacana), Africa39: New Writing From Africa North of the Sahara (Bloomsbury),
Africa39: New Writing From Africa South of the Sahara (Bloomsbury), and Crossing Border online
magazine; among other publications.
Today, Gazemba lives in Nairobi where he is the editor of Ketebul Music.
The Title
The title "Talking Money" is very fitting for the story because it is both literal and figurative.
On a literal level, the money that Mukidanyi receives from Galo, after selling his land, is described as
speaking in strange disembodied voices.
This is a shocking and eerie moment for Mukidanyi, as he and his wife hear the money "talking" from
under their bed.
The money seems to have a life of its own and is described as "playful" and "hungry" which adds to the
eerie feeling surrounding the money.
On a figurative level, "Talking Money" also refers to the way in which money can influence and control
people's actions and thoughts.
The story hints at the fact that the money is the root of all evil, corrupting those who have it and causing
them to lose sight of what is truly important.
Mukidanyi's wife and brothers warned him not to sell his land to Galo and yet, he did.
His decision was influenced by the promise of a large sum of money and now that he has it, he has lost
sight of what is truly important and is terrified of the money that is speaking to him.
Overall, the title "Talking Money" is appropriate for the story as it not only refers to the literal talking of
the money but also the figurative way that money can control and corrupt people's actions.
The Plot Summary
Short summary - a man sells a piece of land to some shady characters against the advice of his family
and friends only to find out that the money he is given as payment is cursed
The story is set in the vast rural expanse of Kakamega, Kenya. It is about a man named Mukidanyi who
lives in a rural area and sells land to a wealthy man named Galo.
He is warned against this transaction by his wife Ronika, and also by his brothers, Ngoseywe and Agoya.
Mukidanyi’s brothers Ngoseywe and Agoya give up on him and leave. Obsessed with money in his mind,
he refuses to heed his wife’s counsel and instead flogs her.
Despite their warnings, Mukidanyi goes ahead and signs papers, accepting a large sum of money from
Galo.
After the papers are signed and the money is received, strange occurrences start happening in
Mukidanyi's house.
Voices are heard coming from under the bed where the money was kept.
Frightened by these events, Ronika forces Mukidanyi to return the money and the land back to Galo in the
middle of the night.
Mukidanyi, scared and regretful, runs away from the house with the money, and delivers it back to Galo,
then he runs away in fear not stopping until he feels safe.
Long summary - When Mukidanyi’s brothers, Ngoseywe and Agoya, try to talk him out of an imprudent
decision, he angrily expels them from his home. Their altercation almost erupts into a physical fight.
He makes a conceited declaration that he does not need anyone’s help. He wants to run his household
without interference. He is determined to sell his land against his brothers' wish. He is so enraged that the
neighbours watch the drama helplessly from afar.
Later on, that evening Ronika, his wife, sensibly tries to dissuade him from selling the land without
consultation and urges him to listen to other people’s counsel. He first ignores her before furiously giving
her a lashing, promptly extinguishing her fair-minded plea. He ignores her entreaties about the Galos
money not being good.
Mukidanyi defies his brothers and his wife and goes ahead to sell the land to Galo. Although he is prepared
for a bruising tussle with Galo, Galo accepts to pay half-a-million shillings without haggling.
Because of his intransigence, you will be forgiven to consider Mukidanyi a pigheaded fool. He is however
not a complete buffoon. On one hand, he is illiterate since during his school days he would sneak out of
school and skip classes and spend his days playing simbi and roasting stolen maize with his errant friends.
On the other hand, he is an astute cattle trader with an impressive business acumen.
Because he is unlettered, he is unable to sign the business papers presented by Galo's assistant after the
sale of the land. He needs Ngoseywe and Agoya around after all. After the messy paper business is over,
Galo hands him a briefcase containing half-a-million shillings in cash. Mukidanyi is too shocked to count
the cash in the briefcase. Unsuspectingly, he tells Galo that he trusts him. Besides, would a clansman
deceive him?
That evening Mukidanyi is nervy. He does not eat his supper. He cannot sleep that night. He wakes up
twice to ascertain that the money is still there – safely chained to the bedpost. He also awakens Ronika,
who is still piqued from the lashing she received earlier.
Something curious happens when he tries to go back to sleep. The money in the briefcase starts
conversing casually like a couple of frisky school boys sauntering home from school. This bizarre
occurrence has the couple scared out of their wits.
The once wilful and ostensibly gallant Mukidanyi suddenly recoils like a panicky chicken. When he hears
the strange voices, he is horror-stricken. He shakes and sweats in panic. His assertive voice is reduced
into a frightened child-like whisper when he asks: “Who were they?”
An angry Ronika scolds, derides and hysterically laughs at him. She taunts him for failing to listen to other
people.
“I warned you about the Galos, didn’t I? Eh? Ngoseywe and Agoya warned you too against this, didn’t
they, big man? And what did you eh? Tell me what did you do?”
The money talks again, this time complaining about the couples' argument.
“I don’t like their shouting. It was better with the silence.”
Ronika has had enough. She drags Mukidanyi and forces him to unlock the padlock securing the briefcase.
She then snarls at him, hurls the briefcase outside and sends him after it. Their frightened children are
stunned to see their mother so agitated and their father extremely scared.
The journey to the Galos is eerie to say the least. Mukidanyi is haunted by unseen night creatures
swimming around him, threatening to harm him. He is nonetheless determined to return the peculiar
briefcase to Galo. Galo lives a couple hundred yards away but it seems like a mile. The case gets heavier
and heavier as Mukidanyi lumbers on.
The stubborn man eventually returns the money. He also makes a change of tune about selling his land.
“I changed my mind about selling the land. Here is your money.”
Moral lesson of the story - "It is prudent to listen to wise counsel. Failure to heed good advice
may result in unwanted consequences."
The expulsion (pg. 49-50) throws his brothers out of his home
Assault (pg. 50) Mukidanyi attacks Ronika

The transaction (pg. 50-51) sells land to Galo for half-a-million shillings
Sleepless night (pg. 53) Mukidanyi cannot sleep
Talking money (pg. 53-54) the money starts talking
Ronika's fury (pg. 55) Ronika forces Mukidanyi to get rid of the talking money
Journey to the Galos (pg. 55) Mukidanyi returns the money to the Galos.
Change of heart (pg. 56) Mukidanyi changes his mind about selling the land.
New words in Talking Money
Weather-scoured - faded
Assuaged – eased
Attaché case – a small rectangular case for carrying documents
Fodder – food for livestock
Tussle – vigorous struggle
Tug - pull
Haggling – bargaining persistently
Surmise – guess
Discomfiture – unease, awkwardness
Bristling – angered
Groggy – weak/unsteady
Tinny – metallic sound
Disembodied – (of a sound) lacking any obvious physical source
Slick – (skin) shiny
Leaden – heavy
Character List
Mukidanyi: main character, an uneducated man who makes a living through buying and selling
cattle, he was never been to a classroom but he has mastered the art of buying and selling and
had experience handling money.
Ronika: Mukidanyi's wife, she expressed her concerns and reservations about the money and
warned him against it but he went ahead.
Galo: A man who offers to buy Mukidanyi's land for a large sum of money and also warned by
Mukidanyi's family.
Ngoseywe and Agoya: They warned Mukidanyi about the Galos and their history.
Kizungu: Mukidanyi's father who tried to take him to school but failed.
Proprietress: A fat woman whom Mukidanyi and his buddies used to steal pinches at the rump of.
Mukidanyi's children: They were woken up by the raised voices of their parents and witness the
scene.
Character Traits
Mukidanyi
Mukidanyi is a furious young man and a cattle trader who ignores his elder brothers’ warning against
selling his land.
Illiterate: He never went to school and "never been to any classroom to speak of"
Gullible: Trusts Galo with a large sum of money without counting it
Nervous: When confronted with the money, he gets nervous and his hands shake
Jumpy: He's always alert and wakes up easily, "he had always slept with one ear open"
Superstitious: He believes in viganda spirits and other unseen creatures.
Cautious: He is afraid of the briefcase once he realizes it has spirits in it, and he's scared to touch it
Cowardly: When the spirits voice their complaints, he quickly gives the money back, "Tossing the
heavy briefcase over the gate".
Greedy: Despite his superstitions and fears he could not resist the large sum of money and went
ahead to sell the land, despite being warned by his wife and friends.
Ronika
Strong-willed and assertive:, as seen in her reaction to the talking money incident where she is the
one who takes charge and forces Mukidanyi to take the money out of their home.
Superstitious: as she immediately recognizes that the voices coming from the briefcase are those
of spirits and speaks about her belief in witchcraft and viganda spirits
Easily frightened: as seen when she is frightened and clutching onto Mukidanyi's wrist during the
incident with the talking money.
Protector: she protects her family and is easily worried about her family safety. This is seen in the
way she kept urging Mukidanyi to take the money and leave the house.
Galo
Confident and self-assured, demonstrated by the way he conducted his business with Mukidanyi,
offering him money and telling him when and how the land transfer would happen.
Calm and composed, demonstrated by the way he handled Mukidanyi's sudden change of heart
and return of the money.
Possibly dishonest or at least not entirely transparent, suggested by the fact that the money
seemed to have some sort of strange power or curse associated with it, and by the fact that
Mukidanyi, Ronika, and possibly others had warned against doing business with him.
Themes
Greed and corruption
It is clear in the story that Galo and his associates are willing to go to great lengths to acquire Mukidanyi's
land.
They use their wealth and influence to offer him a large sum of money, which he finds hard to resist.
They also try to manipulate him, using flattery and false promises to make him trust them.
This theme of greed and corruption is present throughout the story, as the characters use deceitful means
to gain something they desire.
Tradition and culture
The story is set in a rural community, and the characters hold strong traditional values.
For example, Mukidanyi is warned against selling the land by Ngoseywe and Agoya, his traditional leaders,
who urge him to consider the cultural significance of the land for the community.
This theme is also present in the way Mukidanyi's wife, Ronika, understands and interprets the
supernatural occurrences around the money, as vigand spirits or witches.
Tension between modernity and tradition
The story presents the reader with the contrast of traditional rural values, and the attraction and threat of
modernity in the form of the urban life that is offered by Galo and his associates.
Good versus evil
This theme is presented through the contrast between the honorable and honest characters such as
Mukidanyi, Ronika, Ngoseywe and Agoya, and the dishonest and deceitful characters such as Galo and his
associates.
Superstition and belief in the supernatural
Ronika and other villagers believe in the existence of spirits and evil forces, and the idea that certain
actions can bring about bad luck or misfortune.
Materialism and the corrupting influence of money
The story shows how the pursuit of wealth and material possessions can lead to ethical dilemmas, as well
as leading people to do things against their better judgment.
Social class and power dynamics
Galo is wealthy and well-educated, while Mukidanyi is poor and uneducated. This creates a power
imbalance between them, with Galo and his associates able to take advantage of Mukidanyi.
Trust and deception
Galo and his associates appear to be trustworthy and genuine in their intentions, but ultimately deceive
Mukidanyi and take advantage of his lack of education and experience with such matters.
Rural vs Urban life
Mukidanyi, a rural person and is not used to dealing with money and the complexities of land deals and is
taken advantage of by the urban and more sophisticated Galo and his associates.
Exploitation
Galo and associates exploit the trust and naivety of Mukidanyi for their own gain and profit.
Stylistic Devices
Personification
When the voices from the money described it being warm, or the tendril snaking out of the darkness and
biting his ankle.
It is a figurative language used to give an inanimate object a human characteristic.
Simile
Comparing two things using the words “like” or “as”.
When Mukidanyi made comparison of the journey from his compound to the Galos' as "like a mile with that
scary case that got heavier and heavier in his hand with every footstep"
Repetition
"Magu! Magu!” the spirits in the money repeated, it emphasizes their excitement and highlights that they
are enjoying.
Hyperbole:
Exaggeration of ideas.
"The longest journey Mukidanyi had ever undertaken in his life." is an exaggeration to emphasize the
difficulty of the journey he took
Foreshadowing:
"Ronika! I trust you, my friend. I don't think you would lie to a clansman, Galo." this statement
foreshadows the bad things that would happen later because of trusting Galo.
Symbolism:
Symbolism is the use of words or images to symbolize specific concepts, people, objects, or events.
The briefcase full of money symbolizes greed, temptation, and the corrupting influence of wealth.
Irony:
The definition of irony as a literary device is a situation in which there is a contrast between expectation
and reality.
For example, the difference between what something appears to mean versus its literal meaning
The voices coming from the money are laughing and enjoying their new found warmth, while Mukidanyi is
scared and paranoid.
Revision questions for Talking Money
1. Do you think Mukidanyi regrets his irresponsible decision? Explain.

2. How relevant is the title of the story, Talking money?
3. Why do you think the money given to Mukidanyi “talks’ only at night while in his custody?
4. Do you think the Galos are responsible for the talking of the money?
5. Explore and discuss the existence of the following themes in Talking Money
1. Ethnocentric beliefs in spirits
2. Primitive superstition on sources of money
3. Obsession with money and the power of guilt
4. Importance of consulting family
Answers
Q1
Yes, Mukidanyi regrets his irresponsible decision because he gets quite scared when he hears the money
talking. It is at this point that he realizes that the Galos money is not "clean." When he returns the
briefcase to Mr. Galo, he does not engage in a lengthy discussion. He just throws the money to him and
runs back home.
Q2
Refer here
Q5
Ethnocentric beliefs in spirits.
The concept of social superstition rooted in people’s culture is linked with belief in good and bad luck as a
context-derived concept affects the people of that culture in various aspects.
Although the concept of superstition is common, many of its features and aspects are still unclear. Some
questions about these beliefs remain baffling and unanswered. Engulfed with immense doubt, Mukidanyi
decides to obey his wife’s words and beliefs about the Galos. (p50).
At night, the hour of witches, viganda haunt He hears voices speaking, and he believes they are
not dreaming voices. (p54).
Then his wife Ronika scoldingly tells him those are certainly viganda spirits speaking. (p54).
Primitive superstition on sources of money
Ronika takes advantage of her husband’s extreme fear and makes more fun of him. She reassures him
that the Galos’ money is speaking in the briefcase under the bed. (p54).
Confident and sure that he is terrified, she shouts and scoffs at him to take the money “Go with
your devil money this very minute and find somewhere else to keep it but not in this house, you
hear?” (p55).
Obsession with money and the power of guilt
The tough speaking and abusive man is now humbled and reduced to a whispering weakling
(Mukidanyi).
Definitely, the warnings are ricocheting in his mind because of his guilt and failure to consult
before beginning the process of selling his land.
Scared by the unseen demons, Mukidanyi flees back to the Galos, returning all the money. (p55,
56).
Importance of consulting family
Mukidanyi sells his land to Galo and associates clearly against the advice of his family and friends
only to find out that the money he is given as payment is cursed
If he had only heeded the advice of his friends and family, maybe the outcome would have been a
good one.
In the long run, Mukidanyi is only left with his wife to trust, and his house is the only refuge at this
‘hour of witches’.
Essay Question
1. Ignoring wise counsel is dangerous. Making reference to Talking Money, write an essay to justify
this claim.
Ghosts Analysis - A Silent Song and Other Stories Easy Elimu Study
Guide
About the Author
The Title
The plot / synopsis
Themes
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions for Ghosts
Essay Questions
Ghosts by Chimamanda Adichie

About the Author
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie orn 15 September 1977) is a Nigerian writer whose works include novels, short
stories and nonfiction.
Adichie has written the novels Purple Hibiscus (2003), Half of a Yellow Sun (2006), and Americanah (2013),
the short story collection The Thing Around Your Neck (2009), and the book-length essay We Should All Be
Feminists (2014).
Ghosts is on of the short stories in the collection titled The Thing Around Your Neck (2009)
Her most recent books are Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions (2017), Zikora
(2020) and Notes on Grief (2021).
Her fiction reveals her critical engagement with diaspora issues, feminism and postcolonial problems.
The Title
The title "Ghosts" is appropriate for the story for several reasons.
It refers to Ikenna Okoro, who was thought to have died during the war, but has unexpectedly returned as
a "ghost" of his former self.
James describes Ikenna as a prominent voice against widespread corruption, and also presumably for
Biafran independence.
This theme of the unexpected return of a person believed to be dead is a recurring motif throughout the
story and sets the stage for the reader to consider the weight of the past and how it haunts the present.
The title also refers to the visits of the narrator's deceased wife, Ebere, who appears to him in the form of
a ghost.
The narrator's belief in her ghostly presence and the impact it has on his life is central to the story and
highlights the idea that the past cannot be fully escaped, and the memories of loved ones can linger long
after they have passed away.
The theme of the war also ties in to the title of "Ghosts" as it is a haunting presence throughout the story.
The war is described as something that has left its mark on the characters, shaping their lives and
memories, and the lingering effects of the war on the narrator and his community can be seen as a form
of ghost that still haunts them even though the war has ended.
In James' mind, the war should've been an easy victory for his side
Furthermore, the university's current state of corruption, and pension issues faced by Ikenna and the
narrator, can also be seen as a ghost of the past, in the sense that the negative effects of past actions and
leadership continue to haunt and affect the present.
This further highlights how the past can't be ignored and it keep looming over people's lives.
The fake drugs menace is another example of a present-day issue that is linked to the past, as it is a
symptom of a broken system that has not been fully addressed since the war.
Overall, the title "Ghosts" is fitting as it references the idea of the past, in various ways, continuing to
linger and affect the present and the people in it.
The Plot Summary
Adichie’s short story ‘Ghost’ alludes to the 1967-1970 Biafra War in Nigeria which she deploys as a pivotal
vantage point to scan the realities of postcolonial Nigerian state.
The plot of the story unfolds through the narrative voice of Professor James Nwoye, a retired 71-year-old
Mathematics professor who was at Nsukka University at the time it fell to the federal forces during the civil
war.
The protagonist in the story epitomizes the devastation of the war, having lost a child to it and
suffered disruption and dislocation.
'Ghost’ focuses on the present but flashes back to the past to reveal the harsh realities of the
fictional postcolonial spaces it recreates.
The story, "Ghosts," is set on a university campus in Nigeria and follows the character of James Nwoye, a
retired professor, as he reflects on his past, current life, and encounters with the ghost of his late wife,
Ebere.
The story opens with James running into his former colleague, Ikenna Okoro, who was thought to have
died during the Nigerian civil war, known as the Biafran war, but it is revealed that he did not die.
James and Ikenna reminisce about the past, but their conversation also touches on the current state of the
university, which is plagued by corruption and late pension payments.
Throughout the story, James reflects on the impact of the war on his life, and how he and his fellow
survivors have chosen to move on from it with a sense of "implacable vagueness," focusing more on the
fact that they have survived rather than the horrors they witnessed.
The theme of the war is closely intertwined with the theme of ghosts, as the trauma of the war is still very
much present in James' mind and the ghost of his wife Ebere.
Ebere visits James regularly, and he is comforted by her visits as she brings a sense of peace and
familiarity to him, as he's still grieving her death.
James also mentions that the fake drugs epidemic is a new problem in Nigeria and he fears that the man
who produces these fake drugs might not be punished, making it easier for him to produce more fake
drugs that can lead to more deaths.
As the story comes to a close, James reflects on the current state of his life.
He describes it as being neither good nor bad, but simply his.
Though nobody talks about the war, James suggests that everyone who experienced it lives with the
memories of it just like he does. People ignore or sidestep the truth around other living people, but the war
lingers like a ghost.
The title "Ghosts" is fitting as it encapsulates the multiple layers of the story, from the literal ghost of
Ebere, to the metaphorical ghost of the war and its impact on James' life, and the ever-present threat of
fake drugs, which are like a ghost, lingering in the background and causing harm without being seen.
Key moments in Ghosts
Prof James Nwoye’s visit to the University Bursary -pg. 57-59

