Circulatory system

Heart

What is heart? ËÑÇ㨠(heart) ໚¹Èٹ¡ÅÒ§¢Í§ÃкºËÁعàÇÕ¹àÅ×Í´ ·Ó˹ŒÒ·ÕèÊÙº©Õ´àÅÍ×´ä»àÅÕé§ʋǹµ‹Ò§æ ¢Í§Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂ

â´Â¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ㹡ÒúպµÑÇÍ‹ҧ໚¹¨Ñ§ËÇйÑé¹ ÍÒÈÑ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§·Ò§ä¿¿‡Ò¢Í§à«Åŏ·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¢ŒÍ§ µÓá˹‹§
ËÑÇ㨢ͧÁ¹ØɏÍÂًºÃÔàdz¡ÅÒ§·Ãǧ͡¤‹Í¹ä»·Ò§«ŒÒ ¶Ù¡Ë‹ÍË،Á´ŒÇÂàÂ×èÍ·ÕèÁÕÅѡɳкҧà˹ÕÂÇ àÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò àÂ×èÍË،Á
ËÑÇ㨠(pericardium) «Öè§ÁÕ 2 ªÑé¹ â´ÂÃÐËNjҧªÑ鹨ÐÁÕ¹éÓËŋÍàÅÕé§àÂ×èÍË،ÁËÑÇ㨠·Ó˹ŒÒ·Õ誋ÇÂÅ´¡ÒÃàÊÕ´ÊÕáÅÐ
ª‹ÇÂãˌà¤Å×è͹·ÕèÊдǡ áÅÐà¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ËÑÇ㨵ŒÍ§·Ó§Ò¹µÅÍ´àÇÅÒµÃҺ෋ҷÕèÂѧÁÕªÕÇÔµÍйР( :/ ) ´Ñ§¹Ñ鹡ŌÒÁà¹×éÍ
ËÑÇ㨨֧µŒÍ§ÁÕËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´ÁÒËŋÍàÅÕé§àÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò coronary artery «Öè§áµ¡á¢¹§¨Ò¡â¤¹¢Í§ aorta

How does ¡Ò÷ӧҹ¢Í§ËÑÇã¨ÍÒÈÑ¡ÒÃÊÙº©Õ´àÅ×Í´¼‹Ò¹ËŒÍ§ËÑÇ㨠(chamber) «Öè§ÁÕˌͧËÑÇ㨷Ñé§ËÁ´ 4 ˌͧ 䴌ᡋ ËÑÇã¨

heart work? ˌͧº¹¢ÇÒ (right atrium) ËÑÇã¨ËŒÍ§º¹«ŒÒ (left atrium) ËÑÇã¨ËŒÍ§Å‹Ò§¢ÇÒ (right ventricle) áÅÐËÑÇã¨
ˌͧŋҧ«ŒÒ (left ventricle) «Öè§ËÑÇã¨ËŒÍ§Å‹Ò§«ŒÒ¨ÐÁÕ¼¹Ñ§Ë¹Ò·ÕèÊØ´ à¾ÃÒзÓ˹ŒÒ·ÕèÊÙº©Õ´àÅ×Í´ä»àÅÕ駷ÑèÇËҧ¡ÒÂ
¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹ÕéÂѧÍÒÈÑ¡Ò÷ӧҹÍաʋǹ·ÕèÊӤѭ¤×Í ÅÔé¹ËÑÇ㨠(heart valve) «Öè§ÁÕ˹ŒÒ·ÕèºÑ§¤Ñº·ÔÈ·Ò§¢Í§àÅ×Í´ãˌäËÅä»
ã¹·ÔÈ·Ò§à´ÕÂÇ à¾×èÍ»‡Í§¡Ñ¹äÁ‹ãˌàÅ×Í´äËÅŒ͹¡ÅѺ â´Â¡ÒÃແ´ËÃ×Í»´Å×é¹ËÑÇ㨠ÍÒÈѤÇÒÁᵡµ‹Ò§¢Í§¤ÇÒÁ´Ñ¹·Ñé§
2 ´ŒÒ¹ ´ŒÒ¹·ÕèÅÔé¹ËÑÇ㨹Ñ鹡Ñé¹à»š¹µÑǺѧ¤Ñº ẋ§ÅÔé¹ËÑÇã¨à»š¹ 4 µÓá˹‹§ ´Ñ§¹Õé
1. Tricuspid valve 8¡Ñé¹ÃÐËNjҧ atrium áÅÐ ventricle ¢Í§ËÑÇ㨫ա¢ÇÒ á¼‹¹¡Ñé¹ÁÕ 3 Ἃ¹ (cusp)
2. Bicuspid (mitral) valve ¡Ñé¹ÃÐËNjҧ atrium áÅÐ ventrical ¢Í§ËÑÇ㨫ա«ŒÒ Ἃ¹¡Ñé¹ÁÕ 2 Ἃ¹
3. Pulmonary valve ÍÂً°Ò¹ËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´ pulmonary artery á¼¹¡Ñé¹ÁÕ 3 Ἃ¹
4. Aortic valve ÍÂً°Ò¹ËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´ aorta Ἃ¹¡Ñé¹ÁÕ 3 Ἃ¹

