merv

MEP IMPORTANT NOTATIONS

Manikandan M
MEP/THERMAL/MECHANICAL ENGINEER

SI-International System
IPS-Inch, Pound, Second System
MKS-Meter, Kelvin,Second System
CKS-Centimeter, Kiram, Second System

TYPES OF PROJECTS

MEP INTERVIEW 1.Fit Out Projects

2.Rennovation Projects or Maintanance
3.Refurbishment Projects
4.New Project
PREPARATION
 STANDARDS
HVAC STANDARED

❖ ASHRAE- American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (US Standard)
❖ ISHRAE-Indian Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (Indian Standard)
❖ SMACNA-Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contactors National Association.
❖ DW144-Duct Work 144
❖ DW172-Kitchen Duct
❖ Ventilation Standard-ASHRAE 62-1
❖ ASHRAE 154-Kitchen Ventilation Standard
❖ Energy Standard-ASHRAE 90-1
❖ Green Building Standared ASHRAE 186
❖ NFPA 92 A,92 B -Smoke Ventilation and Stairwell pressurization system

ELECTRICAL STANDARED

❖ IEC - International electrical code

❖ NBC - National building code (INDIA)
❖ DEWA - Dubal electrical and water authority
❖ KHARAMA - Qatar std
❖ SEC - Saudi electrical corporation
❖ ARAMCO - Saudi

FIRE FIGHTING STANDARED

❖ NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) US std

❖ NBC (National Building Code) Indian std
❖ NFPA 101 - Uniform fire code
❖ NFPA 10 - Portable fire extinguishers system
❖ NFPA 11 - Foam extinguishing system
❖ NFPA 13 - Sprinkler system
❖ NFPA 14- Stand pipe system
❖ NFPA 20 - Fire pumps
❖ NFPA 72 - Fire alarm system
❖ NFPA 96- Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire production of Commercial cooking operations.
❖ NFPA 2001 - Clean agent system
❖ NFPA 92 A & 92 B- Smoke Ventilation and Stairwell pressurization system

PLUMBING STANDARED

Water supply & Drainage

❖ IPC- international plumbing code

❖ NBC - National building code
❖ BS Standard
❖ BS 8301- Drainage
❖ BS 6700 - Water supply
❖ DEWA - Dubal electrical and water authority
 ❖ KHARAMA - Qatar std
❖ ARAMCO - Saudi

THUMBRULE:

• 1TR=400 CFM (For Comfort AC)

• 1TR=500 CFM (For Precision AC)
• Condensate Drainpipe (CDP)- UPTO 20 TR We can choose 20mm (3/4 INCH=18.75MM)

VELOCITY of RECTANGULAR DUCT

For Starting Duct-5-6m/s Branch Duct-3-4 m/s Runout or Last Branh-2.5m/s

CHILLED WATER PIPE SIZING:

1TR=2.4GPM OR 0.15 LPS (IF DELTA T IS 10O F/5.5OC)

MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO DIFFUSER =5METER

Chilled water Delta T is 5.5 DEG.CELCIUS (For tender Drawing)

7-9 deg.celcius for Shop drawing ( Exact Value we can get from the manufacture only)

Cooling Tower DELTA T (4-6 DEG.CELCIUS) ALWAYS LESSER THAN Chiller DELTA T

Cooling Tower Load in KW= 1.25 * Chiller Load in Kw

DUCT WORK:

DW172-KITCHEN DUCT

DUCT INSULATION ADHESSIVE-81 10 ADHESSIVE

VAPOUR BARRIER COATING ABOVE CANVAS CLOTH-30 80, 30 50, 40 50.

DW144-PG .NO 43 ,TABLE NO 15. ASPER THE DIMENSION OF DUCT WE CAN PROVIDE THE SUPPORT .

ALUMINIUM GLADING 0.8MM THICKNESS

VELOCITY AND HEADLOSS IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL

AREA WILL DECRESE.

IF WE USE HIGHER HEAD LOSS AREA WILL BE DECRESE. MEANWHILE VELOCITY IS INCRESE.
POSSIBLE INTERVIEW QUESTION:

1.How you set the sheet?

Four method of sheet setting

• From Template
• Insert template as block than set the sheet
• Create new template
• Model itself create a template block than align is sheet.

2. What are the things needed for QUANTITY SURVEYING?

❖ Tender Drawing
❖ Tender BoQ (Bill of Quantity)
❖ Specification
❖ SOW (Scope of Work)
❖ Vendors List
❖ Conditions of Contract (Non Mandatory)

3.What distance we need to maintain between Two smoke Detectors

❖ 9.1m Maximum, for thumb rule average value 8 m in closed space 12 m in Large Area Corridor
❖ Radius of Coverage =0.7 D (D=9.1 SPACING)

4.Types of AC?

According to the Purpose

• Comfort AC and Industrial AC

According to the season of year

• Summer AC, Winter AC, Year around AC

According to the arrangement of equipment’s

• Unitary AC & Central AC

As per the area we need to cool, we can select the AC

❖ SPLIT AC
❖ WINDOW AC
❖ PACKAGED AC
❖ CEENTRALIZED AC

5.Alternate Software for HAP?

❖ E20 Sheet, Elite CHVAC (Commercial HVAC)

6.Classes of Duct Work?

 ❖ Class A (Low Pressure Class)- Static Pressure of 4” of Water Columns or More
❖ Class B (Medium Pressure class)- Static Pressure of 3” of Water Columns
❖ Class C (High Pressure class) - Static Pressure of 2” of Water Columns

6.Different shape of Duct?

❖ Rectangular Duct, Round Duct, Oval Duct

7.How to control Vibration in AHU?

❖ Need to Provide Vibration Isolators like (Rubber Pad, Spring ,Bellows

8.What is the material of Flexible duct?

❖ Neoprene or Canvas Cloth

9.Types of Chillers?

❖ Air Cooled Chillers (20TR-400TR)

❖ Water Cooled chillers. (20TR-2000TR)

10.Types of luvers?

❖ Sand Trap Luver

❖ Fresh air Luver
❖ Supply and Return Luver
❖ Aquastic Luver

11.In which Temperature Farenheat and Deg.Celcius are same?

❖ -40 degree Celsius

12.What is VFD and VSD?

❖ Variable frequency drive, which is used to control the Speed of pump AC Motor by adjusting Frequency(50hz)
❖ Variable Speed Drive, which is used to control the Speed of pump DC Motor by adjusting Speed.

13.What is Primary and Secondary Pump?

❖ Primary Pump- Supply the Return water to Chiller( Constant Flow Pump)
❖ Secondary Pump- From chiller to supply the water to building (Varaible Flow Pump)
❖ Bypass Line is connected in between for maintain the flow of Primary Pump

14.What are the Standards we used?

❖ ASHRAE and SMACNA for-HVAC System Standard

❖ IPC (International Plumbing Code)- Plumbing Standard
❖ NFPA (National Fire Production Authority)- Fire and Safety Standared.

15.What is blinth?

• Concrete basement for placing equipments like AHU,FCU,CHILLER

• Blinth Height minimum 10cm =100mm ,Chiller=20cm=200mm
16.DRV?

• Double Regulating Valve (Used in Chilled water Return Line)

17.Dry Electric Fange?

• Flange which is used to connect Copper pipe and SC 40 Carbon steel

18.Chilled water Pipe Thermal Insultion Material?

• Glass wool or Nitrile Rubber (Closed coil Elastomeric insulation) or PU Foam Poly olefin

19.What is GRP Pipe used in GCC?

• Glass Reinforced Plastic Pipe

20. Minimum Pressure required in Domestic water Pipe Line?

• 20PSI or 1.5 BAR

• Maximum PRESSURE 80PSI 5.5 BAR

21.Drainage Pipe and Soil Line Pipe Dia?

• Drainage Pipe-80mm (3inch)

• Soil Line-100 mm (4 inch)

22.Use of P TRAP or Gully Trap?

• Avoid the Backflow of Smell, the water always act like a sealant.
• Gully Trap to Man Hole (100mm or 3 inch minimum ) outlet
• Manhole to Manhole 6 inch pipe.

23.What is the First Manhole Minimum Distance?

• 40CM

24.What is PPR Pipe and HDPE Pipe?

• PPR-Poly Propylene Reinforced Pipe (Water Supply)

• HDPE-High Density Polyethylene Pile (Joining BY Fusion Welding)

25. What is the Normal Slope of Soil Line and Drainage Line?

• Up to 2*1/2 inch pipe ¼ inch per foot (2% slope) (1:50)

• 3 Inch-6 inch pipe 1/8 inch per foot (1% slope)(1:100)
• 8 or Larger -1/16 inch per foot slope (0.5% slope) (1:200)
26.What is the wash Basin Cill Height?

• 850-900mm

27. Flow Test?

• Normally done for whether the pipe connections are withstand the Pressure or not
• Pressure supplied the pipe is (1.5 * Working Pressure)
28. What is FI Chamber, ITR, MIR, MAS?

• FI Chamber- Final Inspection Chamber

• ITR-Inspection Test Report
• MIR-Material Inspection Report
• MA-Material Approval Sheet

29.What is Vendors List?

• Manufacturing Suppliers List

30.What is EER and COP?

EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) = Cooling load (kw)/Electrical Load(kw)

Finding the Performance of Chiller and all other machines (Value is more than 1)

COP (Coefficient of Performance) = Heat Extracted(kw) /work done (Kw)

31.What is fluid used in Chiller?

Standard Fluid Used in Chiller is GLYCOL, it will not tend to allow the water to freeze.

32.What is FM200?

Its chemically known as HeptaFluropropane, it’s liquified under pressure for storage and its super pressurized with
nitrogen at 360PSI. its not affected the Humans we can easily breathe and Specially used for data centers , it will not
affect the Electronic components.

VERY IMPORTANT:

Minimum 0.6m space (Fall ceiling and FF FFL (2 Feet) is mandatory if we are going with Ducted Machine.

ASHRAE 62.1, TABLE 6.1 PG NO 12 Ventilation Requirements.

Air Changes per Hour (ACH)-The number of times that the total air volume in a room or space is completely removed
and replaced with in an Hour.