Encounter with Ikenna Okoro- 59-65
Talk about the civil war on July 6 1967- 60
Talk about fake drugs -pg. 65
Prof James back home-pg 66-67
Character List
James Nwoye - The narrator, a retired professor, he's been living alone on the university campus
since his wife, Ebere died. He often reflects on his past and his regrets. He talks about his wife who
had passed away and who still visits him in spirit.
Ikenna Okoro - An old friend of the narrator, who was thought to have died during the Biafra war.
He is now retired and come back to the university and the narrator sees him for the first time in
years.
Ebere - The narrator's deceased wife, who visits him in spirit and he describes the visits as
comfort, soothing, and healing.
Nkiruka (Nkiru) - The narrator's daughter and Ebere's, who is now a doctor in America, who visits
him regularly.
Harrison - House help, who comes to the narrator's house five days a week, he helps with
gardening and housekeeping.
Josephat Udeana - A man who was the Vice Chancellor of the University and was known for his
corrupt practices and the way he ran the university like a personal empire.
Professor Maduewe- An old friend of the narrator and a professor at the university.
Otagbu's son- A young man who fixes the narrator's television.
Character Traits
James Nwoye
Nostalgic: James Nwoye reminisces about his past life, the university and his wife, Ebere. He also
reflects on the state of the university, which he sees as having greatly changed for the worse.
Reflective: He reflects on the lives of himself and his peers, and how they have changed over the
years.
Patient: He mentions that he is waiting for his pension since he retired. He also expresses
contentment with his current life despite it being different from what he had imagined.
Observant: he pays attention to the details around him such as the changing seasons and noticing
new potholes in the university's avenue.
Open-minded: He is open to the idea of a visit from his deceased wife which others may have
found strange and hard to accept.
Skeptical: He is initially suspicious of Ikenna's sudden reappearance after being thought dead and
his bringing up the fake drugs trade, as if it were a coincidence.
Resilient: He has survived the war and the death of his wife, he has moved on with his life and
found a way to deal with the loss and move forward.
Family-oriented: He often mentions his daughter, Nkiruka, and grandson and is interested in their
lives.
Ikenna Okoro
Intellectual: He is an Oxford man who went to school in "oyibo-land" (abroad) and had a career as
a university lecturer
Disillusioned: He is disappointed by the current state of the university and the corruption he sees
in it. He speaks out about the issues such as politics, money disappearing and university politics
Observant: He notices the small details of James' life such as the scratch on his car, and the signs
of the fake drugs in the market.
Resilient: Despite the fact that he has faced many difficulties in his life and retired, he is still
determined and looking to create change.
Empathetic: He expresses regret over his inability to pay James' pension and the overall state of
the country.
Nostalgic: He has a strong sense of memory and longing for the past, he often reminisces about
the way things used to be in the university, and speaks of the "good days before the war".
Nkiru
Ambitious: She is a doctor and moved to America to pursue her career.

Concerned: She often calls her father and asks him how he is doing and if he is okay.
Caring: She is the one who suggested to bring her mother's body back to bury her in Nigeria.
Progressive: She is described as American-born, and has an American accent that is vaguely
troubling.
Vincent
He is the former driver of Prof James.

He served Prof. James in the eighties when he was the faculty dean.
He is now retired and is following up on his pension, just like Prof and other retirees.
He currently works as a cobbler near the university hostels. Although he is younger than Prof (In
his late sixties), he looks much older.
He is seen as a concerned and caring person who always minded about the welfare of Prof.James’
daughter.
Themes
War and its effects / post-war trauma
The story deals with the impact of the war on the main character, James Nwoye, who is a survivor of the
Biafra conflict. He is haunted by memories of the war and struggles to come to terms with what
happened. The destructive aftermath of the war include:
Displacement of families
Loss of loved ones / Death – Zik, two lectures, Chris Okigbo, Ikenna's entire family
Destruction of property - After the civil war ended in 1970, Prof James and Ebere returned to
Nsukka from America. They were, however, disappointed to find some of their properties having
been destroyed and others missing. “Our books were in a charred pile in the front garden.. the
lumps of calcified faeces in the bathtub were strewn with pages of my mathematical annals, used
as toilet paper, crusted smears blurring the formulas I had studied and taught Our piano – Ebere’s
piano was gone. our photographs were ripped, their frames broken.”
On their way home that day, Prof James and Ebere saw a landscape of ruins, blown-out roofs and
houses riddled with holes, injuries, and physical pain. The day Prof James and Ebere drove back to
Nsukka, Biafran soldiers stopped them and shoved a wounded soldier into their car, and his blood
dripped onto the backseat of their vehicle
Landscapes with ruins, blown out roofs, houses with holes
Trauma – Wounded soldier, Ikenna Okoro pale shadow of his former self
Separation of families – Nkiru and his son live in America
Harrowing conditions – muddy bunkers
No food – cassava peels, malnutrition, relief food, picking through dustbins
Counterfeit/fake drugs - fie selling of expired medicine is the current plague in the country Ikenna
tells James that he has been reading about fake drugs in the papers (pg. 65).
The effect of fake drugs has been felt by James, whose wife Ebere’s death is linked to the
counterfeit drug deal. Prof James thinks that Ikenna must have heard of ‘How Ebere had lain in the
hospital getting weaker and weaker, how her doctor had been puzzled that she was not recovering
after her medication how none of us knew until it was too late that the drugs were useless’. In
addition, Prof James bitterly remembers how he had watched some broadcast of an interview on
NTA. Through the interview, a man accused of importing fake drugs – typhoid fever drugs, had
defended himself by claiming that his drugs do not kill people but only fail to cure illness
Death and grief
The story features a number of ghosts, including the narrator's deceased wife, Ebere, who visits him in his
dreams. The story explores the theme of grief and how it is processed by different characters.
James lives with the weight of the civil war and what might have happened.
He sees that the war robbed him of the opportunity to truly pass on his culture to his American grandson,
and also of a closer relationship with his daughter (if only in a physical sense).
Corruption
The story takes place in a university setting, where the characters discuss the corruption in the institution
and how it affects their lives. This theme is represented through the characters experiences with fraud,
fake drugs, late pension payments and the falsification of official documents.
On the Nsukka campus, where "Cell One" took place. We see that the police corruption of "Cell One"
isn't the only kind of corruption that plagues the campus.
The government isn't properly paying its employees, and this has been going on for a long time.
The explanation why Prof James and other retirees have not received their pension is due to corruption.
The men clustered under the flame tree say, “The Education Minister has stolen the pension money… it
was the vice-chancellor who had deposited the money in high interest personal accounts.” (money is
being mismanaged or indeed outrightly stolen)
In the University, corruption is further seen where James tells Ikenna about Josephat Udeana, the great
dancer, who, once chosen as vice-chancellor, perpetuated corruption at the University’s high office.
“Josephat was vice chancellor for six years and ran this University like his father’s chicken Money
disappeared, and then we would see new cars coop stamped with the names of foreign foundations that
did not exist.”
He also dictated who would be promoted and who would not. The situation did not change after Josephat
left since even the current vice-chancellor is also said to follow the corrupt route faithfully.
Corruption is also reported in the Personnel Services Department, where lecturers who do not want to
retire bribe, someone, to have some years added to them. People look the other way at professors lying
about their birth dates so they can work longer.
Further, corruption is seen among university students. Prof tells Ikenna that instead of reading and
working hard to earn fair grades, the universitystudents have bought grades with money or their bodies.
This is because though Ikenna lives with his memories like James does, Ikenna's memories aren't tainted
by the uncomfortable truths of the present.
The fake drugs are another facet of the widespread corruption. The government isn't regulating drugs, so
ineffective fake drugs are on the market. Such a drug resulted in the death of Ebere, James' wife.
James and Ikenna views on corruption are different for where James doesn't seem to think that there's
anything he can do about the corruption; he's just resigned to living with it while Ikenna holds a
contrasting view. With consequences like these, government corruption is a serious condition affecting the
lives of many.
Anxiety
Anxiety is another strong theme in this story.
Throughout the war everyone was anxious and fearful of violence.
Old age, too, has its own kind of anxiety. James worries not only whether his daughter will call but also
whether she will think him senile if he tells her of Ebere's ghostly visits.
He worries about his pension and about getting older and weaker.
Aging
The story also explores the theme of aging and the sense of insignificance that comes with it, as James
reflects on his life, regrets and what could have been
Exile
The story also deals with the theme of being in Exile, as James Nwoye is exiled from the society in which
he grew up and the way of life he knew because of his experiences with the war.
He is now living in a society that is foreign to him, which is made worse by the fact that his daughter and
grandson live in America.
Difference between traditional practices and the habits of those who are Western-educated
In the story’s setup, James introduces the idea that there's supposed to be a huge difference between
traditional practices and the habits of those who are Western-educated. He suggests, though, that he
doesn't see the traditional practices as silly; rather, they're just not for him.
"But I am a Western-educated man, a retired mathematics professor of seventy-one, and I am supposed to

have armed myself with enough science to laugh indulgently at the ways of my people."
Even if he doesn't think traditional practices are silly per se, James appears to have internalized some of
the superiority that he's implied comes from his Western education.
"At another man's prodding, James buys some fruit and nuts from the men. He thinks they all need
moisturizer, and thinks about his late wife, Ebere, teasing him about moisturizing properly." He makes a
judgement on the men and thinks they all need moisturizer.
Betrayal
James' first reaction is to think that Ikenna betrayed the cause.
This suggests that Ikenna was possibly a flighty person when James knew him in the '60s and '70s.
James also still carries some anger towards the sabos, indicating that he still feels the horrors and
betrayals of the war.
Whatever his feelings about Ikenna, James also left Nigeria in the aftermath of the war rather than stay
and join the restoration effort.
Though it seems like it was a healing experience for James and his family, it also makes James's feelings
about Ikenna's time in Sweden more complicated.
Ikenna is certainly aware that having left during the middle of the civil war makes him seem like a coward
to many of those who stayed. He seems guilty for having done so.
Even if he didn't mean it, James' language confirms that he privately thinks less of Ikenna for leaving.
Stylistic Devices
Flashback:
A flashback interrupts that chronological sequence, the front line action or “present” line of the story, to
show readers a scene that unfolded in the past.
The narrator James frequently reflects on past events, such as the war and his relationship with Ebere,
which are portrayed through flashbacks.
Symbolism:
The imagery of the vultures on the narrator's roof symbolizes the passage of time, and the fading of the
university symbolizes the decline in standards.
The imagery of the “neem trees” that screen his house is supposed to be medicinal.
Irony:
Irony is a rhetorical device and literary technique that is incredibly useful when used correctly.
Simply put, irony is when something that is said or done is in contrast to reality or to what is expected.
The narrator is expecting his pension which never comes, and he talks about how standards are falling
everywhere, which is ironic because he's retired and is not supposed to be so worried about the state of
affairs.
Repetition:
The narrator’s describing the falling of standards, is repeated multiple times throughout the story
Imagery:
The author uses imagery to create a vivid picture of the scene, such as the motorcyclists on Ikejiani
Avenue, the faded field of Freedom Square and the rosebushes, etc.
Personification:
The vultures are personified as "stamping" on the roof, which implies movement, as well as
contemplation.
Allusion:
Allusion, in literature, an implied or indirect reference to a person, event, or thing or to a part of another
text.
Most allusions are based on the assumption that there is a body of knowledge that is shared by the author
and the reader and that therefore the reader will understand the author's referent.
For example, the narrator mentioning his daughter Nkiruka and it being in relation to the 'what is ahead is
better' which is a phrase that alludes to the aftermath of war and moving forward.
Revision questions for Ghosts
1. Do you believe in ghosts? What is the lesson in this story?

2. How effectively has the writer used flashbacks in the story ‘Ghosts,
3. The dialogue between Prof James and Ikenna carries the critical messages in the story. Is it true?
4. The higher learning education sector is satirised in Ghosts how this is achieved.
5. Name the forms of corruptions that occur in the story Ghosts
Essay Questions
1. Society today is filled with many evils that cause suffering to individuals. Support this claim using
Chimamanda Adichie’s short story ‘Ghosts’
Discuss themes including:
Death
Corruption
War
2. War has devastating effects and thus should be avoided at all cost. Using illustrations from
‘Ghosts’ by Chimamanda Adichie write an essay to support this claim.
The destructive aftermath of the war include:
Displacement of families
Loss of loved ones / Death – Zik, two lectures, Chris Okigbo, Ikenna's entire family
Destruction of property - After the civil war ended in 1970, Prof James and Ebere returned to
Nsukka from America. They were, however, disappointed to find some of their properties having
been destroyed and others missing. “Our books were in a charred pile in the front garden.. the
lumps of calcified faeces in the bathtub were strewn with pages of my mathematical annals, used
as toilet paper, crusted smears blurring the formulas I had studied and taught Our piano – Ebere’s
piano was gone. our photographs were ripped, their frames broken.”
On their way home that day, Prof James and Ebere saw a landscape of ruins, blown-out roofs and
houses riddled with holes, injuries, and physical pain. The day Prof James and Ebere drove back to
Nsukka, Biafran soldiers stopped them and shoved a wounded soldier into their car, and his blood
dripped onto the backseat of their vehicle
Landscapes with ruins, blown out roofs, houses with holes
Trauma – Wounded soldier, Ikenna Okoro pale shadow of his former self
Separation of families – Nkiru and his son live in America
Harrowing conditions – muddy bunkers
No food – cassava peels, malnutrition, relief food, picking through dustbins
Counterfeit/fake drugs - fie selling of expired medicine is the current plague in the country Ikenna
tells James that he has been reading about fake drugs in the papers (pg. 65).
The effect of fake drugs has been felt by James, whose wife Ebere’s death is linked to the
counterfeit drug deal. Prof James thinks that Ikenna must have heard of ‘How Ebere had lain in the
hospital getting weaker and weaker, how her doctor had been puzzled that she was not recovering
after her medication how none of us knew until it was too late that the drugs were useless’. In
addition, Prof James bitterly remembers how he had watched some broadcast of an interview on
NTA. Through the interview, a man accused of importing fake drugs – typhoid fever drugs, had
defended himself by claiming that his drugs do not kill people but only fail to cure illness
3. Many individuals struggle with ghosts from their past. Show how true this assertion is based on
‘Ghosts’ by Chimamanda Adichie. Click here for the answer
Critical thought on the short story Ghosts
The fake drugs act as a metaphor for the inertia that plagues Nigeria.
They don't kill people, but they do keep them from becoming better.
Similarly, the government isn't killing people like James and the others who aren't getting their pension.
But the government's incompetence and inaction in the face of corruption are keeping them from living
properly.
Think about it.
And remember, If they keep you busy with basic needs. You will forget about the freedom you
lost.
God Sees the Truth, but Waits Analysis - A Silent Song and Other
About the Author
The Title
The plot / synopsis
Themes
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions for God Sees the Truth, but Waits
Essay Questions
God Sees the Truth, but Waits by Leo Tolstoy