Short note: pulmonary áÅÐ aortic value ÍÂًµÃ§·Ò§ÍÍ¡¢Í§

ventricle ÅѡɳÐá¼¹¡ÒÃ໚¹ÃÙ»¤ÃÖè§Ç§¡ÅÁ¤ÅŒÒÂ
¾ÃШѹ·ÃàÊÕéÂÇ ¨Ö§ÁÕª×èÍàÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò semilunar valve ʋǹ
tricuspid áÅÐ bicuspid ¡Ñé¹ÃÐËNjҧ atrium áÅÐ
ventricle ¨Ö§ÁÕª×èÍàÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò atrioventricular (AV)
valve «Öè§à·¤¹Ô¤¡ÒèÓà¾×èÍ»‡Í§¡Ñ¹¡ÒÃÊÅѺ¢Í§ AV valve
ãˌ¨ÓÇ‹Ò ´ŒÒ¹«ŒÒ ÊÃÐÍÒÍÂًµÓá˹‹§·ÕèÊͧ (Bi =2) ʋǹ
´ŒÒ¹¢ÇÒ ÊÃÐÍÒÍÂًµÓá˹‹§·ÕèÊÒÁ (tri =3)

ÊÃØ» ËÑÇ㨠: ËÑÇã¨à»š¹Èٹ¡ÅÒ§¢Í§ÃкºËÁعàÇÕ¹àÅ×Í´ã¹Ã‹Ò§¡Ò ÁÕàÂ×èÍË،ÁËÑÇ㨪‹ÇÂÅ´¡ÒÃàÊÕ´ÊÕáÅЪ‹ÇÂãˌà¤Å×è͹·ÕèÊдǡ áÅÐÁÕËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´

coronary artery à¾×èÍàÅÕ駡ŌÒÁà¹×éÍËÑÇã¨. ¡Ò÷ӧҹ¢Í§ËÑÇã¨à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃÊÙº©Õ´àÅ×Í´¼‹Ò¹ËŒÍ§ËÑÇ㨠4 ˌͧ áÅÐÅÔé¹ËÑÇ㨷ÕèºÑ§¤Ñº·ÔÈ·Ò§
àÅ×Í´äËÅ໚¹µÒÁ·ÔÈ·Ò§à´ÕÂÇ ÁÕ 4 ÅÔé¹ËÑÇ㨠¤×Í Tricuspid valve, Pulmonary valve, Bicuspid (mitral) valve áÅÐ Aortic valve
â´ÂᵋÅÐÅÔé¹ËÑÇã¨ÁըӹǹἋ¹¡Ñé¹·Õèᵡµ‹Ò§¡Ñ¹
 Circulatory system

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àÅ×Í´á´§»ÃСͺ´ŒÇÂà«ÅŏàÅ×Í´á´§ (red blood cells) «Öè§ÁÕ˹ŒÒ·Õ袹ÊÒÃÍÍ¡«ÔਹáÅФÒϺ͹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ áÅÐàÅ×Í´¢ÒÇ»ÃСͺ´ŒÇÂà«ÅŏàÅ×Í´¢ÒÇ (white blood
Blood / àÅ×Í´ cells) «Öè§ÁÕ˹ŒÒ·Õ軇ͧ¡Ñ¹áÅе‹ÍÊٌ¡Ñºàª×éÍâäáÅЫ‹ÍÁá«Áà¹×éÍàÂ×èÍ·ÕèàÊÕÂËÒÂã¹Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂ

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ÁÕÊͧ»ÃÐàÀ·ËÅÑ¡¢Í§ËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´¤×ÍËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´á´§ (arteries) áÅÐËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´´Ó (veins) â´ÂËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´á´§¹ÓàÅ×Í´¨Ò¡ËÑÇã¨ä»Êًà¹×éÍàÂ×è͵‹Ò§æã¹Ã‹Ò§¡Ò 㹢³Ð·ÕèËÅÍ´
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Valves / ÅÔé¹ËÑÇ㨠ÅÔé¹ËÑÇã¨à»š¹â¤Ã§ÊÌҧ·ÕèÁÕ˹ŒÒ·Õè¤Çº¤ØÁ¡ÒÃäËŢͧ¢Í§àËÅÇÀÒÂã¹Ã‹Ò§¡Ò ઋ¹ àÅ×Í´ËÃ×͹éÓ˹ѡ à¾×èÍãˌäËÅä»ã¹·ÔÈ·Ò§·Õè¶Ù¡µŒÍ§áÅл‡Í§¡Ñ¹¡ÒÃäËÅŒ͹¡ÅѺ ÅÔé¹ËÑÇã¨