(ACH= CFM*60/AREA*HEIGHT Ceiling) Volume=(A*H)

FRESH AIR FLOW RATE(M3/Sec) = Volume*ACH/3600 Volume in m3 (ACH-18 Recommended)

FRESH AIR FLOW RATE(LPS)= People Ventilation Flow Rate (LPS)+ Area Ventilation Flow Rate (LPS)

People Ventilation Flow Rate (LPS)=No of People *Rp(lps/person) (Values from ASHRE TABLE)

Area Ventilation Flow Rate (LPS)=Floor Area(m2) *Ra (lps/m2)

INDOOR SPLIT AC HEIGHT(BOTTOM)- 2.3 TO 2.4 METER

ADP-Apparatus Dew Point Temperature or Coil Dew Point Temperature (Evaporator coil Temperature as
per Manufacture only we can get)
 Dew Point Temperature-The Temperature at which the air must be cooled for water vapor in it to
condense in to dew or frost.

By pass Factor=0.1 Means (90% Air make contact with Evaporator coil remaining 10% is leaving)

RFI-Request for Information

S.NO QUERRIES RESPONSE

Value Engineering:

What are the Methodologies used to reduce the price that’s called Value Engineering

FCU Platform or Gantry-GI or MS Grating (Material)

Plenum Box(1Sq.Dif)-0.7Sq.mtr) of Material

Linear Slot Diffuser (1MTR) PLENUM-0.8 SQ.MTR

Head Loss Calculation ( Duct material)

Darcy Weishbach Equation (hf)=4f*L*V2/2*G*D

Dary Colebrook Equation (ASHRAE Recommended)

DUCT SIZING METHODS:

Starting Velocity Calculation:

As per Nc Value (Getting from Air Master PDF Pg.no 1.17)

In PDF (Duct Sizing) Duct Located within Occupied Condition, As per the Nc Value Select the Starting Duct Velocity than
for Branch Duct 80% of Starting and Runout 50% OF Starting.

❖ EQUAL FRICTION METHOD (0.8 PA/M Head Loss)

❖ VELOCITY REDUCTION METHOD
❖ STATIC REGAIN METHOD
❖ IEC-International Electro Technical Commission
❖ NEC-National Electrical Code
❖ DEWA-Dubai Electrical and Water Authority
❖ STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION-12 PASCAL-25 PASCAL PRESSURE WE NEED TO MAINTAIN THE SPACE (COMPARED
TO OTHER SPACE.
❖ Duct End (Outside)- Exhaust Louver or Sand Trap Louver
❖ DCV-Demand Control Ventilation (Car Parking Area) CO-25 PPM, CO2-3000ppm Exceed Means DCV Start to
Work
❖ Fire Rated Wall, FRD (Fire Rated Damper) Fusible link (melting wire) type and Motorized Type (Automatic)
❖ Up to 4000CFM Inside application we can use Pre-Insulated DUCT
❖ Hot Gases Areas (Kitchen we use MS or SS for joining using Welding)
 ADPI-AIR DIFFUSION PERFORMANCE INDEX (MENTIONED THE COOLING EFFICIENCY)

IF NOISE CRITERIA VALUE IS 30 DB MEANS ALWAYS GO WITH 28 IN DIFFUSER SELECTION

Table12.Pg.no 1.21 (Number of Air Terminal Vs DB Addition.

CHILLER PLANT ROOM:

Chiller Plant Room Height=5m

Distance between two chiller=5m (Recommended) but 2.5 m sufficient

For bypass line pipe (50% of flow only flow so dia choose half of supply pipe)

Thermal Insulation Material for Chilled water pipe are Polyurethane Foam

Outer of pipe the insulation will come, and Thickness of insulation will change as per dia of pipe.

Pre insulated pipes are also available in the market.

XLPE Cable- Cross Linked Poly Ethylene Cable.

TYPES OF PIPE MATERIAL:

SEWAGE AND SOIL LINE

• UPVC- Unplasticized Poly Vinyl Chloride

• CPVC- Post Chlorinated PVC
• HDPE-High Density Polyethylene
• MUPVC-Modified UPVC (low-Cost Pipe)
• ABS-Acro nytril Butadiene Styrene.
• RCC-Reinforced Cement Concrete
• VITRIFIED CLAY
• ASPESTOS CEMENT PIPE
• CHROMED BRASS

WATER LINE

• In GCC- PPR-Poly Propylene Reinforced Plastic

• In India-PVC (4kgf/cm2) Pipe
• PEX-Cross Linked Polyethylene.

WATER TANK:

GCC-FRP- Fiber Reinforced Plastic (0.5*0.5 m)

CHILLED WATER PIPE SIZING:

VELOCITY LIMITATION: 2.4 m/s is recommended near to the dia if possible means select it from table

Upto 2 inch (50mm) diameter pipe

 1.2 m/s Matric unit
Maximum Permissible limit
4 fps(feet per second) Imperial unit
Above 2 inch (50mm) diameter pipe
3 m/s Matric unit
Maximum Permissible limit
10 fps(feet per second) Imperial unit

HEAD LOSS TO BE CONSIDERED: 250 pas/meter is average value if your chosen dia near to means take it

100 Pascal/Meter to 400 Pascal/Meter SI Unit (Matric)

1.1 to 4.1 feet/100feet of Pipe Imperial Unit

WATER SUPPLY:

Velocity Limitation

• Up to 2inch dia pipe-Max.Velocity (1.2 m/s ,4fps)

• Above 2inch dia pipe-Max.Velocity (2.4 m/s ,8fps)
No head loss.

DRAINAGE AND SANITIRY PIPE:

1. Slope or gradient for drainage pipes

• Up to 2*1/2 inch pipe ¼ inch per foot (2% slope) (1:50)
• 3 Inch-6 inch pipe 1/8 inch per foot (1% slope)(1:100)
• 8 or Larger -1/16 inch per foot slope (0.5% slope) (1:200)

FROM NOTES:

GCC-Gulf cooperation Council

TYPES OF DRAWINGS USED IN MEP:

❖ Tender Drawing
❖ IFC Drawing (Issued for Construction) In India GFC (Good for Construction)
❖ Shop Drawing
❖ As-built Drawing

Air conditioning- Conditioning the air (Cooling or Heating and Maintaining the Relative Humidity as per Human
Comfort)

❖ Human Comfort Limit-24 deg.cel and 50% RH

Split AC- Indoor unit and outdoor unit are splitter in to two

❖ Indoor Unit- Evaporation Coil, Expansion Valve

 ❖ Outdoor Unit- Compressor and Condenser

IAQ-Indoor Air Quality

Slab Thickness-125 mm (BIS Standared)

BS Standared-M20 Concrete (Withstand the Compressive Load) (1:1.5:3) (CEMENT: SAND: AGGREGATE) (2900
PSI)

M30 Concrete for Dam Construction (1:2:4)

HVAC STANDARDS:

❖ ASHRAE- American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (US Standard)
❖ ISHRAE-Indian Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (Indian Standard)
❖ SMACNA-Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contactors National Association.
❖ DW144-Duct Work 144
❖ NBC Standard (Plumbing)-National Building Code
❖ Ventilation Standard-ASHRAE 62-1
❖ ASHRAE 154-Kitchen Ventilation Standard
❖ Energy Standard-ASHRAE 90-1
❖ NFPA 92 A,92 B -Smoke Ventilation standard

Duct Material-Galvanized (Zinc coated) Iron or Pre insulated GI

SI Metric (International System) of Units

Imperial (IPS) (Inch, Pound, Second) System

Unit of Cooling Effect-Ton of Refrigeration

UNITS AND CONVERSIONS:

TON OF REFRIGERATION

1 TR=1000 KG (SI Unit), 927 kg (IPS UNIT) ,1TR=3.516 KW=4.7HP , 1HP=746 W=0.746 KW

VOLUME FLOW RATE:

1LPS=2.119 CFM, 1 CFM =0.4719 LPS (CFM- Cufic Feet per Minute) , 1 m3/sec=1000 lps , 1cfm=0.004719 m3/s

PRESUURE

1 PASCAL= 1 N/M2, 1 BAR=1*10 5 N/M2 , 1BAR= 14.5 PSI(POUND PER SQUARE INCH), 1PSI= 1/14.5=0.0689 BAR

ANEMOMETER USED TO MEASURE THE AIR FLOW IN AIR TERMINALS

QUANITY OF WATER:

1US GPM=3.78 LPM =3.78/60 LPS=0.063 LPS,

1LPS=(1/3.78) GPS *60= GPM

IBRITISH GPM=4.56 LPM

LENGTH:

1 MTR=3.28 FEET, 1 INCH=25.4MM=25.4/1000=0.00254 M, 1M=1/0.00254=393.7 INCH

VELOCITY:

1M/S =3.28 FPS

AREA:

1 SQ.MTR=10.765 SQ.FEET

DENSITY OF WATER=1000 KG/M3,

DENSITY OF AIR=1.2 KG/M3 ( Vary with Temperature of Air) ,Cp (Air)=1.005 kj/kg.k Cp (Water)=4.186 Kj/Kg.K

Fahrenheit to Degree Celsius:

(F-32)*5/9=0C F=( 0C *9/5)+32

Possible Chances of Heat Entering in to the ROOM:

1.Through wall 2. Roof 3. Window, 4.Door, 5.Floor, 6.People, 7.Light,8.Power Equipments 9.Infiltration
10.Ventilation 11.Partion wall 12.Ceiling 13.Cooking Equipment 14. And Miscellaneous

PSYCHROMETRY:

❖ It deals with the study of Moist Air

Dry Air- Air without moisture Content

Moist Air- Air with moisture content

Saturated Air- Mixture of Air and Water Vapor, where the vapor is at saturation condition (RH=100%)

Specific Humidity- Amount of water vapor present in per kg of dry air

Relative Humidity- Its represented in percentage- amount of water vapor present in a air at given temperature
to the maximum possible amount of water vapor in the air at same temperature

RH For Human Confot:

56% In Indian Std, 50% American standard

All kind of evaporation in background producing Cooling Effect

ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO: Cooling effect in Watt/ Electrical Energy in watt

FATHER OF AIR CONDITIONING-WILL HAMMER (Invented Psychrometric Chart)

RH is High Means Water Carrying Capacity of Air Decreased.