About the Author
Leo Tolstoy was born in 1928 in Tula Province, Russian.
A master of realisticfiction and one of the world’s greatest novelists, Tolstoy is best known for his finest
novels: and Peace (1865 69) and Anna Karenina (1875 – 77).
His shorter works include Ellie Death of Ivan Ilyich, The Living Corpse and The Kingdom of God is within
You.
in his last three decades, Tolstoy worked as a moral and religious teacher, an embodiment of nature and
pure vitality.
Though dead now, his soul lives as a living symbol of the search for life’s meaning.
The Title
The title of the story "God Sees the Truth, but Waits" is appropriate for the story because it reflects the
central theme of the story which is about the nature of truth, justice and redemption.
The story focus is true justice comes from God and that forgiveness is liberating.
Throughout the story, the protagonist, Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov is wrongly accused of a crime he did not
commit and is sentenced to prison for 26 years.
Despite his innocence, Aksionov is resigned to his fate and never loses faith in God.
He prays and reads the lives of the saints, and is respected by other prisoners who call him "the saint."
The title highlights the idea that God sees the truth of Aksionov's innocence, but chooses to wait and allow
the natural course of events to unfold.
The story also brings up the idea of human justice versus divine justice.
Aksionov is denied justice in the human court system, but he finds peace and redemption through his faith
in God.
He is ultimately vindicated when the real criminal confesses, but this comes after Aksionov's death,
highlighting the idea that justice may be delayed but it will be served ultimately.
The title also highlights the motif of waiting that runs throughout the story.
Aksionov waits for justice, his wife waits for his release and his children wait for a father.
Makar Semyonich, the real criminal also waits for Aksionov to speak up but he is ultimately the one who
waits for forgiveness.
In addition, the title of the story implies that the author believes in a higher power that judges fairly and
ultimately.
The story can be read as a commentary on the idea that while human justice may be flawed and
corruptible, God's justice is infallible and will be served.
The Plot Summary
"God Sees the Truth, but Waits" is a short story by Leo Tolstoy, that follows the story of a man named Ivan
Aksionov, who is falsely accused of murder and robbery and is sentenced to 26 years of imprisonment in
Siberia.
Before he is framed and accused of the heinous crime Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov is a young merchant from
the town of Vladimir. He owns two shops and a house.
As a young man, he was unruly and given to drinking a tad too much, but he stopped drinking when he got
married.
One day he bids his family goodbye as he is leaving for the Nizhy Fair. His wife dissuades him from going
since she has had a bad dream about him. She dreams that he would return when his hair is quite grey.
She beseeches him to put off the journey till a later date. Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov laughs it off and says
that that is a lucky sign and carries through with his intended journey.
Halfway through the journey he meets a merchant, who is an acquaintance of his. They spend the night at
the same inn, have tea together and sleep in adjoining rooms.
The next morning Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov awakens his driver, pays the owner of the inn, and they leave
before dawn.
After about 25 miles, Aksionov decides to rest while his horses are fed. He is then approached by an
official accompanied by two soldiers. The official questions him, revealing that the merchant he spent the
night together with at the inn had been murdered. Aksionov is the prime suspect since he was with the
man and then left suspiciously early. Aksionov denies having taken part in any wrongdoing but when his
luggage is searched the officer finds a blood-stained knife.
The official insists that Aksionov murdered the merchant and continues to cross examine him on how he
did it and how much money he stole. Aksionov pleads innocence claiming that he only has 8000 rubles
and that the knife is not his.
With the odds stacked against him, trembling and looking guilty, Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov is apprehended.
His money and goods are seized. He weeps bitterly. Inquiries are made about him in his hometown of
Vladimir and it turns out that he used to drink a lot and loaf in his younger days but he is a good man.
Nonetheless, he is charged with murder of the merchant from Ryazan and stealing 20,000 rubles from
him.
His wife visits him in prison. She is restricted from seeing him at first. After begging, the officials allow her
and the small children to see Aksionov. She faints at the sight of her loving husband in prison attire and in
chains, locked up with thieves and criminals.
They talk a bit and he tells her that she must petition the czar to spare an innocent man the anguish of
unfair retribution. His wife informs him that her efforts to petition had borne no fruits. She then reminds
him of her portentous dream about the grey hair and says: “Vanya dearest, tell your wife the truth was it
not you who did it?” Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov weeps in disbelief when even his dear wife is dubious,
disbelieving, and suspicious.
He realizes that only God knows the truth and it is only to Him that he should appeal.
After that, Aksionov stops writing petitions and gives up all hope, praying only to God. He is condemned to
flogging and sent to the mines. He is flogged with the knots and sent to Siberia. He lives in Siberia for 26
years as a prisoner. His hair and beard turn grey and he transforms into a frail old man who walk slowly,
speaks little and never laughs.
Through his time in prison, he becomes known as a meek and pious man among the other prisoners, who
even call him "grandfather" and "the saint."
One day, a fresh gang of convicts comes to the prison and among them, Aksionov meets a man named
Makar Semyonich.
Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov begins to suspect that Makar Semyonich is the one who committed the murder he
had been accused of. This makes him deeply afflicted that he contemplates taking his own life. He
remembers his earlier life as a freeman with fond nostalgia. He feels deeply downcast when he recalls the
happier times with his laughing wife; seeing his little children and how young, happy and free from care he
was.
He also remembers the day he was apprehended, the flogging, the executioner, chains, convicts and the
twenty six years in undeserved confinement and hard labour.
He feels deep anger and hatred for Makar Semyonich and longs for revenge. He prays all night but finds
no peace. His preceding days and nights are riddled with misery.
One night, he stumbles upon Makar Semyonich attempting to dig a hole under the wall to escape. Makar
Semyonich threatens to kill him should he tell on him.
To which Ivan replies that “… you killed me long ago. As to telling of you - I may do so or not, as God shall
direct.”
When the convoy soldiers discover the tunnel and question Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov, he responds that it’s
not God’s desire that he should tell. He reasons that he will gain nothing taking revenge on Makar
Semyonich, even if he made him pay for his transgression. He has no faith in the human justice system.
That night Makar Semyonich comes to Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov's bed and confesses his crime and begs
earnestly for forgiveness. Makar Semyonich sobs as he desperately pleads with the old man to pardon
him. Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov also begins to weep.
Surprisingly, he says simply “God will forgive you. Maybe I am a hundred times worse than you.”
At this point, his heart grows light and he no longer desires to leave the Siberian prison and go home. He
only desires to die and be with God.
Makar Semyonich confesses to the authorities but by the time they order for Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov’s
release he is already dead.
Aksionov’s excursion for a Trade Fair at Nizhny (p68 – 69).

Aksionov’s arrest and 26-year prison sentence (p69 71).
The coincidental encounter with the real murderer (Makar) (p71 – 72).
Makar’s confession (p73 74).
List of Characters
Ivan Aksionov: The protagonist of the story, Aksionov is a merchant from Vladimir who is falsely
accused and convicted of murdering a merchant from Ryazan and robbing him of 20,000 rubles.
He spends 26 years in prison, during which time he becomes meek, devout, and respected by his
fellow prisoners.
Makar Semyonich: A convicted horse thief and one of the new prisoners in Aksionov's prison.
Makar is revealed to be the actual murderer of the merchant, who had framed Aksionov for the
crime. He expresses remorse and asks Aksionov for forgiveness before confessing to his crime.
Aksionov's wife: A loving and devoted wife who stays by her husband's side through his trials
and tribulations, she desperately tries to prove his innocence by sending petitions to the Czar and
visiting him in prison.
The Governor of the prison: The person who is in charge of the prison where Aksionov is
incarcerated. He is portrayed as a fair and just person who trusts Aksionov's word.
The convoy soldiers: The guards who escort the convicts to work, they play a role in finding
Makar's tunnel.
The other convicts: The fellow prisoners with whom Aksionov share his prison sentence, they
respect and regard Aksionov as a saintly figure and make him the spokesman for their petitions to
the authorities.
Character Traits
Ivan Aksionov
Honest: Aksionov is honest and truthful as he is always willing to tell the truth, even if it may be
detrimental to him. He is a just man who is unwilling to betray Makar Semyonich, knowing that he
would be flogged if he did.
Forgiving: Aksionov is able to forgive Makar Semyonich despite the fact that he spent 26 years in
prison, suffered and lost his family due to Makar's actions. He had a willingness to forgive and
reconcile when Makar asked for forgiveness.
Meek: He is a meek person who is always willing to take the blame for things he has not done. He
was falsely accused of the murder of a merchant, yet he does not defend himself, instead he
suffers the punishment willingly.
Religious and pious: Aksionov is a man of strong religious beliefs. He prays and references God
throughout the story. He trusts that God will guide his actions, and ultimately he believes in God's
judgment rather than the judgment of men.
Patient: He is patient throughout his time in prison, even as he continues to hope for release, he
waits for god's judgment. He remains patient and calm even in the face of injustice and suffering.
Just: Aksionov is a truthful and just person, known to be trustworthy by the prison authorities
Empathetic: Aksionov shows empathy and understanding towards Makar after he confesses to the
murder, and forgives him.
Makar Semyonich
Deceitful: Makar is deceitful as he killed the merchant, framed Aksionov by putting the knife in his
bag and lied to the authorities about his involvement.
Remorseful: Makar is remorseful as he begged for Aksionov's forgiveness, regretted his actions
and confessed his guilt to the authorities.
Self-centered: Makar is self-centered as he is mainly focused on saving himself, He tries to escape
and offering Ivan Dmitritch as a sacrificial lamb instead of himself.
Cowardly: Makar is Cowardly as he runs away and hide when he heard some noise and when he
was confronted by Aksionov.
Lacking empathy: Makar did not show empathy towards Aksionov's suffering and only thought of
his own safety and release.
Aksionov’s Wife
Loving and caring: wife and mother who is devastated by her husband's wrongful imprisonment
Resilient and determined: as she takes her young children with her to visit Aksionov in prison and
pleads with the officials to allow her to see him.
Selfless: as she petitions the Czar for Aksionov's release even though it is unlikely that her
petitions will be accepted.
Themes
Innocence and guilt
Aksionov is falsely accused and convicted of murder and theft, despite his innocence. The true killer,
Makar Semyonich, ultimately confesses to the crime, highlighting the theme of guilt and the possibility of
wrongful conviction.
Redemption
Makar Semyonich ultimately seeks Aksionov's forgiveness and redemption for his actions, expressing
remorse for the suffering he caused him. Aksionov forgives Makar, illustrating the power of forgiveness
and the ability for individuals to change for the better.
Justice and fairness
Throughout the story, Aksionov faces an unjust legal system, being convicted based on fabricated
evidence. The theme of justice and fairness is highlighted by the contrast between Aksionov's punishment
and Makar's lack of consequences for his crime.
Faith and religion
Aksionov turns to religion as a source of solace throughout his imprisonment, and refers to his faith in God
as a source of guidance and strength. The theme of faith and religion is emphasized as a means of coping
with injustice and suffering.
The passage of time
The story spans a period of 26 years, and its protagonist experiences significant aging and change over
the time. The theme of the passage of time serves to illustrate the effect of incarceration on a person's
physical and emotional well-being, as well as the effect of time on memories, feelings and relationships.
Sacrifice and selflessness
Aksionov makes a sacrifice for the well-being of Makar by not exposing him and Makar's guilt leads him to
make sacrifices to try to make amends.
Stylistic Devices
Repetition
One example of repetition in the story is the phrase "It seems that only God can know the truth; it is to
Him alone we must appeal and from Him alone expect mercy." Aksionov repeats this phrase multiple
times throughout the story as a reminder of his belief in God's ultimate justice.
Symbolism
The character of Makar Semyonich serves as a symbol of Aksionov's own guilt and the weight of his
conscience.
Makar's confession of his guilt and Aksionov's reaction to it symbolizes the process of redemption and
forgiveness.
Aksionov's Grey Hair - Before Aksionov departs for the fair, his wife tells him of a dream she had the
previous night, in which he returned from the fair with grey hair. He merely laughs and says it's a good
omen, but this ominous symbol has more import than he realizes, as his grey hair foreshadows how the
stress of his wrongful imprisonment will prematurely age him.
Bloody Knife - The bloody knife unexpectedly found in Aksionov's bag functions as the crucial piece of
evidence needed to convict him. Since he is actually innocent, this knife stands as a symbol of Aksionov's
lack of control over his fate. Later in the story, he learns that Semyonich planted the knife among
Aksionov's possessions, having decided to frame him for the crime rather than murder him.
The Lives of the Saints - While in prison, Aksionov earns some money by working as a bootmaker,
which he uses to buy the book The Lives of the Saints, a popular volume of biographies of famous
Christian figures written in the 1700s by Catholic priest and scholar Father Alban Butler. The book
represents Aksionov's religious devotion and how he steadily comes to resemble a religious authority
himself. While other men drown in selfishness and self-pity, Aksionov becomes the grandfather figure of
the prison camp, the honest man in a group of thieves.
Irony
Irony is a rhetorical device and literary technique that is incredibly useful when used correctly.
Simply put, irony is when something that is said or done is in contrast to reality or to what is expected.
The story is filled with Irony.
An example is when Aksionov was falsely accused of killing the merchant and was sentenced to prison,
while the real killer, Makar Semyonich, lived freely.
The irony is that Aksionov was an innocent man and was punished for a crime he didn't commit.
Foreshadowing
The story uses foreshadowing through Aksionov's dream of his hair turning grey, his wife predicts that he
will come to a bad end because of this, this foreshadows his imprisonment and suffering.
Imagery
The story uses imagery to create a vivid picture of the prison and the conditions the convicts are living in.
For example, when Aksionov is describing the prison he says "The place was dark and damp, and the air
was full of the smell of rotting straw and the breath of sick men." This imagery creates a powerful picture
of the prison in the reader's mind.
Other imagery present in the text include; Young Aksionov (Visual Imagery) - Tolstoy initially describes
Aksionov as a "handsome, fair-haired, curly-headed fellow, full of fun, and very fond of singing."This vivid
description will prove essential as a contrast to Aksionov's rapid transformation into an old man, which
results from his wrongful imprisonment.
Trembled With Fear (Visual Imagery) - After the official discovers a knife among Aksionov's possessions,
Aksionov is unable to respond: "... his voice was broken, his face pale, and he trembled with fear as
though he were guilty."
Revision questions for God Sees the Truth, but Waits
1. How relevant is the title of the story, God Sees the Truth, but Waits?
2. Why do you think Aksionov refuses to tell the truth about the prison incident?
3. Do you think the Governor is to blame for Aksionov’s prolonged imprisonment?
Explain.
1. What is the impact of Ivan Aksionov’s faith in God on his life?