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ã¹Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂÁÕÅÔé¹ËÑÇã¨ËÅÒ»ÃÐàÀ· «Öè§ÊÍ´¤ÅŒÍ§¡ÑºÃкº·Õèᵡµ‹Ò§¡Ñ¹ ´Ñ§¹Õé:

1. ÅÔé¹ËÑÇã¨: ໚¹ÅÔé¹ËÑÇ㨷ÕèµÑé§ÍÂً·Õè·Ò§à¢ŒÒáÅзҧÍÍ¡¢Í§ËÑÇ㨠ÁÕÊͧª¹Ô´¤×ÍÅÔé¹ËÑÇ㨢ÇÒ (tricuspid valve) áÅÐÅÔé¹ËÑÇ㨫ŒÒ (bicuspid/mitral valve) ·Ó˹ŒÒ·Õè

¤Çº¤ØÁ¡ÒÃäËŢͧàÅ×Í´ÃÐËNjҧˌͧËÑÇã¨

2. ÅÔé¹ËÑÇ㨠(ã¹ËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´) : ໚¹ÅÔé¹ËÑÇ㨷ÕèµÑé§ÍÂًã¹ËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´á´§áÅÐËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´´Ó ÁÕÊͧª¹Ô´¤×ÍÇÒŏÇËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´á´§ (aortic valve) áÅÐÇÒŏÇËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´´Ó

(pulmonary valve) ·Ó˹ŒÒ·Õè¤Çº¤ØÁ¡ÒÃäËŢͧàÅ×Í´ÍÍ¡¨Ò¡ËÑÇã¨ä»ÊًËҧ¡ÒÂËÃ×Í¡ÅѺࢌÒËÑÇã¨

Ãкº¡ÒÃäËÅàÇÕ¹àÅ×Í´ ¡ÒÃäËÅàÇÕ¹¢Í§àÅ×Í´ã¹Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂà¡Ô´¢Öé¹¼‹Ò¹ÃкºäËÅàÇÕ¹àÅ×Í´»Í´áÅÐÃкºäËÅàÇÕ¹àÅ×Í´·ÑèÇä» (pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation) «Öè§à»š¹Êͧʋǹ

ÊӤѭã¹ÃкºËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´.

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 Heart (English part)

What is heart? The heart is the central organ of the circulatory system, responsible for pumping and distributing blood
to different parts of the body. It functions through a rhythmic contraction and relaxation, relying
on changes in the electrical activity of the relevant cells. The human heart is located in the middle of
the chest, slightly towards the left, and is surrounded by a fibrous tissue called the pericardium. The
pericardium consists of two layers, with a fluid-filled space between them, which helps reduce friction
and facilitate smooth movement. Because the heart needs to work continuously as long as there is life,
it is supplied with blood through coronary arteries that branch off from the base of the aorta.

How does heart work?
The functioning of the heart relies on the pumping of blood through its chambers. There are four chambers
in total: the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The left ventricle has the thickest
wall as it is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Another crucial aspect of the heart's
functioning is the presence of heart valves, which regulate the direction of blood flow, allowing it to flow in
one direction and preventing backflow. The opening and closing of the heart valves depend on the pressure
difference on both sides. There are four positions of the heart valves as follows:

1. Tricuspid valve: Located between the right atrium and right ventricle, this valve consists of three leaflets
(cusps).

2. Bicuspid (mitral) valve: Situated between the left atrium and left ventricle, this valve has two leaflets and
controls blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

3. Pulmonary valve: Found at the base of the pulmonary artery, this valve also consists of three leaflets and
regulates blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

4. Aortic valve: Located at the base of the aorta, this valve has three leaflets and regulates blood flow from
the left ventricle to the aorta.

Short note The pulmonary and aortic valves are located at the outlets of the ventricles and have a semilunar shape
resembling a crescent moon, hence their name "semilunar valves." On the other hand, the tricuspid and
bicuspid valves are located between the atria and ventricles and are referred to as atrioventricular (AV)
valves. To remember the technique for preventing the swapping of AV valves, associate it with the following:
On the left side, the mitral valve (bicuspid) is in the second position (bi = 2), while on the right side, the
tricuspid valve is in the third position (tri = 3).

Summary: The heart is the central organ of the circulatory system in the body. It is surrounded by a protective pericardium that helps
reduce friction and facilitate movement. The heart has coronary arteries that supply blood to its muscle tissue. Its functioning involves
the pumping of blood through its four chambers and the presence of four valves that regulate the direction of blood flow. The valves
include the tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, bicuspid (mitral) valve, and aortic valve. Each valve has a different number of leaflets or cusps
that allow blood flow in one direction.