DUCT DRAFTING DESIGN:

 ❖ Minimum 300 mm Gap bw FCU and Wall
❖ Mouth Piece angle Max 450 (any angle less than 45 0 is possible)
❖ After shoe collar extend up to 150 mm
❖ Shoe Branch
Width more than 600mm A=200MM
Less than 600 mm A=150mm
❖ Two Types of Tapper (Max 22.5 degree) less than L=350MM is not recommended)
Concentric Tapper
L=(w1-w2)*7/4
Eccentric Tapper
L=(W1-W2)*7/2
Offset Dovetail Joint (or) Radius Twin Bend, up to 400mm minimum 150 mm radius or r=150mm
Radius of bend -Refer DW144
R=W/2, R=W
❖ Thermal Insulation – Glass wool or fibred glass board insulation(25mm inside) (50mm outside)
❖ Acoustic Insulation- First 3m (Isolate Sound Energy)
❖ VCD (Volume Control Damper)-Distance from Branch= 1.5 W (SMACNA Std)
❖ Branch Duct Size Height always maintain less than 50mm Main Duct Height.
❖ Without Changing the Duct size we can use up to 8m but that is not a Economical Design.
❖ Outside Ducts(Building Outside) we can use more than 6 m/s velocity
❖ Velocity increases Area of Duct Decreases Noise Criteria in Decibel also Increases.
❖ DUCT INSULATION PG.NO 98 Table no 6.8.2 ASHRAE 90.1
Resistivity of Material is -1.9 (Inside)
-8 (For outside) Choose the Right thickness of Insulation Material according to the
R Value of Material.
Table for 6.8.3 Chilled water Pipe Insulation.

SHEET SETTING IN CAD

❖ 1:25 – A1 SHEET
❖ 1:50- A3 SHEET
❖ 1:100- A4 SHEET

MO Command for Lock the diagram in Sheet

1.XREF-Finding the XREF File

2.ETRANSMIT for Send the CAD File before it PURGE and AUDIT.

HAP CALCULATION:

• Heating and Colling Load Calculation

REQUIRMENTS OF HAP

1. DRAWING
Floor Plan
 Furniture Layout
Reflecting Ceiling Plan
Sectional or Elevation Details
2. Function, Location and Orientation of Building

In LOCATION only Dubai and Abhudhabi is available for (UAE), Apart from this two use ABHUDHABI Climate
Design Value

Peak atmospheric Temperature Recorded between 3Pm-5Pm

U VALUE OF MATERIALS (w/m2.k)

Insulated Wall (Exterior wall) 0.5

Insulated Wall (Interior wall) 1.6
Non Insulated Wall (India) 1.5
Window 1.2 - 3.6, shading coefficient-0.8)
Curtain Wall (Glass Wall) 1.2-3.5 (3.5 recommended)
Roof 0.3
Door 1.8
Floor 0.5
Ceiling (Gypsom,1/2inch Plaster, wooden board) 1.6-2.6 (2.6 recomended)
Partion Wall

Electrical Equipment Load

• Rated load (w)*usage Factor

• Usage Factor FAN-1,Oven or Stove-0.8-1, TV-0.4-0.6,Computer-0.4-0.6,Motor-0.8
• Designing Ground Floor:
• Edge Thermal Insulation (Rock Wool) R Value-2.1 m2.k/w

Exposed Perimeter=4+4=8

QUANTITY SURVEYING

TIF-Tagged Image Format

DOI-Dots per Inch
Flexible Duct Connector-Neoprene or Canvas Cloth
Thermostat
Analog type and Digital Type (Analog is the commonly used )
On-Off, Speed setting, Temperature Setting
Maximum Length of Flexible Duct-1.5 m As per ASHRAE (1.8MTR Max)
Plenum Box or Transition Duct (Round to Square)
RVCD (Round Volume Control Damper or Butterfly Damper)

Condensate Drainpipe (CDP)- UPTO 20 TR We can choose 20mm (3/4 INCH=18.75MM)

FCU Platform or Gantry-GI or MS Grating (Material)

Plenum Box (1Sq.Dif)-0.7Sq.mtr) of Material

Linear Slot Diffuser (1MTR) PLENUM-0.8 SQ.MTR

WKT Continuity Equation Q=A*V

DUCT Area A=Q/V Q-Air flow rate(m3/s), Velocity V (M/S) (We can take velocity as per Nc Value from
ASHRAE Table)

VELOCITY

For Starting Duct-5-6m/s

Branch Duct-3-4 m/s
Runout or Last Branh-2.5m/s

Standared Size of GI Sheet= 4 feet*8 feet=32 sq.feet=1.2*2.4=2.88 sq.mtr

Duct Sq.mtr calculation= 2(w+h)*L W-Width, H-Height, L-Length

Sheet Metal Gauge- To measure the thickness 0- is the Maximum Gauge Thickness

0-36 Gauges are Available 18-24 Gauge (As per SMACNA)

DUCT SIZING: (REFER INDIVIDUAL WORD FILE)

❖ Reduced Trunking System

AHU (AIR HANDLING UNIT), FAHU (FRESH AIR HANDLING UNIT), EXCHAUST FAN-Starting Branch Velocity 7-10 m/s
❖ Duct End (Outside)- Exhaust Louver or Sand Trap Louver
❖ DCV-Demand Control Ventilation (Car Parking Area) CO-25 PPM, CO2-3000ppm Exceed Means DCV Start to
Work
❖ Fire Rated Wall, FRD (Fire Rated Damper) Fusible link (melting wire) type and Motorized Type(Automatic)
❖ Up to 4000CFM Inside application we can use Pre-Insulated DUCT
❖ Hot Gases Areas (Kitchen we use MS or SS for joining using Welding
❖ Less Weight Application ALUMINIUM DUCT-Clean Room Application
❖ Aspect Ratio (Ratio of large side and smaller side of Duct 1:1 is Perfect Maximum 1:4
❖ Is aspect ratio increased means Duct material requirement also increased, that’s not a economical one.
❖ Aspect Ration increses means Heat Loss also Increse
❖ Head Loss to be considered 0.5 to 1.1 pa/mtr
❖ 0.06-0.13 inch of wg/100 ft
❖ Economical desigh 1.1 pa/m or 0.13 inch of wg/100 ft

Galvanization: Coating sink above the surface of iron. duct

Types of Galvanizations:
 ❖ Hot Tipping
❖ Electroplating

GI Coil -in industry using (Width/ 4Inch)-width infinity.

Gauge Thickness-from 0-36 size, normally (18-26 Gauge) SMACNA Standard For General

For Industrial-(16-24 gauge)

TAD (Based on flow rate of the Duct in that room and Velocity is 2.5 m/s

Use DUCT SIZER APPLICATION TO SELECT THE SIZE OF TAD.OR USE THE SAME SIZE OF DUCT

AT THE END OF TAD Provide Bell Mouth (Height A Be selected based on duct with in DW144

NO OF SHEET CALCULATION= AREA OF DUCT/AREA OF 1 SHEET

ARE OF DUCT=2(A+B) *L (standard duct Sheet size) materialAREA OF 1 SHEET= 1.2*2.4 (Square meter) & (4
feet*8feet)

NORMALLY MASS OF 1 SHEET=8.08KG/M2

MASS OF DUCT=NO OF SHEETS *MASS OF 1 SHEET

THERMAL INSULATION OF DUCT

INSIDE OF THE BUILDING (DUCT USING INSIDE OF THE BUILDING)

❖ THERMAL INSULATION MATERIAL=GLASS WOOL OR FIBRE GLASS BOARD (25MM THICKNESS) OUTSIDE OF
DUCT

OUTSIDE OF BUILDING

❖ SAME MATERIAL THICKNESS IS 50MM

ADDITIONAL THINGS TO BE USED IN THERMAL INSULATIONS ARE:

❖ ABOVE DUCT 1. STICKER PIN OR NAILS

❖ DUCT ADHESSIVE GLUE 81-10
❖ EDGE ALUMINIUM TAPE (7.5 CM -10CM) (7.5CM IS 25MM THICK& 10CM IS 50MM THICK)
❖ FINALLY, CANVAS CLOTH AND VAPOUR BARRIER COATING (FOASTER 30-36 COMMON)
❖ FOR OUTSIDE BUILDING 0.5MM ALUMINIUM GLADING
❖ DUCT EACH 3M WE NEED TO PROVIDE HANGING (SUPPORT)

CHILLED WATER PIPE SIZING:

All pipe sizing in MEP SYSTEM SCHEDULE 40 STEEL AND 500 FARENHEET WE USING IN PIPE SIZER.

SC40 STEEL CONSTRUCTION METHOD

1. Electrical Resistance Welding (Commonly Used)

2. Seamless Type (Pressure withstanding Capacity is High)
Up to 50mm dia (Pipe Joints should be screwed Fitting or Threaded Fitting)
More than 50mm dia (Welded Joints TIG or MIG)
Chilled water Flow Calculation

Q=m*Cp*DELTA. T

For Q-HEAT LOAD (KW)

Cp-Specific Heat of Water-4.186 Kj/Kg.K

DELTA.T=5.5 DEG.CELCIUS (for tender drawing ) in Shop Drawing (7-9 deg.celcius)

SO Flow Rate M= Q/Cp.Del.T

CHILLER CONNECTION:

If the Load of Building (800 TR) always Constant means (that means all machines are working Continually) than you can
go with Primary Pump Arrangement only

Variable Load, diversity is there in the load means GO WITH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ARRANGEMENT.

Advanced Technology Variable Primary Pump System:

Chiller working at

❖ 100% Full LOAD

❖ 75 % LOAD
❖ 50% LOAD

Accordingly, the Pump also adjusting the load

In this system the Primary Pump Manage all the Pressure Losses.

But in Primary secondary arrangement the secondary pump will manage the building Pressure losses.

All pipe in the chiller connection we need to provide thermal insulation.

Chiller to cooling tower return pipe no need to provide Thermal insulation.

CHILLER PLANT ROOM:

Chiller Plant Room Height=5m

Distance between two chiller=5m (Recommended) but 2.5 m sufficient

For bypass line pipe (50% of flow only flow so dia choose half of supply pipe)

Thermal Insulation Material for Chilled water pipe are Polyurethane Foam

Outer of pipe the insulation will come, and Thickness of insulation will change as per dia of pipe.