2. Why is Ivan reticent to go back home?
3. Explore and analyze the existence of the following themes in God Sees the Truth, but Waits.
Mistaken identity
Crime and Confession
Wrongful conviction and imprisonment
The concept and context of truth
Justice delayed is justice
Betrayal and Tolerance
Coincidence
End of the explain questions
4. Describe the character traits of the following characters.
Aksionov
Makar
The Governor
5. Focusing on their prominent character traits, compare and contrast the protagonist, Ivan Aksionov,
and the Makar.
6. Citing evidence from the text, describe the character traits of the following characters.
The Governor
Aksionov’s wife
7. How is symbolism employed in Leo Tolstoy’s God Sees the Truth, but Waits?
8. Examine the use of irony and paradox God Sees the Truth, but Waits.
9. What does Siberia represent in this story?
Additional questions with answers
1. Answer the following questions in a sentence or two each, based on your understanding of the
story.
a. Why did Aksionov’s wife stop him from going to the fair?
Ans: Aksionov’s wife saw a bad dream. It was a premonition of some impending harm
coming to him. So, she dissuaded him from going to the fair.
b. Why was Aksionov’s wife disturbed to see the dream?
Ans: In the dream Aksionov’s wife saw him returning from the town with grey hair in place
of his normal hair. This unusual sight made her perplexed.
c. What made Aksionov leave the inn before dawn?
Ans: Aksionov wanted to reach the town before the sun got hot. So, he decided to eave the
in rather early.
d. What were the circumstances that led to Aksionov’s imprisonment?
Ans: The merchant with whom Aksionov spent the previous night had been found with his
throat slit. Aksionov was the prime suspect for the crime, because circumstantial evidence
went against him. He had left the inn unusually early, and more importantly, the blood-
stained knife allegedly used in the murder was found hidden in his bag. With these two, the
police assumed Aksionov to be the perpetrator of the crime.
e. Why did Aksionov give up sending petitions?
Ans: After a few of his fervent appeals proved to be futile, Aksionov gave up writing any
more applications.
f. Why didn’t Makar disclose that he had killed the merchant?
Ans: Makar was secretive about his past deeds as he was immoral and timid by nature. So
he did not disclose that he had killed the merchant.
g. Did Makar feel guilty when he heard Aksionov’s story?
Ans: Yes, Makar felt guilty when he heard Askionov’s story.
h. What made Aksionov think that Makar was the real murderer?
Ans: After hearing Aksionov’s account, Makkar began to be evasive and aloof. When
Aksionov asked whether he knew the murderer, he replied rather emphatically that the
person from whose bag the weapon was retrieved must be the culprit. He even argued that
the innocence of the accused could only be upheld only if the placing of the knife in the
baggage by the real murderer could be conclusively established. Makkar was speaking like
the prosector rather than an ordinary listener of the story. Such stridency of Makkaer made
Aksionov think that Makar was the real murderer.
i. What was Aksionov’s realization by the end of the story?
Ans: Aksinov’s faith in the God was bolstered many times after the story ended with the
change of heart of Makar. He concluded that ‘God sees the truth, but waits.’
j. Why did Aksionov’s wife suspect him of involvement in the murder?
Ans: Aksionov’s wife discovered that the police had built a strong case against her
husband. In exasperation, and overtaken by anguish, she confronted her husband with the
awkward question about he being the murderer.
2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences each.
a. Did the police officer have sufficient evidence to convict Aksionov?
Ans: Yes, the police officer had sufficient evidence to convict Aksionov. The fact that
Aksionov left the inn too early, and the murder weapon was found to be in his possession
pinned him to the crime.
b. What impact did the book “The Lives of Saints” have on Aksionov?
Ans: The book “The Lives of Saints” made him calm and sagacious. His fellow-prisoners
respected him, and adoringly called him “Grandfather,” and “The Saint.” When they found
themselves mired in rancor, they came to the ‘Saint’ for resolution of their differences.
c. Pick out the clues that convey that Makar Semeyonich recognized Aksionov.
Ans: At first, Semeyonich said that he once really had done something utterly wrong, but
on that occasion, no one probed him further and he escaped detection. Later, when
Semyonich got to know about Aksionov’s unfortunate past from other inmates, he slapped
his own knee as a mark of rejoicing. Quite mockingly, he exclaimed that that was really
wonderful. When Aksionov asked him whether he knew the murderer, he replied that it
must have been the sameperson, in whose bag the knife was found. He argued that if the
police has to be proved wrong, the real perpetrator would have to be caught. Such one-
sided assertion are the clues that convey that Makar Semeyonich recognized Aksionov.
3. Answer the following questions in a paragraph of about 150 words each.
a. Compare and contrast the main characters, Aksionov and Makar Semeyonich, in the story.
Ans: Ivan Dmitrich Aksionov, the character around whom the story revolves, was an
embodiment of simplicity, honesty, equanimity, and forgiveness. He bore his misfortune
with grace and forbearance. He put his trust in God, and that enabled him to stay clear of
bitterness and vengeance. Long years of his life were spent in jail, and his family was
ravaged due to no fault of his. When the time came to exact a revenge from the man who
had caused him so much of suffering, he became passive, and demonstrated rare
forgiveness towards Semeyonich, his tormentor. In a nutshell, Aksinov was saintly person
of outstanding moral character.
Makar Semeyonich, the devil of this story, was truly a hideous character. He was wicked in
both mind and body. Althiugh he had committed a murder and sent an innocent person to
jail, he suffered no remorse or regret. Towards Aksinov, he was both mischievous and
arrogant. He planned to dig his way out of the jail, and was caught. Aksinov could have told
the guards about it, and seen him beaten to pulp by them. But, Aksinov pardoned him.
Markar escaped a calamity, but had no way to pay Aksinov back for his compassion.
b. How did Aksionov react when his wife suspected him?
Ans: When his wife confronted him with the question about his committing the murder,
Aksinov was overwhelmed with grief, shame, and bewilderment. He had never expected
that his dear and loving wife would ever suspect him of committing such a grievous
offence. His wife’s question broke his heart and hurt him badly. He asserted his innocence
fervently.
c. Describe the life of Aksionov in prison.
Aksionov was imprisoned, since he was suspected for killing a merchant. But the actual
murderer of the merchant was Semeyonich. Even his wife suspected him for the murder.
This thought made him even sadder. He gave up all hope and told himself that God only
knew the truth. For twenty-six years as a convict in Siberia, he grew old. In prison, Aksionov
learnt to make boots, and earned a little money with which he bought the book ‘The Lives
of the Saints’. He used to read this book. On Sundays, in the prison-church he read the
lessons and sang on the choir. The prison authorities liked him for his meekness. His fellow-
prisoners respected and called him “Grandfather” and “The Saint.” He was the spokesman
among the prisoners. After 26 years, Semeyonich was imprisoned for his sin. Even if
Aksionov realized Semeyonich was the real murderer, he saved Semeyonich from the
Governer in an incident. Semeyonich realized his mistake and confessed his guilt. But when
the order of his release came, Aksionov was already dead.
d. Why did Aksionov decide not to reveal the truth about Makar Semeyonich?
Ans: Aksionov was imprisoned, since he was suspected for killing a merchant. For twenty-
six years as a convict in Siberia, he grew old. He felt that he had suffered twenty six years
in the prison without committing any murder. Most of his life was spent in the prison. He
had lost all his hope and his family. His wife was dead and his children had forgotten him.
He thought where he could go and he had nowhere to go. He no longer had any desire to
leave the prison. But he only hoped for his last hours to come. He believed in God alone.
His wife misunderstood and suspected him. In the prison, a new prisoner introduced
himself and he was Makar Semeyonich. Besides, Makar Semeyonich confessed his guilt. He
forgave him for revealing the truth. He did not want to take revenge the murderer. He
thought that forgiveness is the best form of revenge.
e. Discuss the meaning and importance of the saying “God sees the truth but waits”.
Ans: This story was all about Aksionov who lost hope and just trusted God. Though he
didn’t commit any crime, he was imprisoned for 26 years in the prison. Makar revealed the
truth that he was the real murderer. Aksionov forgave him for accepting the truth and
attained self-realization. But when the order of his release came, Aksionov was already
dead. Our weakness can only make the problem stronger. Being hopeful can make all
things possible. The title means that every decisions of God needs enough time.This story
is for all the people who loses hope and don’t believe in God. We should wait for the truth
to win with a faith in God gives us the answer to all our problems, as the title says GOD
SEES THE TRUTH BUT WAITS. At the end of the story there is a shift from materialism to
spiritualism.
f. Forgiveness is the best form of revenge. Substantiate the statement with reference to the
story.
Ans: Aksionov lived with his wife and children in Vladimir. He decided to make a trip to the
fair. His wife tried to stop him because she had a bad dream. On his way, Aksionov met a
merchant. But the merchant was killed. So the local police officer arrested and charged
against Aksionov. He was sent to work in the mines of Siberia. He grew old there. Aksionov
frequently prayed to God. Aksionov was respected by all the inmates due to his gentle
behaviour. One day he met Makar Semeyonich. Aksionov found out the truth that Makar
was the real killer. He saved Makar from the officials, when he tried to escape. Eventually
Makar admitted his crime. Aksionov forgave Makar. Thus forgiving Makar, Aksionov
accepted the truth, attained self-realization and died in peace. Really Forgiveness is the
best form of revenge.
Essay Questions
1. The average human attribute is evile. Discuss this assertion using illustrations from Leo Tolstoy’s
God Sees the Truth, but Waits. (20 marks),
2.
a. After Ivan leaves the inn, how does his behaviour reveal that he is an honest man?
b. After Ivan leaves the inn, how does his behaviour reveal that he is a guilty man?
3.
a. What is the significance of Aksionov's wife's dream?
b. What forms of justice are depicted in "God Sees the Truth, But Waits"?
c. What role does acceptance play in "God Sees the Truth, But Waits"?
Answers
a. What is the significance of Aksionov's wife's dream?

Before Aksionov sets off on his journey to Nizhy Fair, his wife asks him not to leave, as she has
dreamt about him returning from the fair with grey hair. While she interprets the grey hair as
symbolic of some terrible fate befalling her husband, Aksionov dismisses her concern, saying that
it must be good luck. However, the wife's premonition proves significant, as it foreshadows how
Aksionov prematurely ages due to the stress of being wrongfully imprisoned. Over his twenty-six
years in Siberia, Aksionov grows a grey beard and his hair turns white as snow.
b. What forms of justice are depicted in "God Sees the Truth, But Waits"?
In "God Sees the Truth, But Waits," Tolstoy uses dramatic irony to instill in the reader sympathy for
Aksionov, whom the reader knows to be innocent. As Aksionov is put through the tribulations of
being punished for a crime he didn't commit, the reader watches Aksionov calmly accept his fate
as the victim of a flawed criminal justice system composed of people eager to see the crime
pinned on him. Tolstoy also depicts the inverted and private justice that Aksionov practices in
relation to Semyonich: even though he knows Semyonich to be guilty, Aksionov doesn't repeat the
cruelty used against himself, choosing instead to spare Semyonich any punishment. The leniency
and mercy Aksionov demonstrates so profoundly shake Semyonich's sense of morality that he
confesses to Aksionov and begs forgiveness. Aksionov says that God will forgive him, which points
to Aksionov's faith in God's justice.
c. What role does acceptance play in "God Sees the Truth, But Waits"?
As one of the story's major themes, acceptance plays a central role in "God Sees the Truth, But
Waits." Even though Aksionov is subjected to profound injustice, he tries to accept his fate as a
wrongfully imprisoned person, putting his life in God's hands. Although Aksionov develops a new
personality in prison as a devout Christian and peacemaker, his calm demeanor is rattled when
Semyonich arrives and inflames in Aksionov feelings of misery at his unjust treatment. Aksionov's
response to Semyonich reveals how he has never truly accepted his fate. But once Aksionov grants
God's forgiveness to Semyonich, Aksionov finds that a lightness enters his heart. He is free of
carrying the burden of never accepting his life, and once he accepts his life, he no longer needs to
live it, dying soon after.
The Neighbourhood Watch Analysis - A Silent Song and Other

About the Author
The Title
The plot / synopsis
Themes
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions for The Neighborhood Watch
Essay Questions
The Neighborhood Watch by Rem'y Ngamije

About the Author
Reni’y Ngamije is a writer and a photographer who is of Namibian origin but was born in Rwanda.
He founded an organization that supports literary works and is also a chief editor of the first Namibian
literary magazine- ‘Doek’.
His story Neighbourhood Watch’ is a contemporary story that was recently published in the Johannesburg
Review of Books.
Streetlife — Crime and violence in the streets

The secret struggles/suffering
Harsh living conditions. Inequalities / Class difference — The rich vs poor
Desperation — suffered by those living in the streets.
Waste disposal — what is the ideal way to dispose of waste?
The Title
The title "The Neighbourhood Watch" is appropriate for this story because it accurately reflects the theme
of community and survival among the characters.
The main characters, Elias, Lazarus, Martin, Silas, and Omagano, are all homeless individuals who have
formed a makeshift "neighbourhood watch" in order to survive on the streets.
They rely on each other for companionship, protection, and the sharing of resources such as food and
shelter.
Through their alliances, they have created a sense of community among themselves, which is reflected in
the title.
The title also reflects the theme of surveillance and safety.
The neighbourhood watch is a concept that is often associated with keeping communities safe through
vigilant observation and reporting of suspicious activities.
The characters in the story are also constantly observing their surroundings and looking out for potential
dangers, such as the police and rival gangs.
They also have to be mindful of their actions, in order not to draw attention to themselves and get caught.
Furthermore, the title also reflects the theme of poverty, and the struggle for survival in a harsh
environment.
The characters are struggling to survive on the streets, and they have to scavenge for food and shelter.
They have to find ways to make ends meet, and they resort to going through other people's trash. The
title of the story reflects the daily struggles of the characters, and the lengths they have to go to in order
to survive.
In summary, the title "The Neighbourhood Watch" is fitting for this story as it accurately reflects the theme
of community, survival, surveillance, and poverty among the characters.
The Plot Summary
The story, "The Neighbourhood Watch," follows a group of homeless individuals, Elias, Lazarus, Martin,
Silas, and Omagano, who have formed a bond and a system for survival on the streets of Windhoek,
Namibia.
They call themselves the "Neighbourhood Watch" and have specific days dedicated to scavenging for food
and other necessities in different neighborhoods.
On Tuesdays and Thursdays, they avoid poor areas and instead focus on neighborhoods where they know
they will find more valuable resources, such as white or wealthier black communities.
On Fridays and Saturdays, they stay in a designated spot, called "Headquarters," to avoid potential trouble
with the police.
And on Sundays, they focus on the neighborhoods of Avis, Klein Windhoek, and Eros where they know they
will find the most resources and the least interference.
The group also receives assistance from an elderly woman, Mrs. Bezuidenhout, who regularly gives them
food, clothing, and other necessities out of her own generosity.
Throughout the story, the group faces numerous challenges and dangers, including police interrogations,
violent rival gangs, and the constant struggle for survival.
They learn to adapt and evolve, becoming more strategic in their scavenging and avoiding certain areas
for safety reasons.
The theme of survival is prevalent throughout the story, as the group must constantly find ways to survive
on the streets, not only for themselves, but also for each other.
Character Lists
Elias - A street-wise leader of the Neighbourhood Watch, who has experience from his days in the
struggle. He is the one who teaches the others how to survive on the streets.
Lazarus - A member of the Neighbourhood Watch who is known for his contained violence. He is a
loyal follower of Elias and helps the group navigate the streets.
Martin - A new member of the Neighbourhood Watch who is still learning how to survive on the
streets. He is the youngest of the group and is often considered naive.
Silas - A member of the Neighbourhood Watch who is restless and often goes off on his own. He is
known for his impulsiveness and lack of discipline.
Omagano - A female member of the Neighbourhood Watch who is reserved and shy. She is often
seen as the group's nurturer and is protective of the others.
Amos - A former member of the Neighbourhood Watch who is killed in a fight over pride. He is
remembered by the others as a wild, impulsive man who struggled with alcohol and anger.
Mrs Bezuidenhout - An old woman who lives in Eros and is known for her generosity towards the
Neighbourhood Watch. She often provides them with food, clothes, and other necessities.
Character Traits
Elias
Street Savvy: Elias has a wealth of knowledge and experience when it comes to surviving on the
streets. He has a deep understanding of how the street works and how to navigate it. He is able to
guide his group, the Neighbourhood Watch, through the different neighborhoods and help them
find food and shelter.
Leadership: Elias takes on the role of leader for the Neighbourhood Watch, making decisions for
the group and guiding them through different situations. He is respected by the other members
and they look to him for guidance.
Resilient: Elias has been through a lot of difficult experiences on the streets, including being
beaten by the Afrikaners during the insurgency years, but he has managed to persevere and
continue surviving.
Pragmatic: Elias has a realistic and practical perspective on life on the streets. He understands that
they need to survive on a day-to-day basis and that they cannot rely on things getting better in the
future. He tells Martin, "Maybe is tomorrow, laaitie (buddy),’ Lazarus says. 'And there is only
today."
Empathic: Elias has a deep understanding of the struggles of the other members of the
Neighbourhood Watch and is able to relate to their experiences. He is willing to help and support
them, as demonstrated when he comforts Omagano after they found a dead baby in the trash.
Loyal: Elias cares deeply about the other members of the Neighbourhood Watch and is willing to go
to great lengths to protect them.
Lazarus
Survival-oriented: Lazarus is constantly thinking about how to survive on the streets and make
ends meet. He and Elias methodically scour bins in their old territories to find food and shelter.
Experienced: Lazarus has been living on the streets for a long time and has a lot of knowledge and
experience about how to survive. He passes on this knowledge to the younger members of the
Neighbourhood Watch.
Pragmatic: Lazarus is practical and realistic about the challenges of living on the streets. He knows
that pride is poor food and that sometimes people need to do things they don't want to do in order
to survive.
Resourceful: Lazarus is able to find ways to make use of the things they find in the bins. He and
Elias start a fire using newspapers they find in the bin.
Resilient: Lazarus is able to keep going despite the hardships of living on the streets. He is able to
find humor in difficult situations, like when Elias runs screaming after finding a dead baby in a bin.
Protective: Lazarus is protective of the members of the Neighbourhood Watch and is willing to fight
to protect them. He tells Silas not to go out on his own in case mischief finds him and no one
comes to look for him.
Martin
Naive: Martin is new to the streets and is not familiar with the ways of survival on the streets. He is
easily shocked by the harsh realities of street life, as seen when he is horrified by the story of the
dead baby found in the bin.
Optimistic: Martin expresses hope that things could get better for people living on the streets. He
is seen suggesting that some people might be able to find jobs, which is met with scepticism by
Elias and Lazarus.
Easily influenced: Martin is often seen following Silas's lead, even when it is not safe to do so. He is
also seen looking up to Elias and Lazarus as leaders and is willing to accept their advice and
guidance.
Trusting: Martin is seen trusting the generosity of Mrs Bezuidenhout, despite the fact that Elias and
Lazarus do not share his trust.
Inexperienced: Martin is seen as inexperienced on the streets, as seen when he is not familiar with
the ways of survival and is easily shocked by the harsh realities of street life.
Silas
Inexperienced: is a new member of the Neighbourhood Watch and is not as experienced in street
life as the other members. He is shown to be unfamiliar with the ways of surviving on the streets
and is often surprised by the harsh realities of life on the streets.
Curious and ambitious: He is eager to explore the different neighborhoods, and is not content to
stay in one place. He also wants to find a job, as opposed to relying on scavenging for survival.
Dreamer: He is optimistic about the possibility of things getting better for the group and believes
that they can find a way to improve their situation.
Risk taker: He often leaves the safety of the Headquarters and wanders off on his own, despite the
warnings of the other members.
A follower: He often goes along with the group's decisions and does not speak up for himself or
question the group's actions.
Omagano
Vulnerable and fearful: as seen when she wraps her arms underneath her breasts and rocks herself
a little after the group talks about finding a dead baby in the trash.
Quiet and reserved person, as her character is not explored in-depth throughout the story.
Amos
Prideful: Amos is described as having a lot of pride and not being able to hold his tongue. He calls
someone an ugly word and refuses to apologize for the slight, leading to his eventual death.
Aggressive: Amos is described as goading people on with his words and having a tendency to
curse people.
Heavy drinker: It is mentioned that one of the things Amos could not hold was his drink, leading to
his death.
Unable to control his temper: The story states that Amos died due to his pride and his inability to
control his temper.
Mrs Bezuidenhout
Generous: Mrs Bezuidenhout is described as being very generous towards the Neighbourhood
Watch, often giving them food, clothes and other essentials. She also gives them things like a pair
of scissors and a mirror to help them maintain their appearance.
Kind: She is described as being kind towards the Neighbourhood Watch, always asking how they
are and if they need anything else.
Thoughtful: Mrs Bezuidenhout takes the time to sort through her recycling and even washes it
before giving it to the Neighbourhood Watch.
Frugal: She is described as being frugal, always making use of her resources and not wasting
anything.
Caring: Mrs Bezuidenhout cares about the well-being of the Neighbourhood Watch and wants to
help them in any way she can.
Selfless: Mrs Bezuidenhout is selfless, always giving to the Neighbourhood Watch without
expecting anything in return.
Themes
Classism / inequality
In the story "The Neighbourhood Watch," classism is a prominent theme that is highlighted through the
descriptions of the various neighbourhoods.
The neighbourhood of Katutura, Hakahana, Goreangab, Wanaheda and Okuryangava are described as
poor areas with slim pickings in terms of finding usable items in the garbage bins.
The characters of Elias and Lazarus share their knowledge of how to survive in these areas, but they also
acknowledge that there is limited opportunity for success in these areas.
They note that "poor people's bins are slim pickings" and that "you can't survive by being around people
who are also trying to survive."
The characters then move on to wealthier neighbourhoods like Khomasdal and Dorado Park, which they
acknowledge as being too crowded with other people trying to survive, and the opportunities for success
in these areas are limited.
They note that "The neighbourhoods are already spoken for" and that "All the places that break the wind
have long-term tenants and all the generous churches already have their squabbling regulars."
The characters then turn to the neighbourhoods of Avis, Klein Windhoek, and Eros, which they describe as
the best areas to forage for recyclable items as the people in these areas recycle and sort their trash.
They note that "the paper, cardboard, plastic bottles, tin cans and aluminium foil are sorted into separate
plastic bags. Some people even wash the trash before they throw it away."
Through these descriptions, the story highlights the classism that exists in the city, with the wealthy areas
having more opportunities for success and the poor areas having limited opportunities.
The characters' experiences and observations in these different neighbourhoods further underscore the
theme of classism and the impact it has on people's lives.
By splitting the city of Windhoek geographically into different neighbourhoods, Ngamije is able to use
place as a marker of inequalities and class differences that exist among the people.
The content of rubbish bins in the different neighbourhoods shows the differences between the rich and
the poor. The first suburb to be visited by the crew is Auasblick. It is described as a nice place since the
people there still know how to throw away things
The Neighbourhood Watch is assured Of scoring good things such as ‘broken toasters, blenders, kettles
water bottles, Teflon pots or pans scrubbed raw screen television cardboard boxes, and maybe some food’
(pg.78) This shows that the people who live here are well up and live comfortable lives.
The suburbs of the poor such as Katutura, Hakahana, Goreangab, Wanaheda and Okuryangava, are also
described.
Using the flashback of the crew’s Tuesday and ‘Thursday visits to these poor suburbs, Ngaminje brings out
the living conditions of the poor based on the content of their bins.
One day, Elias and Lazarus found a baby wrapped in some newspapers thrown into a big bin. Ihis
encounter made them smart and move away from poor people. They decided that on Tuesday and
Thursday nights, they would stop going to poor people’s places because poor people had nothing left to
throw away but themselves (pg. 80)
Khomasdal is closely related to the poor people’s suburbs. It is, however, a drinking den. The
neighbourhood watch never enters Khomasdal since it is crowded with other starving, roving cliques (pg.
80). It is also in the same neighbourhood where Amos was killed.
These lowly suburbs are contrasted to the suburbs ofthe wealthy such as Avis, Klein, Windhoek and Eros.
Avis has complex apartments that bring a fresh crop of bins to the interlocked pavements. lhough made
up of rich people,
Klein Windhoek portrays some meanness as they only put up their bins at the crack of dawn to dissuade
the dustbin divers from perambulating through their streets (pg. 83). Eros is the best suburb for The
Neighbourhood Watch due to the presence of Mrs Bezuidenhout, who waits for the crew and gives them
some gifts.
This shows the wealthy nature of the old lady, the people living in this neighbourhood, and Mrs
Bezuidenhout’s generosity.
Survival
The main theme of the story is the struggle for survival on the streets of Windhoek.
The characters, Elias, Lazarus, Martin, Silas, Omagano, and Amos all strive to survive by scavenging for
food and shelter in the neighborhoods.
They have to fight off hunger, cold and danger from gangs and the police.
Pride
Pride is another important theme that runs throughout the story.
The characters are often faced with the choice of accepting help or maintaining their pride.
For example, Amos died because of his pride, refusing to apologize for his actions.
Similarly, Martin suggests that people who refuse to scavenge for food and shelter are too proud to be like
them.
Generosity
Mrs. Bezuidenhout's generosity is an important theme in the story.
She is the only person who is willing to help the characters and her generosity is contrasted with the pride
of the other characters.
Her generosity is portrayed as a source of hope and inspiration for the characters.
Friendship and community
Friendship and community also play an important role in the story. The characters form a community and
support each other, both emotionally and practically. They look out for each other and help each other to
survive.
Hope and hopelessness
The characters have to contend with the constant struggle for survival and their future seems uncertain.
At times, they express hope that things will get better, however, they are often met with disappointment
and hopelessness.
Elias and Lazarus's warning to Martin, "Maybe is tomorrow, laaitie (buddy),’ Lazarus says. 'And there is
only today," highlights this theme.
Poverty
One theme that arises from the story is poverty and its effects on individuals and communities.
The characters in the story, such as Elias, Lazarus, Martin, Silas, and Omagano, are all struggling to
survive on the streets and often have to resort to scavenging for food and shelter.
The story also highlights the harsh realities of living in poverty, such as being at risk of violence and
exploitation, and the constant struggle to make ends meet.
Community and solidarity
The characters in the story form a "Neighbourhood Watch" to survive together, sharing resources and
helping each other out.
The story also highlights the importance of generosity and kindness in the face of poverty, such as the
character of Mrs Bezuidenhout, who is described as giving the main characters food, clothes, and other
necessities.
Street life And Its Challenges
Living in the streets is shown to have several challenges:
a. Crime and violence

