Amrita School of Engineering

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

19ECE213 Transmission Lines and Radiating Systems

Fourth Semester ECE (January – April 2021)

Date: March 2, 2021

Derivation for the Expression of Input Impedance of a Finite Transmission

Line terminated in an unmatched Load

Consider the transmission line load system as depicted in figure 1.

Our usual transmission line equations are

γz
… …… . ( 1)¿
+¿ e−γz +V −¿ e
¿
V ( z )=V o o

γz
−γz … … …. (2) ¿
+¿ e +I −¿e ¿
I ( z )=I o o

The relation between the constant are as follows (from basic TL equations)
+¿
Vo
¿
+¿ V −¿
o
I =Z o∧ ¿¿
I −¿
o
o =−Z o … … … .(3)¿

We try to express the general equations(1) and (2) in terms of lesser unknowns, and
some known values, in our case the load voltage(VL) and load current (IL) are known.
The following mathematical steps help us to do it.

Equations (1) and (2) are re written employing the relations provided in equation (3)
 γz
… …… . ( 4) ¿
+¿ e−γz +V −¿ e
¿
V ( z )=V o o

+¿ −¿
V V
I ( z )= o e−γz − o e γz … … … . (5 ) ¿ ¿
Zo Zo

Actually equation (1) is not changed, and is again re written as equation (4), equation (2)
+¿¿ −¿¿
is re written as equation (5). Two constants I o and I o have been eliminated employing
equation (3).

We consider that the voltage(VL) and current (IL) at load (z=l) are known. The result is
introduced in equation (4) and (5).
γl
−γl −¿ e … … … .(6 )¿
+ ¿e +V o ¿
V L=V o
γl
−γl −¿ e …… … .(7)
+¿ e −V ¿ ¿
I L Z o=V o ¿
+¿ ¿ −¿ ¿
Solving for V o and V o in the equations (6) and (7), we obtain,
1
+¿= [ V +I Z ] eγl … … ….(8)¿
2 L L o
Vo
1
−¿= [ V −I Z ] e −γl …… ….(9)¿
2 L L o
Vo

Substituting the values obtained in equations (8) and (9) in the basic transmission line
equations (4) and (5)

1 γ (l− z) 1
V ( z )=
2
[ V L + I L Zo] e + [ V L −I L Z o ] e
2
−γ (l−z )
… … … .(10)

1 1
I ( z )=
2 Zo
[ V L+ I L Z o ] e
γ (l−z )
−
2 Zo
[ V L −I L Z o ] e
−γ (l− z)
… … … .(11)

A small variable transformation is carried out as follows, since load voltage is known, we
shift the origin to load. The equations (10) and (11) are written in terms of z’ instead of
z. Refer figure (1), l – z = z’ or z= l at z’=0.

1 1
V ( z )= [ V + I Z ] eγ z + 2 [ V L−I L Z o ] e−γ z … … … .(12)
' '
'
2 L L o

1 1
I ( z )= [ V + I Z ] e γ z − 2 Z [ V L −I L Z o ] e−γ z … … … .(13)
' '
'
2 Zo L L o o
The common quantity “load current (IL) is factored out , to get a more useful expression.

IL IL
V ( z )=
' '
'
2
[ Z L + Z o ] e + [ Z L −Z o ] e … … … .(14)
γz
2
−γ z

IL IL
I ( z )=
' '
'
2 Zo
[ Z L+ Z o ] e −
γz
[ Z −Z o ] e−γ z … … … .(15)
2 Zo L

Re writing the equations in a form to incorporate elegant trignometry

V (z )
[ ] [ ]
' ' ' '
'
e γ z +e−γ z e γ z −e−γ z
=Z L + Zo … … … .(16)
IL 2 2

I ( z' ) Z o
[ ] [ ]
' ' ' '

e γ z −e−γ z eγ z +e−γ z
=Z L −Zo … … … .(17)
IL 2 2

Expressing in trigonometric form

V ( z' )
=Z L [ cosh γ z ] +Z o [ sinh γ z ] … … … .(18)
' '
IL

I ( z' ) Z o
=Z L [ sinh γ z ' ] −Z o [ cosh γ z ' ] … … … .(19)
IL

The ratio of equations (18) and (19) yields impedance at any point z’ along the line from
the load. It is written in the common form
'
Z L + Z o tanh γ z
Z ( z )=Z o
'
'
… … … .(20)
Z o +Z L tanh γ z

The value of equation (200 at z’=l, yields the impedance at the input of the line Zin

Z L + Z o tanh γl
Z ¿=Z o … … … .(21)
Z o+ Z L tanh γl

Under the commonly observed case of lossless line γ = jβ (α=0), tanh (γ l) = j tan (βl),
which yields the frequently used expression

Z L + jZ o t anβl
Z ¿=Z o … … … .(21)
Z o + Z L tanβl
Expression for Reflection Co-efficient in a Finite Transmission Line

Equations (14) and (15) provide the expression directly.

Reflection co-efficient is the ratio of reflected and incident voltages(or currents). From
the mentioned equations (14) and (15), we obtain it directly.

Reflection co-efficient is usually measured at load (z ‘ ~ 0) or slightly before the load

(mathematically).

Voltage reflection co-efficient is as follows

Z L −Z o
Γ L=
Z L +Z o

Current Reflection co-efficient is

Z o−Z L
Γ L=
Z L +Z o

Current reflection co-efficient is the negative of voltage reflection co-efficient. Usually

for all practical work, we employ the voltage reflection co-efficient.