Pre insulated pipes are also available in the market.

BIM (BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING)

BIM is a Process, REVIT is a 3D Modeling software which was used for doing BIM.

More software ARCHICAD, BIM360, SKETCHUP

DIMENSION OF BIM

BIM 3D- DRAWING OR MODELING

BIM 4D-SCHEDULING (TIME, SCHEDULING, PLANNING)

BIM 5D-COST ESTIMATION (BUDGET ANALYSIS)

BIM 6D-ENERGY ANALYSIS

BIM 7D-FACILITY MANAGEMENT

LoD-LEVEL OF DETAIL (GEOMETRY)

LOD 100 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

LOD 200 APREOXIMATE GEOMETRY

LOD 300 PRECISE DESIGN

LOD 400 FABRICATION

LOD 500 AS BUILT

LoD-LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT (DESIGN)

LOD 100 PRE-DESIGN (Initial desigh)

LOD 200 SCHEMATIC DESIGN (Elevations & Sections)

LOD 300 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT (Tender Drawing)

LOD 350 CONSTRUCTION AND DOCUMENTATION

LOD 400 CONSTRUCTION STAGE (Execution)

LOD 500 AS BUILT

LoD – Not only used in MEP ,All production Industries also using this terms. But they are using Solid works ,PRO E CAD
3D Softwares.

Upto LoD300 we are doing with Available Families, LoD 350- Using Actual Family getting from Manufacturers.
System Default Metric we are using to work for Centre File Creation and Work setting.

AIR TERMINAL SELECTION:

Accessories to supply and Return the Air into the Given space

SQUARE DIFFUSER (Always we choose 4 Way Diffuser)

Size to be selected based on

Air Flow rate (CFM)

Nc Value (Pg.no 1.17 Air Master PDF)

Maximum Velocity (m/s) (Pg.no 1.7 Air Master PDF)

Overall size= Neck size+145 mm

Standard Grid ceiling size is 600*600 so maximum permissible neck size is 450*450

STANDARDS FOR AIRTERMINAL SELECTION:

❖ AIR MASTER (We are using this)

❖ BEATA
❖ TECHNOLA

ROUND DIFFUSER:

❖ FIXED TYPE
❖ ADJUSTABLE TYPE

SQUARE AND ROUND DIFFUSERS ARE DOWNTHROUGH FLOW.

GRILL/DIFFUSER:

❖ DOWN THROUGH AND SIDE THROUGH ARE POSSIBLE

❖ OVERALL HEIGHT OF GRILL IS WITHIN THE HEIGHT OF BULK HEAD
❖ SELECTION TABLE (0-45 DEGREE DEFLECTION)
❖ LISTED SIZE=200*100 MEANS
❖ NECK SIZE=L-10 =190-90
❖ OVERALL SIZE=L+50=250+150

LINEAR BAR GRILL

❖ SIDE THROUGH FLOW

❖ CHOOSE 15 DEGREE 2WAY
❖ OVERALL SIZE =L+50
❖ FOR RETURN LBG=1.5*SLBG
❖ FOR SINGLE PLENUM LENGTH ALWAYS MAINTAIN UPTO 2M (SLSD)
❖ IF PLENUM LENGTH INCREASE PRESSURE LOSS ALSO INCREASE.

LINEAR SLOT DIFFUSER:

 ❖ 2 AND 3 SLOTS ARE WIDELY USING
❖ LESS THAN 4 SLOTS ARE ALWAYS PREFERABLE
❖ IF NUMBER OF SLOTS ARE INCREASED THE CEILING IS NOT LOOK GOOD.
❖ FOR RETURN LSG=1.5*SLSD
❖ FOR SINGLE PLENUM LENGTH ALWAYS MAINTAIN UPTO 2M (SLSD)
❖ IF PLENUM LENGTH INCREASE PRESSURE LOSS ALSO INCREASE.

EXTERNAL STATIC PRESSURE CALCULATION:

WE ARE DOING TO SELECT THE FAN

STATIC PRESSURE:

❖ Maintain the rate of flow of Air in Duct system

Dynamic Pressure

❖ All losses happened

CRITICAL PATH SELECTION:

❖ Longest Branch
❖ Branch with Max no of fitting
❖ Branch with having biggest Air Terminals

ESP CALCULATION:

Material loss= Length of Duct*Head Loss due to Friction

Fittings Loss= Only Considered the Critical Path

ESP= (Material Loss+ Fittings Loss+ Air Terminal Loss + safety )-Dynamic Pressure in mouth of FCU

❖ Material Loss= Length of Duct*Head Loss

❖ Air Terminal Loss= Head through in mm of H2O (From Air master Pdf)
❖ P=ROW*g*h
❖ row=1000(Density of Water)
❖ g-specific gravity=9.81
❖ h= Head through in mm of H2O in (m)
❖ Safety (5-15 %) Considered (10%)
❖ Dynamic Pressure in Mouth of FCU P=Row*V2/2
❖ Q=A*V
❖ V=Q/A Q-Flow rate of FCU in m3/s
❖ A=Width*Height (In meter)

FAN POWER(SHAFT POWER IN HP)

Fan Power= CFM (FCU)*ESP (inch per WG)/6343*Efficiency

❖ Efficiency=75%
❖ Actual ESP in PA/M , P=ROW*g*h , h= P/ROW*G (h in mtr of WG WE GET)
❖ NOW h*1000 (mm of water column) /25.4 we can get inch of WG
 ❖ We can get Shaft Power In HP to KW (1HP =0.746 KW)

REVIT HVAC:

Cooling Air changes per Hour

Example:

AC-13 KW and 945lps

Flow rate=0.945 m3/sec

ACH= m3/sec*3600/(Area *Height)

Air changes per Hour

• Infiltration
• Cooling ACH
• Ventilation Rate

For Placing AHU atleast we need to provide 300 mm Foundation

AHU from wall atleast 2 Feet.

50mm Gap we need to maintain between Supply Duct and Return Duct in (AHU)

• VRV/VRF System- 1 outdoor unit + 64 indoor unit we can connect

Types of VRV

• Cooling only VRV

• Heat Pump VRV (Most common Type) Refnet Joint
• Heat Recovery VRV (Selector Box)

Chilled water system is Preferred whenever the running time is High (Hospital , Hotel)

For commercial and Residential Application VRV/VRF System is a preferred one.

VRV outdoor units available from 5TR-50TR, we can club the machine as per the demand.

Chiller Load – if Total load 800 TR means Always use 2 chiller like duty stand by arrangement, because when
diversity is happen means chiller will adjust the load accordingly only chiller only working.

Cooling Tower KW=1.25*Chiller KW

In VRV if HP value mentioned means that’s compressor HP Value.

VRV/VRF Commercial Application

Multi Split AC- Residential Application.

DX AIR HANDLING MACHINES/FAHU MACHINES

• Whenever the Running time less than 14hr or 10hr (OFFICE BUILDING, BANK BUILDING with Capacity Less
than 200 TR)
• Initial Investment is less
• Running Cost is High
• Life Expectations is Limited

Direct Expansion Machines, Refrigerant directly expanded inside of the Evaporator Coil

Less than 200TR

Its same like Packaged AC but Package AC It’s a inbuilt AC

But FAHU , Compressor and condenser is separate Unit, only Filter, FAN, Expansion Valve with Evaporator Coil.

AIR HANDLING UNIT:

1.Cooling only Application

2.Cooling+ Ventilation Application

3.Ventilation only Application (100% fresh Air)

• MERV-minimum Efficiency Reporting Value

• MERV Rating From 1-20
• ASHRAE 52 standard used for filter selection
MERV 17-20 is called (HEPA) High Efficiency Particulate Arrester CLEAN ROOM APPLICATIONS

ULPA- Ultra Particulate Arrester

• Normal AHU (Fresh Air Application- MERV 13 Filter (Remove bacteria and Duct everything)
• FFU-FAN FILTER UNIT (Like diffuser ,its have a inbuilt Fan in it)-Only Clean Room Application (PHARMACHUTICAL)
• Precision Manufacturing also Use MERV 17-20 (With AHU and FFU) (FFU-Individual Fan within it to suck and
Attain Pressure)
• FILTER SELECTION-ASHRAE 52
• AHU -MERV 6-7
• FAHU-MERV 13
• In Split AC and Remaining all-MERV 5
• Normal FCU Can withstand 100pa (External Static Pressure)
• Cooling only+ Cooling plus Ventilation Named as AHU
• Ventilation only (100% Fresh Air) named as FAHU or Treated FAHU

CHOOSING OF RIGHT AC MACHINE

• Initial Investment
• Running Cost (EER)
• Maintanance Cost
• Life of Machine

As per the condition go with either DX or CHW( Life upto 25 years)

Chilled Water Machine:

Types:

• Air Cooled Chiller (20-400 TR)

• Water Cooled Chiller(20-20000TR)
• Instead of Evaporator Coil and Expansion Valve -FCU (Fan, Cooling Coil)
• Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger used
• Chiller and Condenser is the Combination of Unit
• Inside chiller Refrigerant only Using to Extract the Heat)
• In Cooling Tower, To avoid Drift and Water loss they are using Drift Eliminator.
• Double regulating (DRV) with 3 way and two used
• Higher Side Equipment’s (Cooling Tower, Chiller, Pump)
• Lower Side Equipment’s (FCU, AC Machine)

100% AHU we should with Makeup Air Fan for Maintaining (85%) air taking from room Remaining 15% for maintaining
positive pressurization.

Chilled Water Heat Recovery Unit (its 100% Fresh Air)

Its have more efficiency than 70:30 Arrangement

FIRE FIGHTING:
 ❖ Fire safety and Fire Fighting is different
❖ Fire safety means- Safety Precautions and Procedures which we are followed to safeguard.
❖ Fire Fighting- How to distinguish the fire and how to fight once the fire happened that’s Firefighting.
❖ NFPA-National Fire Production Association Standard (US Std-International)
❖ In India NBC (National Building Code)
❖ In UAE-UAE Life safety Code (Handbook is the complete copy of NFPA).