The neighbourhood watch must safely hide their valuable items at the headquarters to prevent
theft. hidden stash is considered safe since they are a feared group— they have a fierce reputation
(pg. 76).
Lazarus is considered the Lieutenant of the group and one of its pillars due to his violence (pg. 83)
shows that life in the streets involves some violent acts. Violence is seen to be a necessary survival
skill in the street.
The death of Amos after knife stabs also shows the level of violence faced in the streets ‘The knife
flashed quickly In, out, in, out and then slashed across…… Amosfell.’ (pg. 80-81).
Silas, one of the crew members, engages in some crime. He is said to have had a habit of
discovering things that have had previous owners. ‘Silas steals’ ( pg. 77). If he gets caught while
stealing, he might be beaten or arrested.
b. Secret struggles
The Neighbourhood Watch has to struggle to ensure that the valuables are safely hidden to
prevent theft. After splashing water on their faces, the empty can is stashed away with other
valuables in a hook under the concrete abutment of the bridge (pg. 75-76).
They also have to protect their territory — The bridge underside precious real estate. To achieve
this, the abbreviations NW are sprayed onto the bridge’s columns which communicate that it is
marked territory (pg. 76).
The group must struggle to camouflage and appear like any ordinary person while roaming the
streets to evade police. They have to look presentable, thus why Omagano struggles to straighten
her kinky hair using her fingers. They also have to wear their best clothes. One of their greatest
challenges is how to disguise their foul smell. The writer notes, “But smelling bad is something
they try to avoid as much as possible since a smelly man is despised everywhere.” (Pg. 76).
c. Struggle to get food
The crew relies on waste food and leftovers to survive. It is said that ‘Elias knows most city hotel’s
kitchen staff who leave the group some decaying produce or some leftovers when they feel kind
from the previous night’ (pg 76).
The struggle to get food forces them to use dubious means such as having Omagano satisfy the
sexual needs of guards who deny them access to bins that might contain high yields (pg. 77).
The lunch that the group shares show that getting enough food for a meal is a real struggle for
them ‘The food crew shares the lunch: Half a loaf of brown bread, some salty mashed potatoes,
soft grapes and some water’ (pg.78).
The group heavily relies on Mrs Bezuidenhout’s generosity as she gives them canned food such as
beans and peas, fruits and other valuable items (pg. 83).
d. Struggle with poor health conditions
Elias has a racking cough that worsens each day. It is so severe that, ‘Sometimes there is blood in
the gunk from his chest, but he waves everyone’s concerns away’ (pg. 76).
e. Desperation
Life in the streets is filled with moments of desperation. When Elias and Lazarus met, they would
desperately flick through every bin they could find in every suburb they could reach. As the writer
tells us, they had no room to be choosy as the writer tells us, ‘They were indiscriminate and
desperate and always hungry.’ (pg.78)
Elias shares these experiences with the other crew members and tells them, “When we started
when you have to we weren’t picky. We had to survive survive, you don’t get to choose what you
have to do.” (pg.79).
We further see that the crew’s desperation to get food and survive makes them use any possible
means. Omagano is a precious survival tool for the group in such desperate times. This especially
happens where the bins in some areas are fenced off and guarded by guards who threaten to beat
the crew if they trespass. The guards have to be bribed to let the crew scavenge in these bins.
When the crew has money, Elias pays the guards.
However, when the crew has no money and needs to get food, Omagano is their only way out. She
goes behind a dumpster with a guard and does what needs to be done (pg. 77).
Waste disposal in cities
Ngamije shows the actual situation around waste disposal in many urban neighbourhoods.
The Neighbourhood Watch crew solely depends on the disposed waste for their survival.
By describing the kind of waste found in different neighbourhoods, the writer communicates the need to
ensure that waste is appropriately disposed off.
The crew’s appreciation of high-end suburbs such as Eros, Windhoek, and Eros emphasises the need to
recycle and separate different waste products.
These suburbs have people who recycle. Different bins containing different wastes are also seen- ‘The
paper cardboard, plastic bottles, tins, cans and aluminum foil are sorted in separate plastic bags. Some
people even wash the trash before they throw it away. Everything else that is of no use goes in the big
green bins’ (pg. 82).
This serves as an advantage to the crew as it saves time and prevents disappointment.
The writer subtly advocates for waste separation and recycling to ensure proper waste management.
Other lowly suburbs such as Katutura, Hakakana, Goreangab, Wanaheda and Okuryangava display poor
waste disposal where all sorts of waste are put in the same bin.
The writer communicates the inappropriateness of this waste disposal approach through the grave voice
adopted by Elias as he shares their past experiences with the crew.
“Usually in a bin you have to be ready to find shit Old food, used condoms, women things with blood on
them, broken things.” (pg.79)
This waste disposal method is not just disgusting, but it makes proper waste management difficult and
ultimately impossible. Similar waste disposal methods are seen in Ausblick, where everything — including
electronic gadgets such as broken toasters, blenders and kettles- is disposed of together with water
bottles, cardboard boxes, and even food wastes.
Stylistic Devices
Repetition
This is the repeating words or phrases.
The phrase "Today you need food. Today you need shelter.
Today you need to take care of today" is repeated throughout the story to emphasis the characters' focus
on survival in the present moment, rather than thinking about the future.
Symbolism
The use of the term "Headquarters" to refer to the place where the characters gather, symbolizes their
sense of camaraderie and unity, as well as the fact that they are all part of a group fighting for survival on
the streets.
Metaphor
The phrase "Pride is poor food" is used to describe how pride can lead to poverty and hardship, as it can
make people refuse help or opportunities that would improve their lives.
Irony
Irony is a rhetorical device in which a statement or situation contrasts with what is expected or known.
The characters refer to their scavenging through trash as "foraging," which is a term usually associated
with hunting for food in the wild, but in this context it is used to describe the characters' search for food
and resources in garbage bins.
Imagery
The story uses vivid descriptions of the characters' surroundings and experiences on the streets, such as
"the thorns and broken bottles" at Headquarters, and "the interlocked pavements" of the wealthy
neighborhoods, to create a sense of the gritty reality of homelessness.
Revision questions for The Neighbourhood Watch
1. How do members of 'The Neighbourhood Watch' apply street wisdom, past experiences and unity
to survive?
2. Proper waste disposal makes it easy for waste to be appropriately managed. Using illustrations
from Rem’y Ngamije’s “The Neighbourhood Watch” show how this message is communicated.
3. Street life is not for the faint-hearted. Show the truthfulness of this statement based on the story
“The Neighbourhoodd Watch.”
4. In every society, some inequalities exist that affect people’s way of life. Using illustrations from
Rem’y Ngamije’s “The Neighbourhood Watch” support this assertion.
Essay Questions
People living on the streets apply wisdom in order to survive the difficult conditions. Write an
essay to qualify this statement citing illustrations from Rem'y Ngamije’s The Neighbourhood
Watch.
Living conditions on the streets are difficult. To survive, one needs not only determination and effort but
also experience, knowledge and good judgment. Members of the Neighbourhood Watch apply wisdom to
survive the arduous conditions on the streets.
First, the crew is judicious enough to secure territory-a safe haven for sleeping or just to lay low when they
weren’t out on a foraging mission. The bridge’s underside is precious real estate to the Neighbourhood
Watch. It is an important shelter when it rains and during cold winter nights. The letters NW sprayed on
the columns have the same effect as musty pee at the edge of a leopard’s territory. Other crews know
better than to encroach it lest they face bloody retaliation. It is also a safe place to hide their stash so that
they don’t have to lug their scant possessions everywhere they go. More luggage would slow them down
as they rummage their neighbourhoods for food and other essentials. Elias calls their territory
headquarters. In the morning, he wakes up the rest of the crew and they share a can of water for washing
their faces. To a street family a safe territory is indispensable.
Secondly, they are wise enough to rise early to go searching for food. Elias, Lazarus and Omagano set out
before the light of day is full born. They leave early so that they can score the real prizes-that is the
overflowing bins behind restaurants. In the early morning one can get edible semi-fresh morsels. In the
late morning, the food starts rotting. The neighborhood watch knows: “the early bird does not catch the
worms”. In order to get there in good time Elias, Lazarus and Omagano lengthen they are strides. They
know that time is of the essence on the streets.
The crew knows that they have to maintain a good bond with other people in order to survive. Elias has a
good rapport with most of the kitchen staff in the city. They refer to him by the monikers ‘Soldier’ or
‘Captain’. Sometimes, they leave out almost decaying produce for him and his group. Because of the good
relationship, Elias would sometimes be lucky to get potatoes with broken skins, rotting mangoes, and
wrinkled carrots. The staff would be generous enough to give them smushed leftovers from the previous
night for instance half eaten burgers, chips drowning in sauce or salads. Most of the kitchen staff are poor
and many a time they would need to take the leftovers to their own families. It is amazing that Elias
manages to get some food from them.
The Neighbourhood Watch crew is so astute that they have organized themselves into specialised units.
Elias, Lazarus and Omagano are always on full duty whereas Silas and Martin are tasked with searching for
other essentials. Before, Elias was in on his own so when he met Lazarus he suggested that they form an
alliance because it was taxing to rummage for food and other paraphernalia necessary for survival in the
streets. At first, Lazarus was resistant. Cold winter nights forced him to comply. It worked for them since
two people could cover more ground. One searches for food and the other for other essentials and thus
they could do more in a day. Now, they know that children and women are valuable recruits. Some
obstinate guards demand for a 10 or 20 dollar bribe to let them scavenge through fenced off bins. Elias
usually pays them but when he has no money Omagano goes behind the dumpster with a guard and does
what needs to be done. The valuables crew on the other hand provide discarded blankets, mattresses,
clothing, reusable shoes, trolleys etc. Trolleys are useful but they can also be traded for better necessities.
The two teams work separately and meet in the late afternoon. They share the food that is bread, mashed
potatoes, grapes and water. The valuables crew brings newspapers, plastic piping and poorboy caps.
The Neighbourhood Watch also understands the city and its neighbourhoods. Elias asks the crew to sleep
since they plan to go foraging in Ausblick tonight. It is too hot to be on the streets now. Night is better and
more lucrative for the Neighbourhood Watch. The crew knows that if they hit the bins early, they may
score some good things in Ausblick for instance broken toasters, blenders, water bottles, teflon pots or
pans, flat screen TV cardboard boxes and even some food. People in Ausblick still know how to throw away
things. Elias, Lazarus and Silas will scout ahead rummaging for valuables while Martin and Omagano push
the trolley. They know that soon Ausblick will be overcrowded like Olympia and Suiderhof. Pionierspark
used to be worthwhile but not anymore. Now, the Neighbourhood Watch are deterred by peeking heads,
barking dogs and patrolling vehicles with angry shouting men. They know that the earlier they get to
Ausblick the better.
The neighborhood watch understands that in order to survive on the streets one must focus on the
present, not the past or the future. Everyone brings a past to the streets. Lazarus’s tattoos are evidence of
his prison stint. Elias is not scared of him since he faced gunfire against the South African Defence Forces.
Because of hunger or need for food on the streets, they have no time to think about the past. Elias shares
some street smartness with Lazarus. He says the streets has no future, there is only today. “Today you
need food. Today you need shelter. Today you need to take care of today”. On Fridays and Saturdays, the
crew avoids the streets and retreats safely to Headquarters. They do this to avoid clashing with patrolling
police. Silas wants to leave but is forbidden from taking Martin with him. Elias and Lazarus mock the fools
who sit on the roadside in Klein Windhoek and Eros waiting to paint a room, fix a window, install a sink or
lay some tiles because they are too proud to forage for food. They end up going home hungry. Martin
thinks that sometimes those “fools” can get a job and maybe things will be better. Elias insists that
“maybe is tomorrow” and there is only today. On the street one needs to focus on the present to survive.
“Every day is today.”
Elias and Lazarus share what they have learned on the streets with the rest of the crew including how they
decided to change tack. The crew learned that you cannot survive by being around people trying to
survive. When foraging in the poor neighbourhoods, you only get what they don’t need to survive. The
Neighbourhood Watch realise that poor people only throw away garbage which is disgusting and babies
which are useless. In the poor neighborhoods you had to be ready to find shit: old food, used condoms,
women’s things with blood, and broken things. When looking for newspapers to light a fire once, Elias and
Lazarus was shocked when they found a dead baby. They knew it was time to upgrade. They only went
there because they needed to survive. To survive you go everywhere and do everything. You cannot be
picky. But now they know that they should upgrade and go to places where people have enough to throw
away. Neighbourhoods with white people and black people trying to be white people have such people.
They finally get smart and decide to move away from poor people who have nothing to throw away by
themselves.
Lastly the Neighbourhood Watch is wise enough to know that there are some neighbourhoods you have to
avoid. They avoid Khomsadal which is overcrowded and people drink too much there. They lost their friend
Amos there due to his pride end alcohol. He used to curse people, use ugly swear words and always
refused to apologize. He was then stabbed to death. The Neighbourhood Watch knows that on the streets
are dead bodies bad. Police would roughly demand explanations from witnesses. They used baton bashes,
frustrating paperwork and throwing innocent people in holding cells. When Amos, died everyone including
Elias and Lazarus knew they had to run away. They were also wise enough to stick to the initial story that
they had nothing to do with the murder when the police caught up with them. They were beaten, bruised,
bleeding, with swollen eyes broken ribs and injured limbs but that was better than losing life. They are
smart enough to completely avoid Khomsadal.
In conclusion, difficult experiences make people wise enough to cope and survive. Acuity is essential for
survival.
December Analysis - A Silent Song and Other Stories Easy Elimu