STANDARDS:

❖ NFPA 101- Life Safety Code (Architect are using while preparing DWG)
❖ NFPA 10-Portable Fire Extinguishing System
❖ NFPA 13- Sprinkler System
❖ NFPA 14- Stand Pipe System (Red color Pipe)
❖ NFPA 20- Fire Pump (Electrical Pump, Diesel Pump and Jackey Pump)
❖ NFPA 72- Fire Alarm System
❖ NFPA 2001- Clean Agent System (FM20, NOVA/Inert Gas System)
❖ NFPA 92 A, 92 B-Smoke Ventilation, Stairwell Lobby Pressurization

NFPA 10-Portable Fire Extinguishing System

Fire Triangle:

Construction of Fire

For Portable Fire Extinguishing we want to remove any one medium, Fuel is not possible to remove, so we can remove
Heat or Oxygen.

Classes of Fire:

❖ Class A- Combustible Solids (Wood, Paper, Cloth)

❖ Class B- Combustible Liquids (Petroleum Products)
❖ Class C- Energized Electrical Equipment’s
❖ Class D- Combustible Metals (Sodium, Potassium, Titanium)
❖ Class K- Cooking oils, Appliances (Vegetable oil, Animal Fat)

For office Building, Residential Building and Most of Places, if the fire is accelerated means we are Consider that fire as
CLASS A & CLASS C.

Types of Fire Extinguishers:

❖ Water Type (Water with Compressed Air) (Once we used again we need to refill for maintaining the Pressure
❖ CO2 (Carbon di Oxide) Type (Compressed CO2 in Liquid form, when it’s out the phase will be in Vapor
Mass only change , there is No pressure Change will happen , so we can use multiple time, no need to refill
every time. 2-3 times we can use for singe filling
❖ Foam Type (Copper Sulphate)
❖ Dry Powder Type (Phosperous)
❖ Wet Chemical Type (Kitchen Type) (Pottasium salt sprayed will create soapy film)
 ❖ Mounting Height=1.2m (FFL)
❖ Fire Extinguishers Create a Layer above the fire to avoid the contact of Oxygen or Heat.
❖ Every week maintenance is needed (As per NFPA) (Checking the Pressure of Extinguishers)

Types of Fire Extinguisher used for Different Class of Fire

CLASS A Water Type, Dry Powder, CO2, Foam

CLASS B Dry Powder, Foam, CO2
CLASS C CO2, Dry Powder
CLASS D Special Purpose dry Powder
CLASS K Wet chemical type
❖ All Commercial and office Buildings we can use Dry Powder Type (CLASS A, CLASS B, CLASS C)
❖ At any Circumstance (CLASS A, CLASS B, CLASS C) we can use Dry Powder and CO2
❖ Distance between two FE is 15 m (Long spaces like Corridor)
❖ But in Closed Spaces Every room 1 FE need to place.

As per NFPA- 4.K KG DRY POWDER AND 5KG CO2 (Single set Normally Propose this without Consideration

NFPA 14 STANDPIPE SYSTEM

❖ For doing all these things we need to get a Permission

❖ CIVIL DEFENCE TEAM (anytime they can come and verify the pressure of Fire Extinguishers and others FF
Systems, so we can do PPM (Planed Periodic Maintanance)
❖ AHJ-Authority Have a Jurisdiction
❖ Normally MEP Engineers not doing this, they can give it to FIRE FIGHTING CONSUTANT, But fit out projects
and all already we have an Existing Permission, so we can do individually.

1.DRY RISER SYSTEM: LANDING VALVE W/WO FIRE HOSE REEL

BREACHING INLET OR

FIRE BRIGADE VALVE

Landing Valve means valve which is used to connect the fire hose to supply the Water to all the Places.(Every Floor)

Dry Riser System there is no water, when we connect the Breeching inlet of Fire brigade wall to fire engine the water
supply, we can get it.

Sometimes near to the landing valve Fire hose reel cabinet also we provide.

Sometimes the landing valve CONNECTED TO SPRINKLER that is Called Combined System.

Breeching inlet or Fire Brigade Valve:

 ❖ 2 way (Same time two hose can connect)
❖ 4 Way

Minimum size of Riser Pipe dia (100mm-for single Hose Cabinet) 150mm more than one cabinet

2. WET RISER SYSTEM:

Breeching inlet or

Fire Brigade Valve

Only Difference between Dry riser and Wet Riser System is Water Tank is Provided inside the Building to manage to
supply the Water upto (16 Minute)

After that Fire Engine should come and Manage it ,the connection should made by BREECHING INLET OR FIRE BRIGDE
VALVE (in Both outlet the Non Return Valve should be Placed to avoid the back flow)

Fire Pump should be the set of Three (Set pressure is there for starting of Pump)

1.Jockey Pump (if pressure required of water is less means initially this one will start)

2.Electrical Pump (Once Pressure is High Means Immediately Eletrical Pump will Start)

3.Diesel Pump (The electrical pump damed because of fire means Diesel Pump start to work)

Flow difference of all three pump should be maintained 1:10 Ratio Eg. Electrical Pump flow 100 lps means Jockey 10 lps

In all lite Hazard category (Office ,Hotel and Commercial building) (WRS) IS USED.

Minimum Pressure of Fire Hydrant or Fire hose reel is 4.5 bar and ,maximum 6.9 bar

NFPA-13 SPRINKLER SYSTEM

❖ WET SPRINKLER SYSTEM( if Glass bulb break of fire ,water will spray ,pressure redued ,immediately fire pump
start to work)
Wherever the glass bulb brake at the place only water will spray
❖ DRY SPRINKLER SYSTEM (Instead of water compressed air will flow) when the air pressure reduced the pump will
start and supply the water)
 ❖ PREAUCTION SPRINKLER SYSTEM (When the sprinkler bulb breaked compressed air will spray but the pump is
not start, after the smoke or Fire detector identifying this difference ,than the signal send to Main panel after
that the pump will start, Mainly used in Jail)
❖ DELUGE SPRINKLER SYSTEM (used in Petroleum Industry, there is no bulb nozzle is there once the detector
identify the fire ,immediately all the sprinklers are start to work.

TYPES OF SPRINKLER HEAD:

❖ Pendant Sprinkler(Below fall ceiling)

Concealed Pendent (Only Aesthetic look)
Recessed Pendant
❖ Upright Sprinkler
❖ Side wall Sprinkler.

Pendant and Upright are commonly used , separate line is come for Upright and Pendant sprinkler.

The Branch Pipe should be connected vertically to the main pipe for avoiding Contaminates in the sprinkler head

Instead of Glass bulb we can use soldier also Deflector

❖ Glass Bulb -QUARTIZED

❖ Soldier- FUSIBLE LINK

Air Bubble

Glass Bulb(Alcohol or Mercury)

Ceiling plate

WHICH SYSTEM WE CAN PROPOSE INSIDE THE BUILDING

Select the System which we are going to use as per the Place of Fire (WSS or DSS or AS or PSS)

TABLE 9.1 Pg.No 30 (FIRE FIGHTING HAND BOOK)

No of Sprinkler= FLOOR AREA/MAXIMUM COVERAGE OF 1 SPRINKLER.

Maximum Coverage area of 1 sprinkler PDF PG.NO 40

If we are getting Odd number in number of Sprinkler means you can Take as Even Number.

In AUTO CAD

For dividing Space make a Line

( No of Sprinker * 2) of Eg. If Total 6 Sprinkler Means

UPRIGHT and PENDANT ARE THE STANDARED SPRINKLERS

Important After providing the Sprinkers ,Check the distance between the in X direction and Y direction

TAKE A STANDARED VALUE FROM (PDF PG.NO 30) if the Distance is exceed the limit means add one more sprinkler on
that direction.

❖ For calculating the diameter of Sprinkler = Area of 1 sprinkler coverage (Already we taken this value from pdf)
❖ A=PIE/4*D2 SO D=SQUARE ROOT OF 4*AREA/PIE
❖ Then draw a Circle and Check the Coverage of Sprinkler of Void Spaces is high Means we need increase more
sprinkler.
❖ Minimum Pipe Size (25mm SC40, STEEL PIPE -NFPA RECOMENDED) in India GI pipe also we are using.
❖ Pipe size (PDF PG.NO 30) AS PER NUMBER OF SPRINKLER CHOOSE THE SIZE OF PIPE
❖ Minimum Operating Pressure of Sprinklers are 0.5 bar or 7PSI

REVIT FIRE FIGHTING:

❖ For Splitting the space for Providing Sprinklers equally

❖ ((No of Sprinklers *2)+1) In x direction ,in the same in y direction also
❖ No of Sprinklers in one Branch Calculation:
❖ = 1.2* square root of area (m2)*Sprinkler Spacing (Based on the Main Pipe direction we can calculate the
spacing between two sprinklers.
❖ Provide Main Pipe offset and Branch Pipe offset (Pipes are coming inside fall ceiling )
❖ Main pipe offset is (500mm ) from GFCL
❖ Branch Pipe (600 mm) from GFCL for getting vertical connection.
❖ Maximum Pressure of any point of fire fighting line is 12.1 Bar.
❖ Sprinkler pipe at the end of roof level we provide (AUTOMATIC AIR VENT)
❖ Fire hydrant pipe is 150mm dia (More than one connection ) (100mm only one connection)

ZONE CONTRO VALVE

It is the set or Combination of Butterfly Valve+ Flow Switch+ Pressure Gauge + Test and Drainpipe

PLUMBING: (Deals with Drainage and Water Supply)

PHE (Public Health Engineering)
STANDARDS:
IPC-International Plumbing Code (International)

NBC-National Building Code (Indian)

BS8301-Drainage

BS6700-Water supply

Plumbing Water Supply Items:

✓ Lavatory (Wash Basin)- Ceramic Material

✓ Pipe Cock- Tape (Only for Cold Connection)
✓ For Hot and Cold-water Connection (Basin Mixture)
✓ Instead of Ceramic FRP or GRP also we can use
✓ Jetted bathtub/Jacuzzi (Use separate Pump, need to provide electric connection also)
✓ Kitchen Sink (Stainless Steel Material) SS304-normally we are using
✓ SS316 (Chemically Resistant, Durability Also High) (Clinical Janitarial Sink)

Valves Usage;

Upto 50mm Ball or Check Valve

More than 50MM Check valve CANNOT CONTRO THE FLOW(Just Open Close)

More than 150mm Dia- Sluice Valve

Butterfly Valve ( Control the Flow)

Angle Valve (1/2 Inch Common size) (Contro+ Open/Close)

PRV-Pressure Regulating Valve

PRV Position

First PRV From Tank =56 meter

DELTA P is 4.3 bar 5.5bar ( Max) -Enter in the PRV 1.3 bar (minimum) Leaving in the PRV

Second and Remaining all PRV Can Place After 42 METER

For Residential Application =45 lit/Head need

CENTRAL HOT WATER SUPPLY:

In India (30lit ) Water Geyser we propose

In Gulf (50lit) Water Geyser

Hot Water Pipe (Thermal Insulation)

 Pump Flow Q=m*Cp* Delta T

Q=39 W*Total Length of Pipe (1mtr pipe 39w heat Loss) (DELTA T=10 deg.Celcius)

THUMB RULE:

30% of Hot water flow Taken as for Pipe Size Calculation. (Without calculation).

DRAINAGE TANK SIZING:

UNDER GROUND TRAINAGE TANK SIZING:

Condition A:

Municipal Sewer Line near to the Building:

UG Tank Size (Ltr)= No of People in the Building*Peak water consumption per person per day (ltr/person)

Peak water consumption per person per day (ltr/person)=135 Ltr

Residential Home :

ThumbRule: 2 m3 +180 (ltr/person)

If 4 persons in home =2000+(4*180)=2720 ltr/day

2BHK BUILDING=4 Members

3 BHK Building= 6 Persons

1BHK Building= 2 Members (Per bedroom 2Persons)

CONDITION B:
UG Tank Evacuation by means of Vehicle:

UG Tank size=(Per day water demand(Ltr)*Vehicle interval Time (Days))+ half of day building water demand

Per day Building water demand =Numberof people in the Building *per person water consumption /day

x- Free board min 100mm =0.1mtr

Average x=250mm =0.25mtr

Height of Tank Max=6mtr min=1.2 mtr

Any Two dimension we can get it from ARCHTECT

VOLUME OF TANK=Length* breath*(Height-Free board)

V=L*B*(H-X)

Example Problem:

Residential Flat

2BHK-40 Nos =40*4=160 Peoples

3 BHK-20 Nos=20*6=120 Peoples

1 BHK=30 Nos= 2*30=60 Peoples Tank Dimension from ARCHITECH l=6m

Per person water consumption per day =180 lit Height=3.5m

Vehicle arrival 2 days Free Board X=0.3 m

❖ Number of People=340 People

❖ Per day Building Water demand=340*180=61200 ltr
❖ ½ day Building Water demand=61200/2=30600

Total demand= =(Per day water demand(Ltr)*Vehicle interval Time (Days))+ half of day building water demand

= (61200*2)+30600 =153000 lit=153 cubic meter

Volume of Tank=l*b*(h-x)

= 6*b*(3.5-0.3) b=7.96 m say b=8m

TANK SIZE= 6*8*3.5

Drainage Piping System:

1. Soil Line (Water closet, Urinal)

2. Waste Line (Kitchen, Wash Basin, Bath Tub)

Floor Trap (Normal Flow Trap- 3 inlet and 1 outlet)

Trap the smell (Due to Back flow)

Floor Trap act like floor Drain but Floor Drain is not act like a Floor Trap.

Floor drain only one connection.

Water Closet

P Trap (Outlet taking through wall- Wall hung water closet, Wash basin Connection also we use)

S Trap-Outlet Taken through Floor (Floor Mounted Water Closet)

TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPING SYSTEM

1.Two Pipe System (Industrial Application) (2 stack + 2 Ventilation)

2. One pipe System (Temporary Application) (1 Stack +1 Ventilation)

3. Single Stack System (Only for Temporary Applications (1 Stack +No ventilation Pipe)

4. One pipe Partially Ventilated System (Only soil Connection Connecting in Ventilation PIPE+Waste line not connected)

GGC- PT Slab ( Post Tension Slab) (Metal wire)

Auto CAD PLUMBING

Waste Line mentioned in GRAY COLOUR

Soil line mentioned in BLUE COLOUR

❖ Drainage line and Soil Line should be connected as 45 degrees

❖ End of Hanging Pipe we are using Cleaning Eye.
❖ Water Tank or Drainage tank the height will be less than 6mtr.

MAX 6-7.5 mtr

Minimum dia using for drainage system is 32 mm (1*1/4 inch)

THUMBRULE:

IPC Standared Pg.no 84 , Table no 709.1 DFU (Drainage Fixture Units) (it’s a unitless Number)

For sizing all pipe dia (as per DFU we can select the Pipe )

Wash basin means Lavetary

Table 710.1 Building Drains and sewers

Outlet of FLOOR TRAP (3INCH DIA STD)

709.3 -Conversion of GPM flow to DFU (1GPM =0.06 lps =2DFU)

For urinal std outlet dia 2 inch

Water closet outlet dia (4 inch) (3-4 inch normally we can use)

For Horizontal Pipe 4 inch means we cannot decrease Vertical Pipe less than 4 inch.

Each Floor 1 branch interval we should Consider.

Table 710.1(2) Branch Interval

MH Distance Depth Invert Level Cover level
In 4- inch pipe (3 branch
interval, single horizontal pipe max DFU is 160 if exceeds means go with other size. 5inch pipe.

1,2,3 is Branch interval

Branch Interval According to that check the Pipe size in table meanwhile check the maximum DFU in Horizontal
interval

For Horizontal Pipe go to 710.1(1) Table choose the pipe dia based on the DFU Value

MANHOLE AND INVERT LEVEL, COVER LEVEL CALCULATION:

Minimum depth of First ManHole =0.45 m=45cm

Maximum distance between two manhole is =122 METER

Minimum distance between two man hole is 0.16m =160mm

Interconnect pipe b/w two Manhole (6” dia Pipe) (1:100 slope)

Invert Level – depth is needed to connect the Manhole 1 and 2 is a slope

Cover Level- Level to cover the Manhole

INVERT LEVEL= COVER LEVEL-DEPTH

Example Problems:
 MH 1 0.45 m 0.25-0.45=-0.2 +0.25m
MH2 35cm 0.45+0.35=0.8m 0.25-0.8=-0.55 +0.25m
MH3 40cm 0.8+0.4=1.2 Depth and Invert -1.2m
Take 0.45m level are in same so
Take depth as 0.45
m
-1.2-0.45=-1.65m
MH4 30cm 0.45+0.3=0.75 -1.2-0.75=-1.95 m -1.2m

Example 2:

CL=+0.3, Depth-0.5m

CL=+0.2 CL=-0.5 CL=-0.5

MH Distance Depth Invert Level Cover Label

MH 1 0.5 -0.2 0.3
MH2 0.33 0.5+0.33=0.83 -0.63 0.2
MH 3 0.45 0.83+0.45=1.28 -1.78 -0.5
MH 4 0.28 1.28+0.28=1.56 -2.06 -0.5

Water supply Routing:

Angle Valve- Placing 350-450mm above FFL

Water Supply Line-Above the Fall Celling (For First Floor)

Drainage line-Below the water supply line (For First Floor)

Right side of Sanitary Fittings (Cold connection) Left side (Hot connection)

Based on WSFU(Water Supply Fixture Units) choose the GPM Value PG.NO-163 (pdf), PG.NO-16 (pdf)

Based on GPM Value select the pipe Size (USING PIPE SIZER) (SC40 PVC PLASTIC,70deg Fahrenheit)

Minimum pipe size ¾ inch

Velocity Limitation

• Up to 2inch dia pipe-Max.Velocity (1.2 m/s ,4fps)

• Above 2inch dia pipe-Max.Velocity (2.4 m/s ,8fps)
 • No need to consider the Head Loss.
• Diversity Factor:
• For saving cost (Reducing pipe size and easy installation the designer can do)
• For individual fitting (Like Kitchen Basin we can’t apply Diversity Factor)
• Multi Urinal and water Closet is not going to use so we can apply

WATER SUPPLY TANK SIZING:

Under Ground Tank:

• Residential Application (Borewell and Open well is ok),for commercial application we cant use.

Condition 1: Public water supply line nearby the building.

• UG TANK VOLUME (ltr)= Per day building water Demand.

• Per day building water Demand= No of People *Water consumption per person per day.

Condition 2:UG Tank filling by vehicle

• UG Tank filling by vehicle= (Per day building water demand (ltr)*Vehicle arrival interval (Day))+1/2 day building
water demand (ltr)
• For Municipality water we can take upto 1 to 2 floor, otherwise we can use TRANSFER PUMP OH Tank

TRANSFER PUMP: Transfer the liquid from one place to another place.

Transfer Pump

UG Tank GF

OVERHEAD TANK SIZING:

1.30 % of UG Tank Volume (Per day)

2.Number of people inside your building *Peak water consumption per person (60 lit/person)

3. 2 to 3 hr of GPM Deamd 29.5 GPM, 29.5*3.78=111.51 LPM

Assume 29.5 Gpm 111.51*60=6690 LPH *3=20072 LITTER

29.5*60=1770 GPH so 3hr means 3*1770=5310 Gallons Overhead Tank size =20 Cubic meter.

EXAMPLE PROBLEM:

Hotel Building, 180 no of People Per person consumption per day=180lit/day, Vehicle arrival =2 days

Condition 1:

UG TANK: Condition 1:

UG Tank Volume=No of people* Per person water consumption per day

=180*180= 32400 lit=32 cubic meter.

OH TANK:

Condition 1:

30% OF UG TANK VOLUME= 0.3*32 = 9.72 CUBIC METER.

Condition 2:

No of People * per person water consumption=180*60=10800 lit=10.8 cubic meter.

CONDITION 2: UG TANK FILLING BY VEHICLE

UG Tank=(Per day building water demand (ltr)*Vehicle arrival interval (Day))+1/2 day building water demand (ltr)

= ((180*180)*2)+(180*180/2)

= 81000 ltr =81 cubic meter

OH TANK:

Condition 1:

30% OF UG TANK VOLUME= 0.3*81 = 9.72 CUBIC METER.

Condition 2:

No of People * per person water consumption=180*60=10800 lit=10.8 cubic meter.