Study Guide
About the Author
The Title
The plot / synopsis
Themes
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions for December
Essay Questions
December by Filemon Liyambo

About the Author
Filemon Liyambo is a Namibian writer and former newspaper columnist for the Namibian Sun Newspaper.
He has also contributed social commentary articles for the New Era Newspaper.
A qualified geologist, he is now an educator. His work was included in Erotic Africa, an anthology of short
stories published by Brittle Paper in December 2018.
He is currently working on a novel.
The Title
The title "December" is appropriate for this story for several reasons.
Firstly, it is the name of the main character, September's sister.
The story follows September's visit to her in the psychiatric ward and his reflections on her condition and
the past.
The story is mainly focused on the character of December and the impact that her illness has on
September and his family.
Secondly, December is also a reference to the naming convention of September's family, where the
children are named after the month they were conceived.
December, in particular, is significant as she was born in September, which is unusual and creates an
interesting dynamic in the story.
Thirdly, December also represents the idea of change and the passing of time.
The story takes place over an unspecified period of time and covers several years, and December's illness
progresses over time.
December's name is also a reminder of the passage of time and how it can change things.
Lastly, December is also a symbol of the story's themes of loss, family, and tradition.
December's illness is a loss for the family, and September's reflections on the past and the secrets that his
grandfather took to the grave are also a reminder of loss.
The story also touches on the importance of family and tradition in their culture, with December's
grandfather believing that she was bewitched and the naming convention of the children being a
reference to tradition.
In conclusion, the title "December" is an appropriate choice for this story as it not only represents the
main character but also captures the themes and motifs of the story through the symbolism of the passing
of time and the ideas of loss, family, and tradition.
The Plot Summary
The story, "December," centers around the relationship between September, the narrator and protagonist,
and his sister December.
December is a patient in a psychiatric ward, and September visits her after a long absence, during which
he has been studying abroad.
The story explores the past and present of their family, and the impact of December's illness on
September and the rest of the family.
The story starts with September visiting December in the psychiatric ward, where he is greeted with
hostility from the nurse because he is late.
He soon runs into a former acquaintance, Tshuuveni, who is now a security guard at the hospital.
Tshuuveni and September catch up for a bit before Tshuuveni has to go back to work.
September then visits December, and they spend their time together catching up and reminiscing about
the past.
Throughout the story, September reflects on how December's illness has affected their family and how it
has changed her.
He also reflects on the past, particularly on the naming convention of his family, where the children are
named after the month they were conceived.
September is particularly affected by the fact that December was born in September, which creates an
interesting dynamic in the story.
The story also touches on themes of loss, family, and tradition.
December's illness is a loss for the family, and September's reflections on the past and the secrets that his
grandfather took to the grave are also a reminder of loss.
The story also touches on the importance of family and tradition in their culture, with December's
grandfather believing that she was bewitched and the naming convention of the children being a
reference to tradition.
In the conclusion of the story, September returns home to attend his grandfather's funeral and bury him
next to his father in the village graveyard.
The story also implies that September has not been able to make it to visit December again and he is left
with the guilt of not being able to fulfill his promise to her.
Ezekiel Shikongo, the grandfather, who had been taking care of December, has not been able to visit her
in a while and it is suggested that he has passed away.
The story ends on a melancholic note as September is left to deal with the loss of both his sister and
grandfather.
1. September’s arrival from the U.K. (p84 — 86).

2. December’s psychiatric condition (p86 – 88).
3. Ezekiel Shikongo’s dreams and taboos. (p85 – 90).
Characters List
September: The narrator and protagonist of the story, September is the brother of December and a
student studying abroad. He returns home to visit his sister in the psychiatric ward and reflect on
their past and the impact of her illness on their family.
December: September's sister and a patient in a psychiatric ward. She has been struggling with
mental health issues, which have caused her to be institutionalized. She is close to September and
they share a strong bond.
Ezekiel Shikongo: September and December's grandfather. He believes that December's illness is
caused by witchcraft and is a strong believer in traditional practices and customs. He is also the
one taking care of December before he passes away.
The Nurse: A nurse working at the psychiatric ward. She is hostile towards September when he
visits December and is skeptical of his claim to be her brother.
Tshuuveni: A former acquaintance of September and a security guard at the psychiatric ward. He
and September catch up for a bit before he has to return to work.
Josef: September and December's uncle, who is described as having lost his mind in his teens, and
is thought to have been bewitched by Ezekiel.
September's sister: She is not named in the story but she is the older sister of September and
December and takes care of them when they were young.
Security guards: Two guards who work at the psychiatric ward, they are called by the nurse when
September arrives and are dismissed by Tshuuveni.
Character Traits
September
Caring: September cares deeply for his sister December, he goes to visit her in the psychiatric
ward and brings her gifts, such as a jersey, a book of puzzles, and a t-shirt. He also shows concern
for her well-being, asking how she is and trying to comfort her.
Thoughtful: September is thoughtful of December's likes and dislikes, he brings her soft chips, as
she prefers them, and a navy blue t-shirt with the Union Jack, which is the same as the one his
sister ripped to stem his bleeding when he was four.
Reflective: September reflects on the past and the impact of December's illness on their family. He
is also reflective on his grandfather's and uncle's death and how it affected the family.
Loyal: September is loyal to his sister, he keeps his promise to bring her gifts and is there for her
when she needs him. He also seems to have a strong bond with his grandfather and uncle.
Determined: September is determined to visit his sister, even when he is told that he is too late,
and he is also determined to find a solution for her illness, even though he is not sure what it is.
Respectful: September is respectful of the customs and traditions upheld by his grandfather and
uncle, even when he does not fully understand them.
Empathetic: September is empathetic towards his sister's situation, he is able to understand her
plight and relate to her feelings.
Generous: September shows generosity towards his sister by bringing her gifts and showing her
attention and care.
Reliable: September keeps his promise to visit his sister and is reliable in his support for her.
Observant: September notices the changes in the hospital and how his sister's appearance has
changed, indicating his ability to pay attention to detail.

Patient: September is patient with his sister, despite her illness and her pleas to take her home. He
does not rush to make promises he cannot keep and instead shows a sense of understanding and
compassion towards her.
Protective: September has a protective nature towards his sister, he has a dog named Kali that he
got to protect her from a man who was pursuing her when she was younger, and he is always
looking out for her well-being.
November
Strong-willed: December is determined to overcome her illness and maintain a positive attitude,
despite the challenges she faces.
Independent: December is determined to be self-reliant and not rely on others to take care of her.
Responsible: December takes on the responsibility of caring for her brother when they were young
and is always concerned about her brother's well-being.
Loyal: December is loyal to her family, particularly her brother and grandfather, and is always
willing to support them.
Caring: December shows a lot of care and concern for her brother, she is always asking about his
well-being and is grateful for the gifts he brings her.
Resilient: December is able to bounce back from difficult situations and maintain her positive
attitude despite the challenges she faces with her illness.
Supportive: December is supportive of her brother's decision to study abroad and is always
encouraging him to follow his dreams.
Creative: December is creative and enjoys solving puzzles, and is able to find enjoyment in the
little things in life despite her condition.
Generous: December is generous with her time and affection towards her brother, despite her
struggles and limited visiting hours.
Empathetic: December is able to understand and relate to her brother's struggles and concerns,
showing empathy and compassion towards him.
Humble: December does not let her illness define her and is humble about her condition, always
focusing on the positive aspects of her life.
Faithful: December is faithful to her family's traditions and customs, even if she does not fully
understand the reasons for them.
Ezekiel Shikongo
Traditional: Ezekiel holds strong beliefs in traditional customs and practices, and is resistant to
change.
Protective: Ezekiel is protective of his granddaughter, December, and believes that she is
bewitched, taking her to healers in an attempt to cure her.
Opinionated: Ezekiel has strong opinions and beliefs, and is not afraid to express them, even if
they are not popular or accepted by others.
Inflexible: Ezekiel is inflexible in his thinking, and is unwilling to consider alternative explanations
or solutions for December's illness.
Judgmental: Ezekiel judges his son, Silas, and his grandson, September, for their unconventional
choices and believes that they are influenced by "idiotism".
Secretive: Ezekiel keeps certain information and secrets to himself, such as the reason for
December's dietary restrictions, and does not share them with others.
Determined: Ezekiel is determined to find a cure for December's illness and will stop at nothing to
achieve this goal.
Strong-minded: Ezekiel is a very strong-minded person, he is not easily swayed by others and
sticks to his traditional beliefs even when others disagree with him.
The Nurse
Indifferent: The nurse is indifferent to September and his visit, she does not show any interest in
him or his sister.
Unsympathetic: The nurse is unsympathetic towards December's condition, she does not show any
compassion or concern for her well-being.
Rigid: The nurse is rigid in her approach, she strictly enforces the rules and regulations of the
hospital, and does not make any exceptions.
Short-tempered: The nurse is short-tempered and easily angered, as seen when she shouted at
September when he first arrived.
Skeptical: The nurse is skeptical of September's claim to be December's brother, she does not
believe him until he provides evidence.
Unapproachable: The nurse is unapproachable, she does not engage in friendly conversations or
show any interest in getting to know people.
Professional: The nurse is professional in her approach, she does her job efficiently and with a
sense of duty.
Inflexible: The nurse is inflexible in her approach, she does not allow any deviation from the set
rules and regulations of the hospital.
Tshuuveni
Friendly: Tshuuveni is friendly, as seen when he greets September warmly and embraces him.
Ambitious: Tshuuveni is ambitious, as seen in his decision to pursue a career in private security as
it pays more.
Respectful: Tshuuveni is respectful, as seen in his interactions with September and the way he
speaks about September's family.
Loyal: Tshuuveni is loyal, as seen in his continued friendship with September despite their past
differences.
Amiable: Tshuuveni is amiable, as seen in the way he talks with September and fills him in on local
gossip.
Professional: Tshuuveni is professional, as seen in the way he carries out his duties as a security
officer.
Charismatic: Tshuuveni is charismatic, as seen in the way he commands the attention of the
security guards and the nurse.
Understanding: Tshuuveni is understanding, as seen in the way he accepts September's reason for
the late visit.
Themes
Mental health
The story highlights the theme of mental health and the negative impact it can have on individuals
and their families.
December's descent into mental illness is portrayed in the story and how it affected her family and
her future.
Consequences of superstition on mental illness
December, the story’s title, is also the central character’s name. The name is given to her
by her father against his own father’s wishes, who calls it idiotism. Conventional or not, this
naming creates confusion and distortion of facts simultaneously. (p85- 86).
The story itself is mixed with a patched-up plot which renders the storyline The plot is not
linear. Like in most Namibian, there was indifference towards those who didn’t reside there.
Sticking out was a serious crime: (p84– 90).
When Ezekiel Shikongo faces death and illness, anxiety, fear, and despair creep in,
engendering adherence to delusions that have no logical or scientific explanation and lead
to superstitious behaviours caused by a false notion of the (p84 – 90).
It is rooted in human ignorance and significantly affects people’s culture and health,
prevents them from beginning restoration, and harms individuals and society. The
mundane illogical beliefs derived from ignorance cannot be proven objectively and
scientifically. Ezekiel forbids December to eat chicken due to the mishap. (p85-89).
The extended family of Ezekiel grapples with hereditary ill patients (Josef and December),
and the old man blames their mental illness on superstitious thoughts such as “evil eye” or
“dark “
This pandemonium is created by Silas, December’s father, to show his divergent opinion
and disbelief in his father’s taboos. (p85).
Their disagreement, therefore, gets complicated when December is born in September and
September in Then when September returns from abroad, his grandfather dies in October.
(p86).
Ezekiel refers to the naming as ‘idiotism’, and indeed his younger brother Josef exhibits
traces of the problem when he starts to lose track of time in his teens; days of the week are
a blur to The fact that September is absent-minded at times complicates the matter more.
(p84 – 86).
Ezekiel’s superstitious belief could be premised on an archaic generational and cultural
illusion that other forces cause problems. (p86).
Josef eventually loses He is lost for a month. In his dreams, Ezekiel tells where exactly to
find him but does not say what he is eating until he exits the life stage. Ezekiel’s death
signifies the end of the old traditions and the beginning of civilization. (p89).
When September breaks the news to his grandfather that he will study abroad two and a
half years earlier, Ezekiel is September had cried. “My sister…” (p88).
The old man reassured “I will take care of her.” “She’s been at them hospital for six
months. (p88).
Superstition makes him believe that mental illness is caused by other forces not normal or
conventional in nature. He takes her to a traditional healer, and she comes back looking
skeletal as if the healer had tried starving out the voices in her (p88).
Ezekiel represents intensely superstitious African people who turn to indigenous treatments
such as charms and witchdoctors to treat their Modern technologies have not been able to
reduce their superstitious tendencies. (p88)
“There is no brother listed in her file,” the nurse “Only a grandfather.”
This is child neglect. (p88).
Superstitious thinking becomes harmful when it enters the health domain, affects people’s
well-being, and becomes part of the family’s health The values that society believes affect
the quality of life and treatment choice during illness. Ezekiel’s beliefs affect all family
members. (p84 – 90).
Family dynamics
The story explores the dynamics of the Shikongo family, particularly the relationship between
September and December, and how their father's naming convention affected them. The story also
explores the relationship between September and Ezekiel, and how his grandfather's beliefs about
December's illness affected her.
Tradition vs. Modernity
The story explores the theme of tradition vs. modernity, particularly in the context of mental
health and the treatment of it.
Ezekiel's belief that December was bewitched reflects traditional beliefs about mental illness, while
September's desire to seek help from Western medicine represents a more modern approach.
Hope / Optimism
Their life of hope begins when September arrives at the hospital from the K. December, who is at the
hospital probably being discharged to start her life free of her grandfather’s superstitious interference.
(p87).
Remember when September comes from Europe, he brings December a T-shirt with an imprint of the
Union Jack, representing modernity or a form of enlightenment.
But still, this is confusion on ideologies: between colonialism and civilization.
The T-shirt is precisely the same as the one December had ripped up all those years before to stem
September’s This implies that her ordinary life is restored by her brother’s hope and concern for her well-
being. (p89).
The two reminisce their puberty days when September got himself a puppy named Kali to keep off boys
who pursued December when she was Tshuuveni enquires whether September is bringing home an
oshitenya from overseas, but he says he still hasn’t found the right girl. (p87).
Professional medical practice should be relied on to guarantee the quality of life, control and treatment of
diseases, and complications is not a secret to anyone.
The medical fraternity should fight these superstitious thoughts to lower their adverse consequences. will
bring hope. Hope is also symbolized when it rains after Ezekiel Shikongo’s burial. Then Josef is also found.
(p89, 90).
Identity
The story touches on the theme of identity, particularly in relation to December's illness and how it
affects her sense of self. It also explores how September's identity as December's brother is
questioned by the nurse.
Loss
The story explores the theme of loss, particularly in relation to the loss of December's mental
health and how it affects her family.
It also touches on the loss of Ezekiel and the impact it has on the family.
Healing
The story touches on the theme of healing and the different forms it can take. Ezekiel's belief in
traditional healing methods, while September's desire to seek help from Western medicine.
Time
The story explores the theme of time and how it affects the characters. December's condition
which changed her life abruptly, Ezekiel's naming convention and the impact it had on his children.
Stylistic Devices
Symbolism
The use of the Union Jack t-shirt as a symbol of September and December's bond and shared history.
Irony
Irony is a rhetorical device and literary technique that is incredibly useful when used correctly. Simply put,
irony is when something that is said or done is in contrast to reality or to what is expected.
The use of the hospital's new glass doors and reinforced window bars as a representation of the modern
changes in the hospital, while at the same time the sign in front of the casualty ward is missing letters,
representing the continuity of certain problems.
Foreshadowing
The mention of Ezekiel's belief that December's affliction was caused by witchcraft, foreshadows the
revelation that December was bewitched in the end.
Imagery
The use of imagery of the patchy Kaokoveld grass to describe December's hair, evokes a sense of neglect
and dishevelment.
Repetition
The use of the phrase "Fine" by December when September asks her how she is, is repeated several times
throughout the story, highlighting her emotional distance from her current reality.
Personification
The use of personification when describing the clock and chart for times, as having a voice and attitude,
adds a sense of authority and power to the time constraints placed on September's visit.
Revision questions for December
1. Do you think Ezekiel's beliefs had anything to do with the illness?