TRANSFER PUMP: (Water Supply)

Need to Calculate 1. Pump Flow Rate 2. Pump Head.

Transfer Pump Flow Rate= Volume of tank filled (ltr) (Over head Tank)/Tank filling time in min *60

Tank filling time- 20 to 60 min, Avg 40 min

Transfer pump flow rate should always higher than building water demand in GPM.

TRANSFER PUMP CALCULATION FAB BUILDING: (Considered as Single story Building)

• Total no of People=86 no’s (Calculated from Furniture Layout)

• Office building with canteen=45 Lit/Employee (From PDF)
• UG TANK VOLUME: No of people*45= 86*45=3870 lit=3.87 cubic meter
• OH TANK Volume= 30% Per Day= 0.3*3.87=1.161 cubic meter
• Transfer Pump Flow Rate= Volume of tank filled (OH) (Ltr)/Tank filling time in (min)*60
• = 1161/40*60 =0.45 LPS
• Building Water Consumption rate =23.3 GPM (From Auto cad Calculation)
• = 23.3*3.78/60 = 1.46 lps
• Make sure that Transfer pump flow rate 10 % higher than Building consumption rate.
• Transfer Pump flow Rate (10% higher) =1.1*1.46 =1.6 lps
• If we have plumbing design means(after Diversity Factor) take that GPM Value
 • If we can use this value otherwise propose the formulae value.

NOTE:

• If no of peoples not known means from ASHRAE 62.1 Std, 100m2 how many peoples (Based on application we
can choose)

SELECTION OF TRANSFER PUMP:

Pump Head Calculation:

1. Material Loss= Total length of pipe (Mtr)*Head Loss Used for Design (Pa/Mtr)
• Total length of Transfer pipe (Mtr)= Vertical Length of Pipe+ Horizantal Length
• Head Loss Used for Design (Pa/Mtr)
• Pump flow rate= OH Tank Volume(m3)/Tank Filling Time*60
• Unit in Lps = GPM and Pipe sizer app find Head Loss value in ft/100 ft, convert to Pa/m calculation available in
Pipe sizing Excel Sheet. Thumb Rule FT/100 FT*100= PA/M (Exact *98.5)

2.Fittings Loss:

Total Equivalent Length of Fittings (Mtr)* Head Loss Used for Design (Pa/m)

Fittings:

Isolation Valve - in Suction and Delivery Side

Strainer Valve= in Suction Side

Pump Flexible Connection (Pump Suction and Delivery Side) (For reducing Vibration)

Pipe Reducer (if pump inlet and Outlet dia more means use)

Inlet GATE VALVE STRAINER FLEXIBLE Pump NRV outlet

Fittings with Equivalent Length ( Feet) – IPC Pg.no (166) (PDF)

Within the pipe we using VALVE (Threaded Fittings)

Elbow and TEE (Solvent Fittings)

ISOLATION VALVE (GATE VALVE)

STRAINER= NON-RETURN VALVE

FOOT VALVE= NRV

EQ.IN METER
FITTINGS EQ LENGTH IN FEET QTY TOTAL EQ.IN METER
FEET/3.28

STATIC HEAD PRESSURE:

For open Loop System (STATIC HEAD =SUCTION +DELIVERY HEAD)

For Closed Loop System (Already the same Fluid is there so no Gravity means Static Head is zero)

Transfer Pump is Open Loop System

STATIC PRESSURE (P)= ROW*g*H in PA/M

H- Static Head (Total height of Pipe)

4. RESIDUAL PRESSURE: Pressure at the edge of Pipe is Residual Pressure

Normally we consider Residual Pressure (Dynamic) 5000-10000 pa

ACTUAL LOSS= MATERIAL LOSS+FITTINGS LOSS+STATIC HEAD PRESSURE+RESIDUAL PRESSURE (in PA/M)

For SAFETY (5-15 %) For All Pump Selection (10%)

Total Loss in PASCAL/METER

WKT

P=ROW*g*H

(H=P/ROW*g) in mtr.

PUMP POWER IN (KW) (Shaft Power)

Power of Pump in (KW) = row*g*q*h/(1000*Efficiency)

q-Pump Flow rate in m3/sec

Efficiency (60-80%) (Average 75% consider)

Power of Pump in HP= Power of pump in kw/0.746

PUMP SELECTION

2.44 LPS & 27 MTR HEAD

BOOSTER PUMP SELECTION:

While selecting Booster Pump

We need to calculate Two things

• 1.BOOSTER PUMP FLOW RATE

• 2.BOOSTER PUMP HEAD.
We have Considered as 50% of Building demand as Booster Pump Demand (4 floor use can calculate)

For Calculation

The water demand should be taken after considering the diversity factor.

For Pipe Dia Go with Full demand Sizes.

BOOSTER PUMP SELECTION:

Select the Critical Path

Critical Path should be

• length of path maximum

• Which path have maximum number of Fittings
• From over head tank to ceiling (250mm)
• Take half of Ceiling Height (EG 1200 MM means 600MM)
• Total Length of Top pipe (850mm)
• 2.9m from GF TL (From GF TO TL -300MM) and Half of Fall Ceiling Height (0.6m)+ Distance bw GFTL TO
GFCL=2.3M Total -2.9m , Same way we need to calculate remaining buildings as per the dimension.

Each individual Diameter Pipe we need to calculate the Material Loss and Fittings Loss.

1. MATERIAL LOSS= PIPE TOTAL LENGTH OF (M)* HEAD LOSS USED FOR DESIGN(PA)
2. FITTINGS LOSS=TOTAL EQUIVALENT FITTINGS LENGTH (MTR)* HEAD LOSS USED FOR DESIGN
3. STATIC HEAD CALCULATE (REFER EXCEL SHEET)
4. RESIDUAL PRESSURE (20PSI TO 45PSI)
5. ACTUAL LOSS= MATERIAL LOSS+FITTINGS LOSS+STATIC HEAD+RESIDUAL PRESSURE
6. SAFETY (5-15%) (10%)
7. TOTAL LOSS= ACTUAL LOSS+SAFETY (PA)
• PUMP HEAD:
• P=ROW*g*H
• H=P/ROW*g
• SELECTION OF BOOSTER PUMP , FLOW RATE IN LPS @ PUMP HEAD

POWER OF PUMP (SHAFT POWER) IN KW

• = Q*ROW*G*H/(1000*EFFICIENCY)
• EFFICIENCY=75 %
• POWER OF PUMP IN (HP)=POWER OF PUMP IN KW/0746

REVIT PLUMBING:

For Providing Water Closet in Ground Floor we need to Provide 200-300mm additional Floor (GF TL PL) From that floor
only we are taking the Pipe Blow ,in First Floor we are taking the pipe below in th Ceiling Level.

Soil Line Pipe Dia (100mm ) or 4 Inch

SLOPE (1%) Need to Provide these Drainage and Soil Line.

Wash Basiin cill Height (850-900)mm

Below wash basin Bottle trap /U Trap

WATER SUPPLY:

No need to provide slope for water supply line.

Water Pipe line coming above the Fall Ceiling.

300mm offset for Water Tank.

Pump offset-150mm

Make sure that Pump level should be below the Tank Level for Positive Pressure.

As HVAC Design Engineer

I will ask following questions

1. What are types of HVAC systems and how to select type for different systems?
Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems are
1.Split Air Conditioning
2. Packaged Air Conditioning
3. Window Air Conditioning
4. Central Air Conditioning
As per the Cooling or Heating Load required in a specific space, I can choose the HVAC System
2. Can he use HAP or other equivalent software’s?
Yes more relevant software’s is there to calculate cooling and Heating Load, But As per ASHRAE Standard I use
HAP.
Some other software’s like E20 Sheet and CHVAC (Commercial HVAC) like that software’s also available in the
market
3. Give him one drawing and ask him how to calculate heat and cooling load
Q=m*Cp*Delta T
Q Is the Load in (KW)
Cp=4.186 KJ/KG.K
4. How to find ESP for FANs
ESP=Total Loss-Dynamic Presurre Delivered in the Mouth of MCU
Dynamic Presurre Delivered in the Mouth of MCU P=Row *V2/2
Total Loss= Material Loss+ Fittings Losss+ Air Terminal Loss+safety(10%)
Material Loss= Length of Material * Head Loss used for Design
Fan Power in (kw)= CFM*ESP in inch of WG/6343*EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY (75%)
5. How to find Head for closed and open circuits
Open Circuit:
P=row*g*h (Total Vertical Height of Pipe)
 Closed Circuit:
There is no static head is Zero
6. How to find U Values
From ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Standared
7. Which ASHRAE references to be used for which purposes

8. Draw circuit for primary only/ and primary secondary chilled water circuit

1. Basic Components of A/C system

2. Principle of air condition systems

3. What are the duct pressure classes as per SMACNA?

4. Working of chillers

5. Testing and balancing procedure

1. What type of projects you are worked on?

2. Explain about primary/secondary system chiller plant?

3. Types of pumps used in HVAC Industry?

4. Commissioning of Chiller system plant

SET-2 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:

2. Specific heat values of water and air

Amount of heat required to rise a temperature of per kg of substance to 1 deg.celcius
Cp of water-4.186 KJ/Kg.k
Cp of Air-1.005 KJ/KG.K
3. Types of ducts
• Rectangular Duct
• Round Duct
• Oval Duct
Duct Nomenclature
SAD-Supply Air Duct
RAD-Return Air Duct
MAD-Make up Air Duct
KED-Kitchen Exchaust Duct
TED-Toilet Exchaust Duct
FAD-Fresh Air Duct
EAD-Exchaust Air Duct
TAD-Transfer Air Duct
4. What is tonne of refrigeration
Amount of heat required to convert 1 ton of water in to ice at 0 deg.celcius in 24 hr
5. U values
Wall (Insulated)-0.5 w/m2.k
Wall (Non Insulated)-1.6 w/m2.k
Wall (India) -1.5 w/m2.k
Window (Exterior)-3.6 w/m2.k (0.8 Shading Coefficient)
Curtain Wall-3.5 w/m2.k
 Floor-0.5 w/m2.k
Roof-0.3 w/m2.k
Door-1.8 w/m2.k
6. What is specific heat?
Amount of heat required to rise a temperature of per kg of substange to 1 deg.celcius
7. Materials using for duct construction
• GI Duct (Galvanized iron) (Zinc coated Iron)
Hot Tip Galvanization
Electroplate Galvaniztion.
• SS Duct (High Heat Application) (Kitchen Areas) (Need to provide 2 hr fire rated coating in the duct
also)(50mm ,48kg/m3 Rockwool insulation need to provide)
• PRE insulated Duct (Polyurethane and Phenolic Insulation) (PI Duct)
• Copper Duct
• Aluminum
• Mild Steel
• FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) (Industrial Application)
• Fabric Duct
8. Conversations of Tone of refrigeration
1 TR =3.516 KW=3516 W=4.7HP=12000 BTU/HR
9. HVAC standards
ASHRAE-
ISHRAE-
ASHRAE62.1-Ventilation Standard
ASHRAE 90.1-Energy Standard
ASHRAE154- KITCHEN Ventilation Standard
ASHRAE 186 GREEN Building Standard

10. Basic units and conversations

11. Chilled water flow calculation

• Q=m*Cp *delta T
12. What is VRV & VRF
• VRV (Variable Refrigerant Volume) (Daikin Manufacture)
• VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) (Other Manufacture)
• VRV/VRF System (DX System)
13. Types of AC machines and their capacity range

14. Uses of VRV and VRF

1. Running time is less
2. Space Heating and Cooling both are possible
3. Different temperature setting
4. Electrical Efficiency is High
15. What is vav
• VAV (Variable air Volume)
16. Chilled water pipe materials
• SC40 carbon Steel Pipe
• Electrical Resistance welding Type
• Seamless Type (High Pressure withstanding Capacity)
• Upto 50 mm dia SCREWED FITTING OR THREADED FITTING
• More than 50 means from 65mm (Joints by welding TIG or MIG)
17. Uses of vav
• VAV (Variable air Volume)
• By bass Type VAV (Constant Air Flow AHU We can Use)
• Pressure Independent Type VAV (Duct branches having pressure sensor and pressure exceed means
sensoe send the signal to control panel connect with VFD will control the speed of Blower fan the Air
flow will Adjust)
• Energy Efficient one.
18. Insulation materials
Duct:
• Fiber glass Board (25mm inside /50mm outside)
• Glass wool
• Rock Wool
Pipe:
• Nitrile Rubber (Closed cell Elastomeric Insulation)
Self-adhesive and Non-Adhesive
• Glass Wool
• PU Foam
• Poly Olefin (Self Adhesive)

19. Type of sprinkler heads

• Pendant Type
Recessed
Concealed
• Upright Type
• Side wall Sprinkler

20. Firefighting items

• Sprinkler
• Pressure Reducing Valve
• Hose Reel Cabinet
• Hose Rack cabinet
• Breeching or Brigade Valve
• Fire Pump
• Fire Tank
• Landing Valve
• ZCV (Zone control Valve)
21. Items in water supply and drainage
• Lavatory
• Urinal
• Water Closet
• Pipe cock
• Valve (Check and Ball valve and Sluice Valve)
• PRV (Pressure reducing Valve)
22. Water supply and drainage pipe materials
• UPVC-Unplasticized poly vinyl chloride
• PPR-Poly Propylene Reinforced Pipe
• HDPE-High Density Poly Ethelene
• CPVC-Chlorinated Poly Vinyl chloride
• PEX-Cross Linked Poly Ethylene.
• SC40 Steel Pipe
23. Headloss using for chilled water pipe sizing
• Head Loss -1.1 to 4.1 ft/100 ft of pipe
 • Head Loss-100 pa/m to 400 pa/m
24. Duct design and HAP use
• HAP ( Hourly Analysis Program) Recommended by ASHRAE ,to calculate Heating and Cooling Load
Baed on the load ,we can select the machine we can choose design the ducts
25. Headloss using for duct sizing
• 0.5 to 1.1 pa/m
26. What is VCD, NRD and Fire damper. Uses
• VCD- Volume control Damber
• NRD- Non Return Dambers
• FD- Fire damber
• MFD-Motorized Fire Damber
• MSFD-Motorized Smoke FD
27. Velocities using for duct sizing in constant velocity method
• Velocity reduction Method
• Starting Velocity 5-6 m/s
• Branch Velocity-4-5 m/s (80% of Starting Velocity)
• Run out-2-3 m/s (50% of Starting Velocity)
• Starting Duct velocity In AHU,FAHU up to 10 but 8 m/s is an Economic one.
28. Psychromrtric terms
• Dry Air
• Moist Air
• Satuarated Air
• Specific Humidity
• Relative Humidity
• Dew Point Temperature.
• ADP Temperature or Coil DPT
• Bypass Factor.
29. Standard sizes of drainage pipes
Soil Line-100 mm dia (4 inch pipe)
Drainage Line -80mm dia (3inch Pipe)
30. What is chiller and working of chiller
• Chiller is a System, it’s a Combination of Heat Exchanger (Shell and Tube) and Condenser
• Hot air From Building (13 deg.cel) – Heat Exchanger, Cold water from cooling tower (26 deg.cel) is
through condenser- took the heat of Hot water
• Cooling water (4 deg.cel) recirculated through Secondary Pump
• Outlet of Condenser (Hot water 31deg.cel went to cooling tower)
31. Delta T using for chilled water calculation
• 5.5 deg.cel (Tender Preparation)
• 7-9 deg.cel (Shop Drawing Preparation) always less than 13 but less than 10 always.
32. Duct area calculation and gauges of duct
• Area of Duct = 2*(W+H) *L
33. Use of ac thermostat
Two types of thermostats
Analog and Digital type (Analog is most used thermostat)
• Thermostat is used for Three application (it’s a Sensor device)
• Speed setting
• ON/OFF
• Temperature Setting.
34. What is cooling tower
• Cooling tower is a System, which is used to Cool the Air, Convection Heat Transfer is happened inside
the cooling Tower.
Types:
 • Natural Draught Cooling Tower.
• Forced draught Cooling Tower. Drift Eliminator (Used for avoiding water losses)
• Induced Draught Cooling Tower (Mainly Used in MEP System)
35. What is VFD of pumps
• VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) which is used in AC Power Supply Pumps, purpose of VFD is for adjusting
the speed of Pump meanwhile rate of flow also decrees. (When the Flow rate is decrease means Speed
also decrease)
• VFD is an Energy Efficient Technology.
36. Types of diffusers and grilles
• Supply Square Diffuser-Supply Return Diffuser
• Round Supply and Return Diffuser
• Supply and Return Bar Grill/ Register
• Supply and Return Linear Slot Diffuser
• Perforated ceiling Diffuser
• Jet Diffuser
• Egg Grade Grill
• Displacement Diffuser
• Fabric Diffuse.
37. Use of primary and secondary pumps in chilled water system
• Primary Pump is a Constant Flow Pump, which is used to supply a return water from building to chiller
• Secondary Pump is Variable flow Pump, which is used to supply a water from Chiller to building,VFD is
placed on Secondary Pump for adjusting the Flow.
38. All standards
Refer Previous Answers.
39. Tank sizing

40. Optimum velocity through pipes

• 1.5-3 m/s
41. Slope or gradient for drainage pipes
Up to 2*1/2 inch pipe ¼ inch per foot (2% slope) (1:50)
3 Inch-6 inch pipe 1/8 inch per foot (1% slope)(1:100)
8 or Larger -1/16 inch per foot slope (0.5% slope) (1:200)
42. Head loss using for water supply pipe design
Velocity Limitation

• Up to 2inch dia pipe-Max.Velocity (1.2 m/s ,4fps)

• Above 2inch dia pipe-Max.Velocity (2.4 m/s ,8fps)
No head loss.
43. Sanitary fittings to floor trap
• Wash basin
• Bathtub
• S Trap
• Bottle Trap
• Angle Valve
• Pipe cock
44. Floor trap & Gully trap Use
• To avoid the backflow and its restricted the Flow of smell back into the space ,water is act like a sealant
to restrict.
• Gully Trap to Man Hole (100mm or 3 inch minimum ) outlet
• Manhole to Manhole 6 inch pipe.
45. Size of manhole covers
 • If the depth of MH is less than 1000 mm (450*450) Rectangular
• is More than 1000 mm to 1200 mm (600*600) Rectangular
• 450 mm or 600 mm diameters for Circular Covers.
• Cover material Ductile Iron. Heavy DutyG
46. Acoustic insulation
• Aquastic insulation provided in inside of the duct for first 3 meter, to control the noise decibel level
,material we used for Fiber Glass Board (25mm thickness)
• AHU ,FAHU, Exchaust Fan like bigger machines we have use Sound Attenuator(Same like VCD) Esp we
can take as 100 pa.
47. pH of water
• In the level of 6.5 to 8.5 (Potential level of Hydrogen)
48. Transfer pump & Booster pump
• A pump which is used to supply the water from Lower level to Higher level.
• A Pump which is used to increase the pressure of flow is BOOSTER Pump.

MEP INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Are you familiar with the International Building Code?

What are the most important qualifications for an MEP engineer?

The most important qualification for an MEP engineer is their ability to work well with others. This job requires
collaboration, so I find it essential to be able to communicate effectively with my team members. Another
qualification is technical knowledge. In order to perform this job successfully, I need to understand how
different systems interact with each other. Finally, I think problem-solving skills are crucial because there will
always be challenges when working on large projects.”

How would you design a plumbing system for a new office building?

What is your process for designing a heating and cooling system?

Provide an example of a time when you had to deal with a difficult client or customer.

If you had the opportunity to start your career over, what would you do differently?

What would you do if you noticed a problem with the electrical system of a building you designed?

How well do you understand the blueprints for a building?

Do you have experience working with other engineers to complete projects

We want to ensure our buildings are energy efficient. How would you improve the energy efficiency of a
building you designed?

Describe your process for testing completed projects.

What makes you stand out from other MEP engineers?

“I think what makes me stand out the most is my ability to work well under pressure.

What do you think is the most important skill for an MEP engineer to have?
“I think one of the most important skills for an MEP engineer is problem-solving. I’ve always been good at
solving problems, which has helped me learn more about engineering.”