2. How relevant is the title of the story, December?
3. Does the Naming convention of Silas Shikongo affect his children?
4. Why do you think Ezekiel refuses to tell why he forbids his granddaughter to eat chicken?
5. Do you think Josef gets lost?
6. What does the Union jack symbolize in the story, December?
7. Explore and analyze the following themes in December
Mental illness and child neglect
Superstitious beliefs and taboos

Healthy living and eating
Hope / optimism
8. What does the coming of September from Europe and the dying of Ezekiel inOctober symbolize?
9. How is sarcasm employed in Filemon Liyambo’s December?
10. Examine the use of irony and paradox
Essay Questions
1. What are the consequences of superstition on mental illness. Base your answer on the short
story December by Filemon Liyambo
Boyi Analysis - A Silent Song and Other Stories Easy Elimu Study
Guide
About the Author
The Title
The plot / synopsis
Themes
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions for Boyi
Essay Questions
Boyi by Gloria Mwaniga

About the Author
Gloria Mwaninga is a fictional writer from Kenya. Her story
‘Boyi’ captures the occurrences of the 2005 land war in Mt. Elgon.
The Title
The title "Boyi" is appropriate for this story as it centers around the character of Boyi and the impact his
death has on his family.
The story follows Boyi's life, from his childhood and his involvement with the militia, to his eventual death
at the hands of the army.
The story is told from the perspective of his sister, who is deeply affected by his death and is haunted by
memories of him.
The title "Boyi" effectively puts the focus on the main character and his importance to the story, making it
clear that this is a story about him and his life.
Additionally, the title "Boyi" implies a sense of personal connection, as if the story is being told by
someone who knew him intimately.
This creates an emotional connection with the reader, making them more invested in the story and the
characters. The title also gives a sense of intimacy, as if the story is a personal account of someone's life.
Furthermore, the title "Boyi" also reflects on the main theme of the story, which is about the impact of war
on individuals and families.
Boyi's death is a tragic consequence of the war and the title "Boyi" serves as a reminder of the human
cost of war.
It also highlights the personal and emotional toll it takes on the loved ones of those who are affected.
In conclusion, the title "Boyi" is appropriate for this story as it effectively communicates the main
character, the emotional connection and main theme of the story in a simple and direct manner.
The Plot Summary
The story "Boyi" is set in Kenya during a time of political turmoil and land conflict.
The protagonist is a young girl who is the sister of Boyi, the titular character.
Boyi is taken by the militia and becomes a part of their group.
His family is left mourning him, with his father digging a grave for him and his mother going insane due to
the loss of her son.
However, the story takes a turn when they receive news that Boyi has joined the militia.
The family struggles with the idea of Boyi being a part of the militia, who are causing destruction in the
community.
Eventually, the militia is defeated and Boyi is killed. The protagonist struggles with the loss of her brother
and the fact that he was a part of the militia.
1. The demand of the Militia- pg 91-92

2. Life after Boyi left- pg 92-93
3. The demand of the Militia- pg 91-92
4. Life after Boyi left- pg 92-93
5. Operation Okoa Maisha pg 93-96
6. Boyi’s death pg 96- 97
Characters List
The narrator - The protagonist, who is Boyi's sister, who is not named in the story.
Boyi - A young man who is taken by the militia and later reported dead.
Mama - Boyi's mother, who becomes mentally unstable after her son's death.
Baba - Boyi's father, who buries a banana stem wrapped in a green cotton sheet in the backyard of
their home after hearing the news of his son's death.
Chesaina - An old friend of Baba who brings the news of Boyi's death and his association with the
militia.
Simoni - A neighbor who gives the family a newspaper with the headline about the death of militia
leaders, including Boyi.
Matwa Kei - The leader of the militia.
Sah-gent - A soldier who is described as being very dark and said to have defeated Idi Amin in
Uganda.
Koros - A neighbor who talks to Baba about the militia's violent actions.
Chemutai - A friend of the narrator who moves away with her family.
Character Traits
The Narrator
Observant: The narrator pays close attention to the people and events happening around them,
such as noting Mama's muttering to herself and Baba's crying.
Reflective: The narrator often reflects on past memories with Boyi, and how they relate to the
current situation.
Imaginative: The narrator has a strong imagination, as seen in the way they picture Boyi's stories
of the militia's magic potions and embalming in cow dung, and in the way they imagine Boyi's
spirit visiting them in their dreams.
Empathetic: The narrator shows empathy towards their family members and their pain, particularly
towards Mama's grief over Boyi's death.
Resilient: The narrator shows resilience in the face of difficult events, such as the loss of their
brother and the destruction of their home by the storm.
Nostalgic: The narrator often looks back on fond memories and expresses a longing for the past,
such as the memories of playing with Boyi as a child.
Thoughtful: The narrator is often seen contemplating and pondering on different things, such as
the reasons behind Boyi's actions or the meaning behind Mama's actions.
Traumatized: The narrator is affected by the violence and death that surrounds them and may
suffer from trauma, such as dreaming about Boyi cutting them into pieces and feeling a sense of
dread and anxiety.
Mama
Devoted: Mama is deeply devoted to her family, particularly her son Boyi. She is devastated by his
death and spends much of her time mourning him.
Emotional: Mama is highly emotional and prone to outbursts of tears and crying. She is deeply
affected by the loss of Boyi and struggles to come to terms with it.
Protective: Mama is fiercely protective of her family, particularly her son Boyi. She is determined to
keep him safe, even if it means sending him away.
Strong-willed: Mama is a strong-willed woman who refuses to be cowed by the violence and unrest
in her community. She is determined to stand up for what she believes in, even in the face of
adversity.
Faithful: Mama is a deeply religious woman and has a strong faith in God. She turns to her faith for
comfort and support in difficult times.
Stubborn: Mama is stubborn and unwilling to change her mind or beliefs. She does not believe the
news of Boyi joining the militia and refuses to accept it.
Insane: Mama goes insane after Boyi's death, she speaks to herself and has hallucinations. She is
unable to cope with the loss of her son and can't accept the reality that he is gone.
Baba
Responsible: Baba takes care of the family and is seen as the head of the household. He is the one
who digs a grave for Boyi and tries to calm Mama when she is upset.
Practical: Baba is pragmatic in his approach to life and tries to find solutions to problems. He tells
Mama that the war should have ended a long time ago and that they should not dwell on the past.
Emotional: Baba is deeply affected by Boyi's death and is seen crying when he reads the
newspaper article about him. He is also seen throwing away the newspaper and radio after reading
the news.
Thoughtful: Baba reflects on the past and the events that led to Boyi's death. He is seen telling
Mama that war is a maggot that nibbles at the hearts of men.
Respectful: Baba is respectful of Mama's feelings and tries to comfort her when she is upset. He
also tells her that Boyi was a good son and that she should not blame herself for his death.
Matwa Kei
Powerful: Matwa Kei is described as the leader of the militia and holds significant influence over
the community and its people.
Violent: The narrator mentions how the militia, under Matwa Kei's leadership, is known for cutting
up people and throwing their bodies in rivers and wells.
Fear-inducing: The community lives in fear of Matwa Kei and his actions, and the mention of his
name evokes a sense of dread and unease.
Unpredictable: Matwa Kei's actions and motives are not understood or predictable, as he seems to
have deviated from his original mission of protecting the land from outsiders.
Ruthless: Matwa Kei is described as ordering the killing of a close relative as a requirement for
recruitment, and is also rumored to have ordered the killing of Boyi, his right hand man.
Boyi
Dutiful: Boyi is described as being a good son, who used to recite the responsorial psalm earnestly
and with tears in his eyes.
imaginative: enjoyed playing Ninja soldier with the narrator
Cheerful: He was remembered for his boyish laughter and for hoarding illegal sweets
Sah-gent
Ruthless and Cruel: Threw Boyi from a helicopter
Chesaina
He is an old friend of Baba who works as a watchman in a grain depot, far away in Chwele market.
He brings news to Baba,s family that Boyi was now a marked man since he was Matwa Kei’s, right-
hand man.
Simoni
He delivers a copy of the Nation newspaper, which contains news about Boyi’s death
Themes
Traditions
Belief in Djinnis- The community in the story believes in the presence of powerful evil spirits known as
Djinni.
This is seen when Mama talks to the visitors who frequent their home once Boyi is taken away.
She tells them, ‘How Boyi saved her marriage by confirming that Djinnis did not tie up her womb.’ Pg 93.
The people also practice the ritual of burying a banana stem to send death away where a person
disappears and their bodies are not found.
The narrator reports how Baba and his cousin Kimutai dug a shallow grave and buried a banana stem
wrapped in a green cotton sheet.
The father muttered, “Death, take this body. ..
Take it, and do not bother my home with your visits again.” Pg. 93
This ritual is performed after Saulo’s story that the government has launched Operation Okoa Maisha,
where armed Forces troops are sent to flush out militia members.
It shows the fear of the people that the operation will lead to more deaths.
The people are also seen to hold on to some superstitions.
The falling of the huge Nandi flame signifies something significant was bound to happen.
The narrator sees this as a bad omen while the mother thinks it means the end of evils for her family ‘I
knew it was a bad omen even though Mama came out of her room jubilantly declared that the evil which
was to come to our house had been struck down and swallowed by the Nandi flame, pg 96.
War and its effects
The story is set against the backdrop of a civil war in which a militia group, led by Matwa Kei, is fighting
against the government.
The narrator describes the violence and terror inflicted by the militia on the community, including the
forced recruitment of young boys and the killing of innocent people.
The story also explores the impact of war on individuals and families, such as Boyi's mother going insane
due to the death of her son and the mass exodus of people from their homes.
a. The militia has various effects:

They demanded the land protection tax. They had chopped off the heads of the families if one did
not give them money (pg.92).
The recruitment of young men to the militia. Boyi is recruited by force to the militia because Baba
has given him out since he cannot afford to pay the money demanded: “Hold on to the boy until I
find you forty thousand land protection tax, and then I will have him back” (pg. 91).
So many other young men had been recruited into the militia. Mama says, “Had his ears not
caught stones of neighbour’s son recruited by the militia?” (pg.92). The militia goes from house to
house, forcefully recruiting boys as young as ten years page 95.
People living in fear- The villages of Kopsiro, Savomet, Chepkyuk all live in fear ..a thick yellow fog
of fear over them.” (pg. 95)
People fail to work
Farmers did not clear their shambas for the second planting of the maize crop because the militia
stole young crops from the fields and goats from their pens (pg. 95).
The narrator’s friend, Chemutai, said that the narrator’s breast grew too fast because she had
spent too much time outside……. instead of working chap chap like a normal musaa tree girl
(pg.95)
b. Murder/brutal killings
The militia cut up people and threw their bloodied bodies in rivers, pits, latrines, and public wells
(pg. 92). The people say that they even cut off their necks.
The narrator overhears Baba being told that those recruited have to go back home and kill a close
relative so that their hearts are strong to kill others (pg. 95) Boyi is killed for being part of the
militia (pg. 96-97).
c. Displacement of people from their land and homes

“People flee from their homes since there is a mass exodus to Bungoma and Uganda’ page 95
d. Lack of schooling
The narrator says nobody went to school anymore because of the war. She spends her days under
the Nandi flame tree with half-closed eyes (pg. 95)
e. Suffering
The writer points out clearly how society goes through suffering as a result of the war:
Mama experiences emotional suffering when Baba gives out Boyi to the militia to be recruited
since the family could not afford the forty thousand land protection fee. The writer says that
madness had entered
Mama’s eyes the day baba pushed Boyi to Mativa Kei. She tore off her kitenge and started
shouting at Baba, telling him that he was sick in the head if he thought Boyi would return (pg. 91).
Mama did not eat her food and starved in the days that followed, muttering to herself. Her ugali
would remain untouched until a gusty brown film formed. The narrator had to throw it away to the
chicken coop. She also continued engaging herself in monologues (pg. 94).
The narrator also experiences pain and suffering. She felt queasy once Baba informed them that
the militia would have killed them for not giving out the forty thousand land protection tax. The
narrator felt as if someone had pulled her insides out through her nostrils.’ (pg. 92).
When they were informed of Boyi’s death, she cried bitterly. She let the tears roll down her face
and soak her blue silk blouse and purple boob top (pg. 97)
Baba suffers when forced to hand over his son Boyi to the militia. He experiences agony when
Mama questions him since he knew very well if he didn’t, he risked his family being killed by the
militia. ‘He sat there and held his rage firmly with his hands. He pulled his lips to a narrow thread
like a line drawn on his dark face by a ruler.’ (pg. 92)
When they are informed that Boyi is a marked man, Baba goes through some emotional torture.
For the first time, the narrator saw her father crying “That day I saw Baba’s tears…” (pg. 96)
The community undergoes suffering because of the war as some of the people are brutally
murdered the militia cut the people and threw their bloodied bodies in rivers, pit latrines and public
wells’ (pg. 96).
Some of the militia are said to kill close relatives so that their hearts are strong to kill others. The
militia forgets its initial objective of protecting the land.Instead, “Now they even cut off our necks”
(pg. 95)
The militia also rapes their blood relatives who give birth to babies
Family and relationships
The story explores the relationship between Boyi and his family, particularly his mother and father.
The narrator describes how Boyi's mother is deeply affected by his death and is unable to come to terms
with it.
The father, on the other hand, attempts to cope with Boyi's death by building a grave for him, despite the
fact that his body was never found.
Grief and loss
The story deals with the theme of grief and loss as it relates to Boyi's death.
The narrator describes how the family and community mourn Boyi's death and the impact it has on them.
The mother's lunacy and the father's attempt to cope with the loss of his son are examples of this.
Power and control
The theme of power and control is evident in the way the militia, led by Matwa Kei, exerts its power over
the community.
The narrator describes how the militia intimidates and terrorizes the community and how it takes control
of people's lives by forcefully recruiting young boys and taking away young girls.
Loyalty and betrayal
The story touches on the theme of loyalty and betrayal as it relates to Boyi's decision to join the militia.
The narrator describes how Boyi's family and community are shocked and saddened by his decision and
how they see it as a betrayal of their trust and loyalty.
The writer points out how some people betray others in society. Baba betrays his community by assisting
the government representative with a panga and makonge ropes when the government divides the
people’s land and gives it to some strangers (pg. 92).
The militia betrays the community it was meant to fight for by meting out evil on the people whose land
they are fighting. The narrator overhears their neighbour Koros telling her father
“They forgot that they were to protect our land from being given to those lazy strangers. Now they even
cut off our necks” (pg. 95)
The government betrays its people by dividing their land and giving it to strangers leading to the
formation of the militia.
Social class and poverty
The story highlights the poor living conditions of the villagers, and how they are affected by the war.
They are shown as living in mud and wattle houses, and their shambas (farms) are washed away by the
rains.
This shows the contrast between their lives and that of the soldiers, who have access to advanced
weaponry, and are able to move around in large lorries.
Stylistic Devices
Symbolism
The Nandi flame tree which symbolizes the evil that is about to come to the narrator's house, and its
shattering during the time of Boyi's death.
Imagery
The use of vivid descriptions such as "chocolate-coloured rivulets" and "tin roof of our mud and wattle
kitchen" to create a sense of place and atmosphere.
Personification
The mountain wind is described as "snapping the tap roots" and "tearing" the young maize crops, giving
the inanimate object human-like qualities.
Repetition
The phrase "Do you remember" is repeated multiple times throughout the story, emphasizing the
narrator's longing for the past.
Simile
The comparison of the soldiers' belts to "cobra-skin" and the soldiers' boots to "the buttocks of newborn
babies" creates a sense of the unknown and exotic.
Metaphor
The comparison of war to a "maggot that nibbles and nibbles at the hearts of men" highlights the
destructive nature of war.
Foreshadowing
In the definition of foreshadowing, the word “hint” is key.The destruction of the Nandi flame tree
foreshadows the tragic events that are about to occur in the story.
Revision questions for Boyi
1. Basing your answer on Boyi by Gloria Mwaninga explain the;

Land war and its effects:
Demand for land protection fee
Recruitment of young men into the militia
Murder/ killing of people- consider how the militia kills
people while the government forces the killing of militia
People are forced to flee their homes/ Displacement of people
2. How has the narrator used flashbacks in the story?
3. Briefly describe Mama’s behaviour after:
Boyi is handed over to Matwa Kei
Baba and his cousin Kimutai dig a grave to bury a banana stem
Chesaina’s news that Boyi was a marked man
News about Boyi’s
4. What is the implication of the dream used in the story?
5. The narrator gives a detailed description of what happens when the long rains fall (pg 94). Explain
how symbolic the description is.
6. War leads to Using illustrations from the story show the validity of thisstatement.
7. How effectively is Imagery used in the story?
8. Describe the role of Baba in the Story;
Essay Questions
Write a composition showing how war ruins communities making reference to Boyi by Gloria
Mwaniga
When conflict thrives, it destroys family ties and communal bonds. Family members are separated from
one another, some are traumatized and others killed as a result of the crisis. In Gloria Mwaniga's Boyi,the
militia meant to protect community land from strangers turns out to be the enemy within, wreaking untold
havoc on the same community they had vowed to protect.
First, as a result of the war some family members are disunited from the rest of the family. The militia
demands 40,000 land protection tax - 10,000 land protection tax and 30,000 betrayal tax which Baba
cannot raise. Baba had lent a panga and makonge ropes to the government surveyors. Matwa Kei and his
thugs deemed this betrayal. In his desperation, Baba hands over everything he owns - his savings,
precious radio and hunting gun. He promises to sell his bull Mtambakaki to raise the cash the militia leader
was demanding. His pleas fall on deaf ears. He is forced to buy the safety of his family by handing over his
15 year old son to the militia. This pushes his mother to the precipice of lunacy. Tearing off her kitenge
headscarf she shouts at her husband - a child is not a match or a dress that one can give away rather
casually. Baba's action caused a rift between him and Mama. He justifies his actions and says that the
aggressors would have tortured or even killed them had he not given Boyi away. He is, however, saddened
that the boys who had vowed to protect their land had turned on them like a hungry chameleon that eats
its intestines. Indeed, conflict ruins communities.
Conflict causes devastation that pushes some people to the brink of insanity. Boyi’s sister finds her mother
seated alone on a kitimoto in the kitchen. She neither looks up nor responds to greetings. She screams at
the girl to leave some tea for her brother who will return from the caves hungry. The screaming goes on
for weeks. “Stupid girl, you want to finish tea and your brother will come from the caves hungry,” she
bawls. She would sit stunned gazing at the wall, declaring she envisions her son returning home after
escaping from the snare of the militia. After her monologues, she would sit sadly and silently. When her
madness takes a walk, they would brew tea together with a girl and she would nostalgically reminisce
stories about Boyi; about how he saved her marriage, his shiny ebony skin and eloquence in English. This
is a clear testament of a mother’s agony, anguish and disconnection from reality. War really causes
devastation to families.
The war drives Baba, a Christian, to partake in a strange cultural practice to escort Boyi’s spirit away.
Together with his cousin Kimutai, he digs a shallow grave and buries a banana stem wrapped in a green
cotton sheet. He asks death to take that body and never bother his family again. Boyi’s sister is taken
aback that her pious father had turned his back on religion. Her mother refuses to play a part in the mock
burial. Mama’s voice bears manic vibrancy when she declares that she would not participate in escorting
her son’s spirit away. She has lost touch with reality and lives in denial. This is as a result of the pointless
conflict.
In her anguish, Mama is too despondent to eat. She sits muttering to herself without touching her food.
The food would be thrown away to the kitchen coop. She sits and talks to herself for hours on end
lamenting about her suffering. She asks God to tie a rope around her stomach - to help her bear the
anguish of losing her son to the ruthless militia. She asks Boyi’s sister if she remembers his perfect teeth.
War really causes suffering of family members.
Also, war disrupts work in the village. That December the farmers do not clear their shambas for the
second planting of maize. The militia steals young crops from the fields and goats from the pens. Instead
of working, men and women sit and exchange dreadful tales of the horrendous cruelty of the militia. The
militia cut up people and throw their bodies in rivers, pit latrines and wells. They recruit boys as young as
ten who are forced to kill their own relatives. Instead of protecting the land, the militia goes on an
indiscriminate killing spree, and their kin are victims of the aggression instead of beneficiaries. Boyi’s
sister has a terrible dream that her brother attacks her and chops her into “small-small” pieces. The
thought is traumatizing.
Moreover, the war causes displacement of people who leave their homes en masse. The family of the
narrator’s friend, Chemtai, moves away to Chwele. The villages of Kopsiro, Saromet, Chepyuk and
Chelebei are engulfed in a thick yellow fog of fear. They did not understand the militia’s motive anymore.
The thugs take away girls to cook for them. They decapitate people and throw their heads in Cheptap-
burbur river. They also rape their own relatives. The abused women and girls end up giving birth to
transparent “plastic bag” babies. The narrator imagines the horror of seeing Boyi’s “plastic bag” baby
playing childhood games. Since school is disrupted by the war, such thoughts haunt the young girl as she
spends her idle days under a flame tree at home.
Because of the war, innocent children turn into savages. Apart from the boys who were forced to murder
or rape their own kinsmen, Boyi has also gone from a God-fearing young man to a wanted criminal.
Chesaina tells his parents that he is now a marked man. He says: “This war has taken with it the mind of
your son.” The distressing news crashes Boyi’s parents and reduces both of them to tears. They cannot
wrap their heads around the fact that their good son who recited his psalms devotedly is now a Matwa Kei
right hand man and an enemy of the state. War really ruins families.
Lastly, Boyi’s family is devastated by the news of his killing. The Nation newspaper headline screams
coldly, “Ragtag Militia Leaders Killed by Army Forces.” Baba crumples like an old coat due to shock. Mama
is too stunned to cry. She simply laughs. Boyi’s sister is too gutted to weep. War has robbed them of their
kin in the prime of his youth. Boyi is murdered brutally after being flung out of a helicopter which was mid-
air. There was no body to bury or for Mama to slap for that matter. She does not roll on the ground as is
the custom. She is neither bitter nor sad. She only has the eyes of lunacy and a voice of death. She is truly
devastated. She sits on Boyi’s bed together with her daughter who weeps uncontrollably, her tears
soaking her clothes. War indeed destroys families.
In summary, it is evident that conflict or crisis has no positive outcome. They instead destroy families and
communities.
Cheque Mate Analysis - A Silent Song and Other Stories Easy Elimu
Study Guide
About the Author
The Title
The plot / synopsis
Themes
Stylistic Devices
Revision questions for Cheque Mate
Essay Question
Cheque Mate by Kevin Baldeosingh

About the Author
Kevin Baldeosingh was born in1963 in the Caribbean Island of Trinidad.
He is a newspaper columnist, author, and Humanist involved in many controversial social issues.
He has worked with the Trinidad Express, Newsday and the Trinidad Guardian.
He worked for 25 years in the field of journalism.
The Title
The title "Cheque Mate" is appropriate for the story for a few reasons.
Firstly, it refers to the chess metaphor that is present throughout the story.
Randall is depicted as playing a long game, manipulating the company's finances and covering his tracks
in order to protect himself when the company inevitably goes bankrupt.
Sukiya also plays a long game, using her knowledge of the company's finances and her own cunning to
uncover Randall's forgeries and ultimately checkmate him.
Another reason the title is appropriate is because of the actual cheques that are central to the story.
The cheques that Randall has forged with his own signature are the key piece of evidence that Sukiya uses
to bring him down.
The title "Cheque Mate" is a clever play on words that ties together the chess metaphor and the actual
cheques in the story.
Furthermore, the title also refers to the ultimate outcome of the story, which is Sukiya winning over
Randall. It's a clever way of highlighting the power dynamics between the two characters, and how Sukiya
manages to outsmart Randall and ultimately triumph over him.
Overall, the title "Cheque Mate" is an effective and fitting title for the story as it encapsulates the central
themes of the story, the chess metaphor, the centrality of the cheques and the power dynamics between
the characters.
The Plot Summary
The story "Cheque Mate" follows the character Sukiya (Ms Chansing) as she discovers a discrepancy in her
bank account involving a large sum of money.
She initially believes it to be a mistake, but upon further investigation, she realizes that it is a cheque
signed by her boss, Randall.
Sukiya becomes suspicious and decides to confront Randall about the cheque.
During her commute back to the city, she reflects on her past work experiences with Randall, and how she
has always been loyal to him, but also how he has always been secretive and cunning.
Upon her arrival at Randall's office, she presents him with the cheque and demands an explanation.
He reveals that the cheque is a payment for her to keep quiet about a shady business deal involving the
undervaluation of shares in a methanol plant.
Sukiya is shocked, but also realizes that Randall has been manipulating her and the company's finances
for a long time.
She then pulls out a manila envelope containing several more cheques, all of which have been forged with
Randall's signature.
Sukiya becomes emotional and pleads with Randall to help her, but he is unsympathetic and dismissive. In
a moment of quick thinking, Sukiya reveals that she had recorded their conversation, and that the
recording would be sent to several people as evidence of his wrongdoings.
This revelation leaves Randall speechless and powerless.
The story concludes with Sukiya taking control of the situation and effectively "checkmating" Randall by
exposing his corrupt actions and potentially saving herself from legal repercussions.
The title "Cheque Mate" is fitting as it refers to the chess metaphor throughout the story, in which Sukiya
outwits and defeats Randall in a game of strategy and deception.
Character List
Sukiya - The protagonist of the story, she is a financial manager at a company owned by Randall.
She is described as being meticulous and not making mistakes, but also being aware of the
company's financial dealings.
Randall - The owner of the company where Sukiya works. He is described as having a gruff
demeanor and not smiling often. He is also portrayed as cunning and willing to do whatever it
takes to protect himself, even if it means committing fraud.
Margaret - Randall's secretary, who has been working for him for a long time. She is described as
having a little-girl lilt in her voice and as being more informed about Randall's dealings than
anyone else in the company.
Bank Teller: This person is not described in detail, but they assist Sukiya in examining the cheque
that she is confused about.
The Chinese - They are not described in detail, but they are mentioned as the buyers of the
methanol plant that Sukiya helped negotiate. They are also mentioned as having offered a
kickback to Randall and Sukiya.
Character Traits
Sukiya
Detail-oriented: Sukiya double-checks her records and the cheques she received, making sure
everything is accurate.
Logical: Sukiya examines the evidence and comes to a logical conclusion about Randall's actions.
Independent: Sukiya doesn't rely on Randall's explanation of the cheques and instead investigates
on her own.
Pragmatic: Sukiya is able to think quickly and come up with a plan to protect herself when she
realizes the potential consequences of the company's financial collapse.
Self-assured: Sukiya is confident in her abilities and her position within the company.
Strong-willed: Sukiya stands up to Randall and doesn't back down when he tries to intimidate her.
Resourceful: Sukiya uses her phone to record Randall's incriminating statement and uses it as
leverage in their confrontation.
Intelligent: Sukiya is able to understand the implications of the cheques, recognizing that the
forgeries were done to protect Randall in the event of a financial collapse.
Strategic: Sukiya plans her strategy when she goes to confront Randall and dresses to get an
advantage.
Loyal: Sukiya mentions that she has always been loyal to Randall and his company.
Professional: Sukiya is a successful businesswoman who is highly skilled in her job and does not
make mistakes.
Randall
Cunning: Randall is shown to be very clever and strategic in his business dealings, as seen in his
actions of undervaluing the methanol plant shares and forging his own signature on cheques to
protect himself in the event of the company's bankruptcy.
Amoral: Randall's actions throughout the story suggest that he is not guided by a sense of
morality. He is willing to sacrifice the interests of others, including his own employees, in order to
protect himself.
Cold: Randall is shown to be emotionally detached and unresponsive to the feelings of others. He
shows no remorse or regret for his actions and seems to view people as pawns to be used for his
own benefit.
Self-centered: Randall's primary concern throughout the story is his own well-being, as evidenced
by his actions to protect himself from the consequences of the company's bankruptcy.
Domineering: Randall is shown to be a controlling figure, both in his business dealings and in his
personal relationships. He is dismissive of Sukiya's concerns and expects her to do as he says.
Themes
Corruption / Fraud/ bribery
The banks and government will surely unravel and nab the cartel’s underhand deals in cryptocurrency
camouflaged in the cheque deposits and contracts.
The first eyebrows are raised when the bank teller repeats the question, “Ms Chansing,? Do you want the
‘thirty million dollars’ deposited in your savings account or would you prefer to open a U.S. dollar
account?” (p98).
The official deductible salary standard for top executives does not show in her actual income through
platinum credit cards.
Sukiya has accumulated over ten thousand dollars, an amount she deposits five times every month. (p99).
She avoids encounters with bank managers for a bank manager might wonder how a fifty-thousand-a-
month salary becomes seven million dollars in savings within six years. He would know enough to make
some educated guesses. (p99).
The bank teller reminds Ms Chansing that the cheque is for five million dollars, U.S. equivalent to
30,242,000 Trinidad and Tobago dollars. (p99).
She is responsible for moving vast sums through various channels when the oil and gas boom starts and
money flows into the company. Sukiya will need to provide the source of funds, of course. (p101).
Randall had watched too many movies where unrealistically cunning criminals cleaned out businessmen’s
offshore accounts by hacking into them. (p100).
Ironically, when Sukiya, a lawyer, is hired as a corporate secretary to detect and close financial loopholes
in documents, she gets paid the largest cheques for creating such loopholes. (p103).
The five million cheques she gets she assumes is her fee for having drawn up for the sale of the methanol
plant by Randall. It could be a surprise bonus. But now, according to Randall, it is her fee for keeping her
mouth shut during that deal. (p101— 107).
Then the truth about the trick unfolds: the money is a fee for keeping her mouth shut on the Chinese
methanol deal which Sukiya undervalues the shares by 50 percent. (p107, 109).
It is a deal that the Chinese considered protocol even with the (p103).
It is clear that the frauds committed, both inadvertent and deliberate, are rewarding, but
eventually, the perpetrators will have to pay dearly.
She is almost at the point of betraying herself, insinuating in her mind her readiness to offer herself unto
Randall, for he is a man. Sukiya wants every advantage if the meeting turns into a negotiation. (p105).
Deception and manipulation
Randall, the main antagonist of the story, is shown to be a master of deception and manipulation.
He uses forged signatures, kickbacks, and other underhanded tactics to keep the company afloat and
protect himself.
Sukiya also employs deception and manipulation in her own way, by recording her conversation with
Randall and using it as leverage against him.
Power and control
The story is heavily focused on the power dynamics between Sukiya and Randall.
Sukiya is a highly successful businesswoman, but she is still beholden to Randall in many ways.
Randall, on the other hand, is the head of the company, and he uses his power to bend others to his will.
The two characters are constantly vying for control over the situation, and the reader is left wondering
who will come out on top.
Loyalty and betrayal
Sukiya is portrayed as being fiercely loyal to Randall throughout the story.
She does everything she is asked, no matter how questionable, and is willing to sacrifice herself to protect
him.
However, when she realizes the extent of his deceit and manipulation, she turns on him and uses her own
tactics to take control of the situation.
The theme of loyalty and betrayal is a prevalent one, as the characters are constantly questioning who is
truly on their side.
Trust and mistrust
Trust and mistrust are also major themes in the story.
Sukiya and Randall have a complex relationship, and their trust in one another is constantly shifting.
Sukiya initially trusts Randall completely, but as she begins to uncover the truth, she becomes
increasingly mistrustful of him.
The theme of trust and mistrust is also present in Sukiya's relationship with the bank teller.
Greed and corruption
The methanol deal and the forgery of cheques are examples of greed and corruption in the story, with
Randall willing to engage in illegal activities in order to gain financial benefits.
Deception
Randall's deception in regards to the true value of the shares and his forgery of the cheques are examples
of deception in the story.
Gender roles
Sukiya is a woman in a position of power and authority, but she is still subject to manipulation and
objectification by the men in the story.
Survival
Sukiya's actions throughout the story are motivated by her desire to survive the impending financial crisis
and protect herself from prosecution.
Technology
Sukiya's use of her iPhone to record and email their conversation is a good example of how technology
can be used to gain power and protect oneself.
Stylistic Devices
Personification
"The shimmer from the giant windows seemed to become stronger, as though the light had begun to
vibrate."
Simile
"Sukiya's stomach was a cold, tight ball."
Metaphor
"The universe is collapsing, Sukiya and its masters cannot hold."
Symbolism
life.
Sukiya's pen being used by Randall to forge his signature, symbolizing his manipulation and control over
her.
Foreshadowing
story.
"I think there's going to be a worldwide financial crisis before the year is finished."
Irony
Sukiya's pen being used by Randall to forge his signature, symbolizing his manipulation and control over
her, but ultimately it is used as evidence against him.
Suspense
In literature, suspense is an uneasy feeling that a reader gets when they don't know what is
going to happen next.
A writer creates suspense through a controlled release of information to readers that raises key questions
and makes readers eager, but terrified, to find out what happens.
Sukiya's mounting suspicions and discovery of the forgeries build tension leading up to her confrontation
with Randall.
Imagery
The use of descriptive language to create vivid imagery of the setting and characters, such as the
description of Randall's office as "huge and light and airy" and his face as "the unforgiving god-masks of
certain Amerindian tribes."
Repetition
The repeated use of the phrase "Sukiya" throughout the story creates a sense of emphasis on her role and
importance in the story.
Revision questions for Cheque Mate
1. How relevant is the title of the story, Cheque Mate

2. Who are the cheque mates in the story?
3. Why are cheques preferred as their payment modes?
4. How do the cheque mates exploit contracts’ complexity and detailed nature to commit fraud?
5. How is sarcasm employed in Cheque Mate?

6. How symbolic is the title, and how does the duo execute their corrupt syndicate?
7. How is dialogue used to achieve revelation of the rotten ills of the cheque mates?
8. Why should corruption be made unattractive to perpetrators?
Essay Question
1. Explore and analyze the existence of the following themes in the short story titled Cheque Mate
a. Corruption / Fraud/ bribery
b. Deceit and Betrayal
c. Loyalty cheques
Get the guide to other set books
including;
English setbook guides
Guide to Blossoms of the
Savannah Summarized Notes -
Easy Elimu
A Doll's House
The Pearl Study Guide
Memories We Lost
Inheritance Study Guide
Fathers of Nations Study Guide
Kiswahili Guides
Mwongozo wa Chozi la heri Notes
Mwongozo wa Tumbo Lisiloshiba
Notes
Mwongozo wa Kigogo Notes
Mwongozo wa Nguu za Jadi
Mwongozo wa Bembea za Maisha
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A Silent song and Other

Stories Guide PDF -

The Easy Elimu guide to a silent song PDF is comprehensive

Want the guide to other setbooks?

A Man of Awesome Power Analysis - A Silent Song and Other

A Man of Awesome Power by Naquib Mahfouz

The Plot Summary

Key moments in the story

1. Tayyib's dream — pg 1-2

All characters and their characterization

Though Tayyib al-Mahdi is the main character he is is not the narrator.

Character Traits/ Characterization

Adulterer - sleeps with a woman who isnt his wife

Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi

Key issues about power that are addressed in the story

1. Where power comes from

2. One can gain power at any stage of life.

He orders his television to switch channels

Encounter with the taxi driver (pg 2)

The radio announcer (pg 3).

Tayyib's wrath on Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi (pg 3-4).

The beautiful woman in the Tea Garden (pg 4).

4. Good utilisation of power

6. Consequences of the misuse of power

How Tayyib uses his awesome power?

Orders chairs to rise and then return to their original places.

Shatters rear wheels of taxi

Strikes man with severe cramps

Fills gaping pothole

Locks dangerously hanging electrical box

Removes a pile of rubbish

Drains sewer water flooding an alley

Makes broadcaster ill

Compels Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi to pay taxes

Maternity hospital, consumer’s cooperative and electrical factory

Charms gorgeous woman.

Dreams and reality:

Repeating words or phrases.

abstract ideas to represent something beyond the literal meaning.

When an idea or animal is given human characteristics. “The sky weeps.”

Revision questions for A Man of Awesome Powers

1. How does Tayyib acquires his power?

Sample essay question

Answers to sample essay questions

Critical thought on the theme of power in A Man of Awesome Power

power abandons his faith and moral standing to a state of selfishness.

Incident in the Park by Meja Mwangi

He was Fellow in Writing at the University of Iowa (1975-6).

The Plot Summary

clocks, and would rather loll all day doing nothing.

Key moments in the story

1. The description of the city park in August afternoon. (p6 - 7).

Characters and Characterization

Ice cream man

The idle loafer:

Helpful: he offers the idle loafer a cigarette when asked.

The ice cream man:

The city constables:

The fruit seller:

The police officer:

Conflicts between city authority and street hawkers

Mob justice / social injustice

Comparing two things using the words “like” or “as”